Albertine Rift, East African Rift System (EARS), Africai
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Albertine Rift | Zone (Tectonic) |
| East African Rift System (EARS) | Zone (Tectonic) |
| Africa | - not defined - |
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Locality type:
Other/historical names associated with this locality:
Western Rift Valley; Albertine Rift Mountains
Other Languages:
French:
Rift Albertin, Rift Est-Africain (Vallée du Grand Rift)
German:
Albert-Rift, Ostafrikanischer Graben (Großer Afrikanischer Grabenbruch)
Italian:
Rift Albertino, Rift dell'Africa Orientale (Grande Rift Valley)
Russian:
Рифт Альбертин, Восточно-Африканская рифтовая долина
Simplified Chinese:
艾伯丁裂谷, 東非大裂谷
Spanish:
Rift Albertino, Rift del África Oriental (Gran Valle del Rift)
Catalan:
Falla Albertina, Gran Vall del Rift
Esperanto:
Albert-Rifto, Granda Rifto
Hebrew:
בקע אלברט, הבקע הסורי-אפריקני
Japanese:
アルベルティーヌ溝帯, 大地溝帯
Polish:
Wielki Rów Zachodni, Wielkie Rowy Afrykańskie
Ukrainian:
Альбертін, Велика рифтова долина
Vietnamese:
Đới tách giãn Albertine, Thung lũng tách giãn Lớn
The Albertine Rift is the western branch of the East African Rift System, covering parts of Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania. It extends from the northern end of Lake Albert to the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. The term includes the valley and the surrounding mountains.
The northern part of the rift is crossed by two large mountain ranges, the Rwenzori Mountains between Lake Albert and Lake Edward (or Lake Rutanzige) and the Virunga Mountains between Lake Edward (or Lake Rutanzige) and Lake Kivu. The Virunga Mts. divide the Nile Basin to the north and east and the Congo Basin to the west and south. To the south, the Itombwe Mountains run along the west shore of the northern part of Lake Tanganyika. Isolated mountain blocks further to the south include Mount Bururi in southern Burundi, the Kungwe-Mahale Mountains in western Tanzania, and Mount Kabobo and the Marungu Mountains in the DRC on the shores of Lake Tanganyika.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.Mineral List
Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities330 valid minerals. 20 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals. 2 (FRL) - first recorded locality of unapproved mineral/variety/etc. 1 erroneous literature entry.
Rock Types Recorded
Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!
Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ Acanthite Formula: Ag2S Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367.
Cabri, L. J., Oberthür, T., & Keays, R. R. (2022). Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers–A critical review of facts and fiction. Ore Geology Reviews, 144, 104733. |
| ⓘ Actinolite Formula: ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Aegirine Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6 Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.; Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Aegirine-augite Formula: (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 Localities: Reference: Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Aenigmatite Formula: Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36] Localities: Reference: Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., & Kanika, M. (1987). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 31(1-2), 33-46. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90004-7
Kampunzu, A. B., Vellutini, P. J., Caron, J. P., Lubala, R. T., & Kanika, M. (1983). Le volcanisme et l'evolution structurale du Sud-Kivu (Zaire). Un modele d'interpretation geodynamique du volcanisme distensif intracontinental. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 7(1), 257-271.
Kampunzu, A. B., Bonhomme, M. G., & Kanika, M. (1998). Geochronology of volcanic rocks and evolution of the Cenozoic Western Branch of the East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(3), 441-461. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00025-6
Kanika, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Caron, J. P. H., & Vellutini, P. J. (1981). Données nouvelles sur le volcanisme de la haute Ruzizi (Sud Kivu, Zaire). CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 1277-1282. |
| ⓘ Åkermanite Formula: Ca2Mg[Si2O7] Reference: Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178. |
| ⓘ Albite Formula: Na(AlSi3O8) Localities: Reported from at least 19 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Albite var. Andesine Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase Formula: (Na,K)AlSi3O8 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite Formula: Na(AlSi3O8) Localities: Reference: Hatert, F., Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A.-M., Spirlet, M.-R., Rebbouh, L., Fontan, F., and Keller, P., 2005. Ferrorosemaryite, NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda. European Journal of Mineralogy 17, 749-759.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar' Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ 'Alkali pyroxene' Reference: Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Alluaudite Formula: (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 Localities: Buranga pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Kibingo pegmatite (Kibinga [relating to a hill]; Lemera; Mwaka), Gitarama – Kibuye Road, Southern Province, Rwanda Rusororo pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Warusenge, Gitarama, Southern Province, Rwanda Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Alluaudite-Na□' Formula: ◻4Na4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12 Reference: Van King |
| ⓘ Almandine Formula: Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 Reference: Hogarth, D.D. & Horne, J.E.T. (1989) Non-metamict uranoan pyrochlore and uranpyrochlore from tuff near Ndale area, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine: 53: 257-62 |
| ⓘ 'Aloisiite' Formula: Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O Reference: Heys Mineral Index 3rd ed. |
| ⓘ Altaite Formula: PbTe Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ 'Alumotungstite' Formula: ◻2W2O6(H2O) Localities: Reference: J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol.3 (1997), 11 |
| ⓘ Amblygonite Formula: LiAl(PO4)F Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Hatert, F., Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A.-M., Spirlet, M.-R., Rebbouh, L., Fontan, F., and Keller, P., 2005. Ferrorosemaryite, NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda. European Journal of Mineralogy 17, 749-759.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup' Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region. Reference: Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Anatase Formula: TiO2 Reference: Hogarth, D.D. & Horne, J.E.T. (1989) Non-metamict uranoan pyrochlore and uranpyrochlore from tuff near Ndale area, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine: 53: 257-62 |
| ⓘ 'Ancylite' Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139 |
| ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce) Formula: CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O Reference: Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ Andalusite Formula: Al2(SiO4)O Localities: Reference: Jos Andries (Bierbeek, Belgium) collection |
| ⓘ Andradite Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 Localities: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Bishusha occurrence, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Numbi Intrusion, Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo Kirumba Complex, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Rusongati occurrence, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
| ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite Formula: Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 Localities: Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Bishusha occurrence, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Numbi Intrusion, Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo Kirumba Complex, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Rusongati occurrence, Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J., 2009, Carbonatites of the world, explored deposits of Nb and REE— database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1139/].
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Andrémeyerite (TL) Formula: BaFe2+2(Si2O7) Type Locality: Reference: Sahama, T.G., Siivola, J. and P. Rehtijärvi, P. (1973): Andremeyerite, a new barium iron silicate from Nyiragongo, Zaire. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, 45, 1-8.; Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
GEE, L. L., & Sack, R. O. (1988). Experimental petrology of melilite nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29(6), 1233-1255. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3 |
| ⓘ Anglesite Formula: PbSO4 Locality: Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano (Nyamlagira), Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Reference: Deleins, M. (1975): Volcanic sublimates of Rugarama, Kivu region, Republic of Zaire. Repub. Rivandaise, Bull. Serv. Geol.: 8: l-ll (in French); in: Fleischer, M., Mandarino, J.A. (1977): New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 62, 175 |
| ⓘ Ankerite Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 Reference: Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6 |
| ⓘ Annite Formula: KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
BIAYI, K. (1981). LES TRACHYTES DANS LES LAVES ACIDES DU KAHUZI (KIRU, ZAIRE). DONNEES PETROGRAPHIQUES ET CHIMIQUES. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, 179-194.
Biayi-Kalala, W. (1983). Les syenites et les granites du complexe du Kahuzi (Kivu, Zaïre) données pétrographiques et chimiques. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique (1981-1982), 47-59.
N.. Boutakoff. (1956). Les Massifs volcaniques du Kahusi et du Biega (Kivu, Congo belge). Memoires de l'Institut Geologique de l'Universite de Louvain, 9 (5), 1-41.
Kampunzu, A. B., Lubala, R. T., Makutu, M. N., Caron, J. P., Rocci, G., & Vellutini, P. J. (1985). Les complexes alcalins de la région interlacustre à l'est du Zaïre et au Burundi: un exemple de massifs anorogéniques de relaxation. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 151-167. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90033-8
Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Makutu, M. N. (1985). Un inventaire des complexes anorogéniques du Burundi, du Ruanda et du Zaïre. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 169-174. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90034-X
VELLUTINI, P., BONHOMME, M., CARON, J., KAMPUNZU, A., & LUBALA, T. (1981). ON THE TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ALKALINE ACIDIC COMPLEXES OF KAHUZI AND BIEGA (KIVU, ZAIRE). COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE II, 292(14), 1027-1029. |
| ⓘ Anorthite Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8) Localities: Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] Localities: Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Anthoinite Formula: AlWO3(OH)3 Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3 (1997), 17; MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER 1984, VOL. 48, PP. 397-400 |
| ⓘ 'Apatite' Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) Localities: Reported from at least 21 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.; Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Aphthitalite Formula: (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2 Localities: Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ 'Apophyllite Group' Formula: AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Arcanite Formula: K2SO4 Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Arfvedsonite Formula: [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
BIAYI, K. (1981). LES TRACHYTES DANS LES LAVES ACIDES DU KAHUZI (KIRU, ZAIRE). DONNEES PETROGRAPHIQUES ET CHIMIQUES. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, 179-194.
Biayi-Kalala, W. (1983). Les syenites et les granites du complexe du Kahuzi (Kivu, Zaïre) données pétrographiques et chimiques. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique (1981-1982), 47-59.
N.. Boutakoff. (1956). Les Massifs volcaniques du Kahusi et du Biega (Kivu, Congo belge). Memoires de l'Institut Geologique de l'Universite de Louvain, 9 (5), 1-41.
Kampunzu, A. B., Lubala, R. T., Makutu, M. N., Caron, J. P., Rocci, G., & Vellutini, P. J. (1985). Les complexes alcalins de la région interlacustre à l'est du Zaïre et au Burundi: un exemple de massifs anorogéniques de relaxation. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 151-167. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90033-8
Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Makutu, M. N. (1985). Un inventaire des complexes anorogéniques du Burundi, du Ruanda et du Zaïre. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 169-174. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90034-X
VELLUTINI, P., BONHOMME, M., CARON, J., KAMPUNZU, A., & LUBALA, T. (1981). ON THE TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ALKALINE ACIDIC COMPLEXES OF KAHUZI AND BIEGA (KIVU, ZAIRE). COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE II, 292(14), 1027-1029. |
| ⓘ 'Arrojadite Group' Formula: A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 Description: Both a Ba-free arrojadite and a barian arrojadite (arrojadite-(BaFe)) were found at Buranga by von Knorring (see Daltry & von Knorring 1998). Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Arsenic Formula: As Reference: Villeneuve, Michel, Nandefo Wazi, Christian Kalikone, and Andreas Gärtner. (2022) "A Review of the G4 “Tin Granites” and Associated Mineral Occurrences in the Kivu Belt (Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Their Relationships with the Last Kibaran Tectono-Thermal Events" Minerals 12, no. 6: 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12060737 |
| ⓘ Arsenopyrite Formula: FeAsS Localities: Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Atokite Formula: (Pd,Pt)3Sn Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Attakolite Formula: CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Augelite Formula: Al2(PO4)(OH)3 Localities: Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Augite Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 Localities: Reference: El Goresy et al. (1984) A calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion from the Essebi (CM2) chondrite: Evidence for captured spinel-hibonite spherules and for an ultra-refractory rimming sequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (11): 2283–2298. (Nov 1984) |
| ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite Formula: (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] Reference: El Goresy et al. (1984) A calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion from the Essebi (CM2) chondrite: Evidence for captured spinel-hibonite spherules and for an ultra-refractory rimming sequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (11): 2283–2298. (Nov 1984) |
| ⓘ Augite var. Ferroaugite Reference: N.. Boutakoff. (1956). Les Massifs volcaniques du Kahusi et du Biega (Kivu, Congo belge). Memoires de l'Institut Geologique de l'Universite de Louvain, 9 (5), 1-41.
Kampunzu, A. B., Lubala, R. T., Makutu, M. N., Caron, J. P., Rocci, G., & Vellutini, P. J. (1985). Les complexes alcalins de la région interlacustre à l'est du Zaïre et au Burundi: un exemple de massifs anorogéniques de relaxation. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 151-167. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90033-8
Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Makutu, M. N. (1985). Un inventaire des complexes anorogéniques du Burundi, du Ruanda et du Zaïre. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 169-174. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90034-X
VELLUTINI, P., BONHOMME, M., CARON, J., KAMPUNZU, A., & LUBALA, T. (1981). ON THE TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ALKALINE ACIDIC COMPLEXES OF KAHUZI AND BIEGA (KIVU, ZAIRE). COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE II, 292(14), 1027-1029. |
| ⓘ Auricupride Formula: Cu3Au Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Aurostibite Formula: AuSb2 Localities: Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Autunite Formula: Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Azurite Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Reference: Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Baddeleyite Formula: ZrO2 Localities: Reference: Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 33; Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153-155 (1971) |
| ⓘ Baotite Formula: Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Barbosalite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15.;
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. IV.; |
| ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.; Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ 'Bastnäsite' Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F Localities: Reference: Lehmann, et al. (1994): REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimicae et Cosmochimica Acta, 58 (2), 985-992
Thoreau, J., Aderca, B. M., & Van Wambeke, L. (1958). Le gisement de terres rares de la Karonge, Urundi. Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer, 4, 684-718.
Van Wambeke, L. (1977) The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 12 (3), 373-380.
Nakai, S., Masuda, A., & Lehmann, B. (1988). La-Ba dating of bastnaesite. American Mineralogist, 73(9-10), 1111-1113.
Lehmann, B., Nakai, S., Höhndorf, A., Brinckmann, J., Dulski, P., Hein, U.F., and Masuda, K. (1994) REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 985-992.
Woolley, A. R. (2001). Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world. Part 3: Africa. Geological Society. Natural History Museum, London, p. 28.
Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World. Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database.
Ntiharirizwa, Seconde, Philippe Boulvais, Marc Poujol, Yannick Branquet, Cesare Morelli, Joël Ntungwanayo, and Gilbert Midende. (2018) "Geology and U-Th-Pb Dating of the Gakara REE Deposit, Burundi" Minerals 8, no. 9: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8090394 |
| ⓘ Berlinite Formula: AlPO4 Localities: Rubindi pegmatite (Kabilizi), Bwira, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Buranga pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Rongi Amblygonite Pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Rusororo pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Bermanite Formula: Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O Reference: von Knorring, O. and Sahama, T.G. (1982) Some FeMn phosphates from the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Frauenfeld: 62: 343-352.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15.;
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. IV. |
| ⓘ Bertossaite (TL) Formula: (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 Localities: Habit: massive Colour: Faintly pink Description: Associated with amblygonite, lazulite-scorzalite, augelite, brazilianite, apatite, and crandallite. Masses of bertossaite up to 50kg have been recovered from the Buranga deposit. Reference: von Knorring, O. (1965) Notes on some pegmatite minerals from Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de la République du Rwanda: 2: 11-14.;
von Knorring, O. and Mrose, M.E. (1966) Bertossaite (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe,Mn)Al4 (PO4)(OH,F)4, a new mineral from Rwanda (Africa). (Abstr.) Canadian Mineralogist: 8: 668.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Beryl Formula: Be3Al2(Si6O18) Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region. Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Beryl var. Aquamarine Formula: Be3Al2Si6O18 Reference: https://www.rmb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Brochure_Geological_Collection.pdf |
| ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald Formula: Be3Al2(Si6O18) Localities: Reference: https://www.rmb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Brochure_Geological_Collection.pdf |
| ⓘ 'Biotite' Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 Localities: Reported from at least 26 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ 'Biotite var. Titanium-bearing Biotite' Reference: Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18. |
| ⓘ Bismite Formula: Bi2O3 |
| ⓘ Bismuth Formula: Bi Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Bismuthinite Formula: Bi2S3 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Bismutite Formula: (BiO)2CO3 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Bjarebyite Formula: (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 Colour: pistachio green to dark green Description: intergrown with bertossaite. Reference: von Knorring, O. (1969) A note on the phosphate mineralisation at the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Geologique de la Republique du Rwanda: 5: 42-45.;
von Knorring, O. (1973) Notes on pegmatite minerals from Rwanda, Uganda and South West Africa. 17th annual Report Res. Inst. afr. Geol., Univ. Leeds, 72-73.;
von Knorring, O. and Fransolet, A.-M. (1975) An occurrence of bjarebyite in the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 55: 9-18.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Blödite Formula: Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O Locality: Ivuna meteorite, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Mason, Brian (1962) Meteorites. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York & London, 274 pages. |
| ⓘ Brazilianite Formula: NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 Localities: Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Burangaite (TL) Formula: NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O Type Locality: Habit: replacement product of scorzalite; radiating prismatic crystals Colour: Bluish to bluish-green, hourglass zoned Description: Found in corroded aggregates of bertossaite, trolleite, apatite, scorzalite, bjarebyite, wardite, and quartz. Reference: von Knorring, O., Lehtinen, M., and Sahama, T.G. (1977) Burangaite, a new phosphate mineral from Rwanda. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland: 49: 33-36.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15.;
HB4 (2000)(?); |
| ⓘ Burkeite Formula: Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 Reference: Nielsen, Joan M. (1999): East African magadi (trona): fluoride concentration and mineralogical composition. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29, 423-428.; Mineralogical Recoed 8:396
Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Cabriite Formula: Pd2CuSn Reference: Wilhelmij, H. R., & Cabri, L. J. (2015). Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 1-25.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Cacoxenite Formula: Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Calaverite Formula: AuTe2 Locality: Lupa Gold field, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Cancrinite Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.; Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Cassiterite Formula: SnO2 Localities: Reported from at least 28 localities in this region. Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Formula: CaV4+3O7 Locality: Gakara Project, Bujumbura Rural Province, Burundi - erroneously reported Description: On-line version of Handbook page (http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/cavoite.pdf) is in fact that of cerianite-(Ce). Reference: Handbook of Mineralogy |
| ⓘ Celestine Formula: SrSO4 Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ Cerianite-(Ce) Formula: (Ce4+,Th)O2 Reference: Lehmann, et al. (1994): REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimicae et Cosmochimica Acta, 58 (2), 985-992
Thoreau, J., Aderca, B. M., & Van Wambeke, L. (1958). Le gisement de terres rares de la Karonge, Urundi. Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer, 4, 684-718.
Van Wambeke, L. (1977) The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 12 (3), 373-380.
Nakai, S., Masuda, A., & Lehmann, B. (1988). La-Ba dating of bastnaesite. American Mineralogist, 73(9-10), 1111-1113.
Lehmann, B., Nakai, S., Höhndorf, A., Brinckmann, J., Dulski, P., Hein, U.F., and Masuda, K. (1994) REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 985-992.
Woolley, A. R. (2001). Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world. Part 3: Africa. Geological Society. Natural History Museum, London, p. 28.
Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World. Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database.
Ntiharirizwa, Seconde, Philippe Boulvais, Marc Poujol, Yannick Branquet, Cesare Morelli, Joël Ntungwanayo, and Gilbert Midende. (2018) "Geology and U-Th-Pb Dating of the Gakara REE Deposit, Burundi" Minerals 8, no. 9: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8090394 |
| ⓘ 'Cerite' Reference: Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6 |
| ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) Formula: (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| ⓘ Cerussite Formula: PbCO3 Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Cesplumtantite Formula: (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 Reference: Melcher, F., Graupner, T., Gäbler, H. E., Sitnikova, M., Henjes-Kunst, F., Oberthür, T., ... & Dewaele, S. (2015). Tantalum–(niobium–tin) mineralisation in African pegmatites and rare metal granites: constraints from Ta–Nb oxide mineralogy, geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 667-719. |
| ⓘ Chalcanthite Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O Locality: Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano (Nyamlagira), Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Reference: Deleins, M. (1975): Volcanic sublimates of Rugarama, Kivu region, Republic of Zaire. Repub. Rivandaise, Bull. Serv. Geol.: 8: l-ll (in French); in: Fleischer, M., Mandarino, J.A. (1977): New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 62, 175 |
| ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ 'Chevkinite Group' Localities: Reference: Cahen, L., Ledent, D., & Villeneuve, M. (1979). Existence d’une chaîne plissée Protérozoïque supérieur au Kivu oriental (Zaire). Données géochronologiques relatives au Supergroupe de l’Itombwe. Bull. Soc. g~ ol. Belg, 88, 71-83. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/088%20-%201979/bsbg_88_1979_p071-083.pdf
Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M., & Ledent, D. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic_Wilson2/publication/248450077_The_Geochronology_and_evolution_of_AfricaL_Cahen_NJ_Snelling_J_Delhal_and_JR_Vail_with_the_collaboration_of_M_Bonhomme_and_D_Ledent/links/55ef240108ae0af8ee1b10f2.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6 |
| ⓘ Childrenite Formula: Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O Localities: Reference: P. Lefèvre, A.-M. Fransolet, F. Fontan, P. Keller: Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. (http://www.minsocam.org/msa/special/pig/PIG_articles/Elba%20Abstracts%2012%20Lefevre.pdf); Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Chlorbartonite ? Formula: K6Fe24S26(Cl,S) Reference: Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178. |
| ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region. Reference: Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355. |
| ⓘ 'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)' Reference: Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18. |
| ⓘ Chromite Formula: Fe2+Cr3+2O4 Localities: Reference: Endress, M., Bischoff, A. (1993) Mineralogy, Degree of Brecciation, and Aqueous Alteration of CI Chondrites Orgueil, Ivuna, and Alais. Meteoritics: 28(3): 345-346. |
| ⓘ Chrysocolla Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 Reference: Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Clausthalite Formula: PbSe Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Clays' Locality: Matongo, Kayanza Province, Burundi Reference: http://www.trademarksa.org/sites/default/files/publications/4.%20TMSA%20Growth%20Poles%20Phosphates%20130925%20FINAL.pdf |
| ⓘ Clinochlore Formula: Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup' Localities: Murumuli crater, Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field (Katwe volcanic field), Kasese, Western Region, Uganda Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Nyamuragira volcano (Nyamlagira), Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Biega Complex, Kabare Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo Mount Shaheru, Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Reference: Stoppa, F., Woolley, A. R., Lloyd, F. E., and Eby, N. (2000) Carbonatite lapilli-bearing tuff and a dolomite carbonatite bomb from Murumuli crater, Katwe volcanic field, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine 64, 641-650. |
| ⓘ Columbite-(Fe) Formula: Fe2+Nb2O6 Localities: Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region. Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45. |
| ⓘ 'Columbite Group' Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Columbite-(Mn) Formula: Mn2+Nb2O6 Localities: Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ 'Columbite-Tantalite' Localities: Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Combeite (TL) Formula: Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5 Localities: Reference: Mineralogical Magazine 31 (1957) 698-699; Fischer, R.X. Tillmanns, E. (1983): Die Kristallstrukturen von natürlichem Na2Ca2Si3O9 vom Mt. Shaheru (Zaire) und aus dem Mayener Feld (Eifel), N. Jb. Mineral. Mh. 49-59. |
| ⓘ Cooperite Formula: PtS Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Cordierite Formula: (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) Reference: Haapala, I. L. M. A. R. I. (2011). Th. G. Sahama’s (1910–1983) volcanological and mineralogical studies in Africa: Part I. Expeditions to the Virunga Volcanic Field and petrological-mineralogical studies on the Nyiragongo volcano. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 83, 41-55. |
| ⓘ Corundum Formula: Al2O3 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Hamza Kondo, 2003 Tanzanian Ruby Find Brings Hope. Colored Stone |
| ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby Formula: Al2O3 Localities: Reference: Hamza Kondo, 2003 Tanzanian Ruby Find Brings Hope. Colored Stone |
| ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire Formula: Al2O3 Localities: Colour: Yellow and blue Reference: USGS (2003) Minerals Yearbook - Tanzania. |
| ⓘ Crandallite Formula: CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 Localities: Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Cronstedtite Formula: Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 Reference: Howard, K.T., Alexander, C.M.O'D, Schrader D.L. & Dyl K.A. (2015) Classification of hydrous meteorites (CR, CM, and C2 ungrouped) by phyllosilicate fraction: PSD-XRD modal mineralogy and planetismal environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 149, 206-222. |
| ⓘ Cryptomelane Formula: K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Cubanite Formula: CuFe2S3 Localities: Reference: Kerridge, J.F., MacDougall, J.D., Marti, K. (1979) Clues to the origin of sulfide minerals in CI chondrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters: 43(3): 359-367. |
| ⓘ Cuprite Formula: Cu2O Reference: Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Cuspidine Formula: Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 Reference: Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178. |
| ⓘ Cyrilovite Formula: NaFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O Reference: Canadian Mineralogist 42:697-704 (2004) |
| ⓘ Davidite-(La) Formula: La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 Reference: Van Wambecke L. (1968). A second occurence of non-metamict davidite. Mineralium Deposita, 3, 178-181 |
| ⓘ Delhayelite (TL) Formula: (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O Localities: Reference: Mineralogical Magazine(1959) 32, 6-9 |
| ⓘ Diamond Formula: C Locality: Ivuna meteorite, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Laurance, A.J. Garvie, Buseck, Peter R. (2007) Prebiotic carbon in clays from Orguril and Ivuna (CI). Meteoritics & Planetary Science: 42(12): 2111-2117. |
| ⓘ Diopside Formula: CaMgSi2O6 Localities: Essebi meteorite, Aru Territory, Ituri, DR Congo Nyiragongo Volcano, Nyiragongo Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Nyamuragira volcano (Nyamlagira), Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Ndale area, Fort Portal, Kabarole, Western Region, Uganda Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi Reference: El Goresy et al. (1984) A calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion from the Essebi (CM2) chondrite: Evidence for captured spinel-hibonite spherules and for an ultra-refractory rimming sequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (11): 2283–2298. (Nov 1984) |
| ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside Formula: Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6 Reference: Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18. |
| ⓘ Diopside var. Salite Reference: Aoki, K. I., & Kurasawa, H. (1984). Sr isotope study of the tephrite series from Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Geochemical Journal, 18(2), 95-100. doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.95
Aoki, K., Ishiwaka, K., & Kanisawa, S. (1981). Fluorine geochemistry of basaltic rocks from continental and oceanic regions and petrogenetic application. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 76(1), 53-59. doi.org/10.1007/BF00373683
Aoki, K. I., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., & Nakamura, Y. (1985). Petrology and geochemistry of the Nyamuragira volcano, Zaire. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 25(1-2), 1-28. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90002-2
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2).
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Ueki, S. (1983). Recent volcanism of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects, 7-18. |
| ⓘ Dolomite Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing Dolomite Formula: Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Dufrénite Formula: Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Eckermannite Formula: NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Elbaite Formula: Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Elpasolite Formula: K2NaAlF6 Reference: Bailey, J. C: Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, vol. 29, pp. 1-45. Copenhagen, June 10th, 1980 |
| ⓘ Enstatite Formula: Mg2Si2O6 Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Eosphorite Formula: Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O Localities: Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45. |
| ⓘ Epidote Formula: {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107 |
| ⓘ Epsomite Formula: MgSO4 · 7H2O Locality: Ivuna meteorite, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Wood, John A. (1977) Mineralogic and petrologic study of the low-temperature minerals in carbonaceous chondrites. Final Report, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA. |
| ⓘ Eudialyte Formula: Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 Localities: Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Fayalite Formula: Fe2+2SiO4 Localities: Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139 |
| ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series' Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region. Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ 'Feldspar Group' Localities: Reported from at least 13 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ 'Feldspar Group var. Perthite' Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf |
| ⓘ Ferberite Formula: FeWO4 Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region. Reference: M. M. Tkachev (1989) Ore-Magmatic Zoning Of The Kti-Teberda Tungsten Deposit. International Geology Review Vol. 31, Iss. 6, 1989 pp59
Goldmann, Simon, Frank Melcher, Hans-Eike Gäbler, Stijn Dewaele, Friso De Clercq, and Philippe Muchez. (2013) "Mineralogy and Trace Element Chemistry of Ferberite/Reinite from Tungsten Deposits in Central Rwanda" Minerals 3, no. 2: 121-144. |
| ⓘ Ferberite var. Reinite Formula: FeWO4 Localities: Reference: Goldmann, Simon, Frank Melcher, Hans-Eike Gäbler, Stijn Dewaele, Friso De Clercq, and Philippe Muchez. (2013) "Mineralogy and Trace Element Chemistry of Ferberite/Reinite from Tungsten Deposits in Central Rwanda" Minerals 3, no. 2: 121-144. |
| ⓘ Fergusonite-(Y) Formula: YNbO4 Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Ferrisicklerite' Formula: Li1-x(Fe3+xFe2+1-x)PO4 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Ferroalluaudite Formula: (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 Locality: Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols |
| ✪ Ferrorosemaryite (TL) Formula: ◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3 Type Locality: Colour: Dark green to bronze Reference: Hatert, F., Lefevre, P., Fransolet, A.-M., Spirlet, M.-R., Rebbouh, L., Fontan, F., and Keller, P. (2005) Ferrorosemaryite, NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda. European Journal of Mineralogy: 17(5): 749-759.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Ferrowodginite Formula: Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Fersmite Formula: (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 Localities: Reference: Chakhmouradian, A. R., Reguir, E. P., Kressall, R. D., Crozier, J., Pisiak, L. K., Sidhu, R., & Yang, P. (2015). Carbonatite-hosted niobium deposit at Aley, northern British Columbia (Canada): Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrogenesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 642-666.; http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/fersmite.pdf |
| ⓘ Fillowite Formula: Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Florencite' Description: Listed as crandalite-florencite in Lehman et al (1994) Reference: Lehmann, et al. (1994): REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimicae et Cosmochimica Acta, 58 (2), 985-992 |
| ⓘ Florencite-(Nd) Formula: NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 Locality: Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: Erik Vercammen collection (from the late prof Van Wambeke) |
| ⓘ 'Fluocerite' Reference: Van Wambeke, L. (1977): The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita. 12 (3), 373-380
Thoreau, J., Aderca, B. M., & Van Wambeke, L. (1958). Le gisement de terres rares de la Karonge, Urundi. Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer, 4, 684-718.
Van Wambeke, L. (1977) The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 12 (3), 373-380.
Nakai, S., Masuda, A., & Lehmann, B. (1988). La-Ba dating of bastnaesite. American Mineralogist, 73(9-10), 1111-1113.
Lehmann, B., Nakai, S., Höhndorf, A., Brinckmann, J., Dulski, P., Hein, U.F., and Masuda, K. (1994) REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 985-992.
Woolley, A. R. (2001). Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world. Part 3: Africa. Geological Society. Natural History Museum, London, p. 28.
Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World. Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database. |
| ⓘ Fluorapatite Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite Formula: Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) Reference: http://www.portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn1523 |
| ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite Formula: (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Fluorite Formula: CaF2 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Foordite (TL) Formula: Sn2+(Nb,Ta)2O6 Type Locality: Colour: brownish yellow with a greenish tint Description: Daltry and von Knorring (1998): "it occurs in contact with stannoan plumbomicrolite, cassiterite, ferro-columbite, staringite, and ixiolite. Foordite from Lutsiro is in fact a lead-bearing variety." Reference: Cerny, P., Fransolet, A.-M., Ercit, T.S., and Chapman, R. (1988) Foordite SnNb2O6 a new mineral species, and the foordite-thoreaulite series. Canadian Mineralogist: 26: 889-898.;
Jambor, J. and Vanko, D.A. (1990) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 75: 707.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Forsterite Formula: Mg2SiO4 Localities: Reference: Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ Fresnoite Formula: Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O Reference: Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178. |
| ⓘ Frondelite Formula: Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Galena Formula: PbS Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region. Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ 'Garnet Group' Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3 Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region. Reference: Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Gatumbaite (TL) Formula: CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · H2O Type Locality: Reference: von Knorring, O. (1972) Notes on phosphate minerals from Buranga pegmatite. 16th annual Report res. Inst. afr. Geol., Univ. Leeds, 56-57 (as unnamed Ca-Fe phosphate phase).;
von Knorring, O. and Fransolet, A.-M. (1977) Gatumbaite, CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2.H2O: a new species from Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 12: 561-568.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15.;
HB4 (2000). |
| ⓘ Gehlenite Formula: Ca2Al[AlSiO7] Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Genkinite Formula: Pt4Sb3 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Gersdorffite Formula: NiAsS Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Gibbsite Formula: Al(OH)3 Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Glass' Description: Green glass. Reference: Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1974, 97, p. 497.; Herzog, G. F., Moynier, F., Albarède, F., & Berezhnoy, A. A. (2009). Isotopic and elemental abundances of copper and zinc in lunar samples, Zagami, Pele’s hairs, and a terrestrial basalt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(19), 5884-5904. |
| ⓘ Goethite Formula: α-Fe3+O(OH) Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Gold Formula: Au Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region. Reference: Wolfgang Hampel, site visit May 2007 |
| ⓘ Gold var. Electrum Formula: (Au,Ag) Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Gormanite Formula: (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O Reference: Gunnar Färber |
| ⓘ Götzenite (TL) Formula: NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 Localities: Reference: Sahama, T. G. & Hytönen, K. (1957) Götzenite and combeite, two new silicates from the Belgian Congo. Mineralogical Magazine 31: 503-510; NJMM (2000), 496; Mineralogical Magazine 1957 31 : 698-699. |
| ⓘ Goyazite Formula: SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 Localities: Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): Carbonatites of the World. Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database. |
| ⓘ Graftonite Formula: Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 Reference: von Knorring, O. (1969) A note on the phosphate mineralisation at the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Geologique de la Republique du Rwanda: 5: 42-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Graphite Formula: C Localities: Description: graphitic schist Reference: The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), sample # 10882; http://www.metafro.be/mineralogy/browse_hierarchical_geo?country=Burundi |
| ⓘ Griphite Formula: Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Grossmanite Formula: CaTi3+ AlSiO6 Locality: Ivuna meteorite, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Frank, D., Zolensky, M., Martinez, J., Mikouchi, T., Ohsumi, K., Hagiya, K., Satake, W., Le, L., Ross, D., Peslier, A. (2011) A CAI in the Ivuna CI1 Chondrite. 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. LPI Contribution #1608: 2785. |
| ⓘ Grossular Formula: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 Reference: Consulting, S. R. K. NI 43-101 Technical Report Resource Estimation And Exploration Potential At The Kamituga, Lugushwa And Namoya Concessions, Democratic Republic Of Congo. |
| ⓘ Gudmundite Formula: FeSbS Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Gummite' Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Gypsum Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O Localities: Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Hagendorfite Formula: NaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3 Reference: Can Min (2004) 42, (3), 697-704 |
| ⓘ Halite Formula: NaCl Localities: Reference: Nielsen, Joan M. (1999): East African magadi (trona): fluoride concentration and mineralogical composition. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29, 423-428.; Mineralogical Recoed 8:396
Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Halloysite Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Hanksite Formula: Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Heazlewoodite Formula: Ni3S2 Reference: Wilhelmij, H. R., & Cabri, L. J. (2015). Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 1-25.; Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Hedenbergite Formula: CaFe2+Si2O6 Localities: Reference: Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178. |
| ⓘ Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region. Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Hematite var. Martite Formula: Fe2O3 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite Formula: Fe2O3 Locality: Rumonge, Bururi Province, Burundi Reference: The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), samples # 901 and 2980; http://www.metafro.be/mineralogy/browse_hierarchical_geo?country=Burundi |
| ⓘ Hessite Formula: Ag2Te Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Heterosite Formula: (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Hibonite Formula: CaAl12O19 Reference: El Goresy et al. (1984) A calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion from the Essebi (CM2) chondrite: Evidence for captured spinel-hibonite spherules and for an ultra-refractory rimming sequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (11): 2283–2298. (Nov 1984) |
| ⓘ Hieratite Formula: K2[SiF6] Reference: Bailey, J. C: Formation of cryolite and other aluminofluorides: A petrologic review. Bull. geol. Soc. Denmark, vol. 29, pp. 1-45. Copenhagen, June 10th, 1980 |
| ⓘ Holmquistite Formula: ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Alfredo Petrov specimen. |
| ⓘ Hongshiite Formula: PtCu Reference: Cabral A R, Skála R, Vymazalová A, Kallistová A, Lehmann B, Jedwab J, Sidorinová T (2014) Kitagohaite, Pt7Cu, a new mineral from the Lubero region, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mineralogical Magazine 78, 739-745 |
| ⓘ 'Hornblende' Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Hureaulite Formula: Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Hydrokenoelsmoreite Formula: ◻2W2O6(H2O) Localities: Reference: J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol.3 (1997), 11 |
| ⓘ Hydrokenoelsmoreite var. Ferritungstite Localities: Reference: J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol.3 (1997), 11 |
| ⓘ Hydropyrochlore (TL) Formula: (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) Type Locality: Reference: Van Wambeke, L. (1965) A study of some niobium-bearing minerals of the Lueshe carbonatite deposit Kivu, Rep. of Congo). Euratom Report 2110, 9-16.;
Van Wambeke, L. (1978) Kalipyrochlore, a new mineral of the pyrochlore group. American Mineralogist, 63, 528-530. |
| ⓘ Hydrotungstite Formula: WO3 · 2H2O Reference: Roy Kristiansen |
| ⓘ Hydroxylapatite Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(OH) Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ 'Hypersthene' Formula: (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Localities: Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Ilmenite Formula: Fe2+TiO3 Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region. Reference: Mineral. Deposita (Berl.) 6, 153--155 (1971) |
| ⓘ Iron Formula: Fe Locality: Kalaba meteorite, Tanganyika, DR Congo Reference: Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite Formula: (Fe,Ni) Locality: Kalaba meteorite, Tanganyika, DR Congo Reference: Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Isoferroplatinum Formula: Pt3Fe Reference: Wilhelmij, H. R., & Cabri, L. J. (2015). Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 1-25.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series' Formula: (Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)4O8 Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Jarosite Formula: KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.; Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567. |
| ⓘ Jennite Formula: Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O Description: Occurs in vesicles in lava and rare dike rocks. Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Johnsomervilleite Formula: Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 Locality: Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: Fransolet, A.-M., Fontan, F., Keller, P., Antenucci, D. (1998) La Serie johnsomervilleite-fillowite dans les associations de phosphates de pegmatites granitiques de l'Afrique Centrale. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36(2): 355–366. |
| ⓘ Kalsilite Formula: KAlSiO4 Localities: Reference: Sahama, T. G., & Meyr, A. (1958). Study of the Volcano Nyragongo: A Progress Report. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge. |
| ⓘ Kaolinite Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region. Reference: Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567. |
| ⓘ Katophorite Formula: {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 Localities: Reference: Auchapt, A., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., & Kanika, M. (1987). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of rift-related volcanic rocks from South Kivu (Zaire). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 31(1-2), 33-46. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(87)90004-7
Kampunzu, A. B., Vellutini, P. J., Caron, J. P., Lubala, R. T., & Kanika, M. (1983). Le volcanisme et l'evolution structurale du Sud-Kivu (Zaire). Un modele d'interpretation geodynamique du volcanisme distensif intracontinental. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 7(1), 257-271.
Kampunzu, A. B., Bonhomme, M. G., & Kanika, M. (1998). Geochronology of volcanic rocks and evolution of the Cenozoic Western Branch of the East African Rift System. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(3), 441-461. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00025-6
Kanika, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Caron, J. P. H., & Vellutini, P. J. (1981). Données nouvelles sur le volcanisme de la haute Ruzizi (Sud Kivu, Zaire). CR Acad. Sci. Paris, 292, 1277-1282. |
| ⓘ Keithconnite Formula: Pd20Te7 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'K Feldspar' Formula: KAlSi3O8 Localities: Reference: P. Lefèvre, A.-M. Fransolet, F. Fontan, P. Keller: Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. (http://www.minsocam.org/msa/special/pig/PIG_articles/Elba%20Abstracts%2012%20Lefevre.pdf) |
| ⓘ Kieserite Formula: MgSO4 · H2O Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Kirschsteinite (TL) Formula: CaFe2+SiO4 Localities: Reference: Mineralogical Magazine (1958) 31 (2), 698-699.; Mineralogical Magazine 1957 31 : 698-699. |
| ⓘ Kitagohaite (TL) Formula: Pt7Cu Type Locality: Reference: Cabral A R, Skála R, Vymazalová A, Kallistová A, Lehmann B, Jedwab J, Sidorinová T (2014) Kitagohaite, Pt7Cu, a new mineral from the Lubero region, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mineralogical Magazine 78, 739-745 |
| ⓘ Kotulskite Formula: Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Kyanite Formula: Al2(SiO4)O Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Lacroixite Formula: NaAl(PO4)F Localities: Rubindi pegmatite (Kabilizi), Bwira, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Buranga pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Rongi Amblygonite Pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Rusororo pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: European Journal of Mineralogy: 17(5): 749-759.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Landesite Formula: Mn2+3-xFe3+x(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Laurite Formula: RuS2 Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Låvenite Formula: Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 Localities: Reference: Cahen, L., Ledent, D., & Villeneuve, M. (1979). Existence d’une chaîne plissée Protérozoïque supérieur au Kivu oriental (Zaire). Données géochronologiques relatives au Supergroupe de l’Itombwe. Bull. Soc. g~ ol. Belg, 88, 71-83. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/088%20-%201979/bsbg_88_1979_p071-083.pdf
Cahen, L., Snelling, N. J., Delhal, J., Vail, J. R., Bonhomme, M., & Ledent, D. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic_Wilson2/publication/248450077_The_Geochronology_and_evolution_of_AfricaL_Cahen_NJ_Snelling_J_Delhal_and_JR_Vail_with_the_collaboration_of_M_Bonhomme_and_D_Ledent/links/55ef240108ae0af8ee1b10f2.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6 |
| ⓘ Lazulite Formula: MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Gallagher, M.J. and Gerards, J.F. (1963) Berlinite from Rwanda. Mineralogical Magazine: 33: 613-615.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15.;
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. IV.; |
| ⓘ 'Lazulite-Scorzalite Series' Reference: von Knorring, O. and Mrose, M.E. (1966) Bertossaite (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe,Mn)Al4 (PO4)(OH,F)4, a new mineral from Rwanda (Africa). (Abstr.) Canadian Mineralogist: 8: 668.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Lepidolite' Localities: Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Leucite Formula: K(AlSi2O6) Localities: Reference: Strübel, Zimmer: "Lexikon der Minerale", 2nd Ed., 1991; Haapala, I. L. M. A. R. I. (2011). Th. G. Sahama’s (1910–1983) volcanological and mineralogical studies in Africa: Part I. Expeditions to the Virunga Volcanic Field and petrological-mineralogical studies on the Nyiragongo volcano. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 83, 41-55.; Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171.
Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Demant, A., Lestrade, P., Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Durieux, J. (1994). Volcanological and petrological evolution of Nyiragongo volcano, Virunga volcanic field, Zaire. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56(1), 47-61. doi.org/10.1007/BF00279728
Denaeyer, M. E. (1972). LES LAVES DU FOSSE TECTONIQUE DE L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE (KIVU, RWANDA, TORO-ANKOLE). I. SUPPLEMENT AU RECUEIL D'ANALYSES DE 1965. II. MAGMATOLOGIE. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques, 72.
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
GEE, L. L., & Sack, R. O. (1988). Experimental petrology of melilite nephelinites. Journal of Petrology, 29(6), 1233-1255. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/29.6.1233
Hamaguchi, H. (1983). Volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira: geophysical aspects. Tohoku Univ.
Richard, J.J. & Padang, M.N. 1957. Active volcanoes of the world. Part 4 Africa and the Red Sea. International Volcanological Association, Napoli, Italy.
Sahama, T. G. (1960). Kalsilite in the lavas of mt. Nyiragongo (Belgian Congo). Journal of Petrology, 1(2), 146-171. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/1.2.146
Sahama, T. G. (1973). Evolution of the Nyiragongo magma. Journal of Petrology, 14(1), 33-48. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/14.1.33
Sahama, T. G. (1978). The Nyiragongo main cone. Annales, Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. Serie In 8º, Sciences Geologiques 81.
Sahama, G., & Meyer, A. (1958). Study of the volcano Niragongo. A progress Report, Exploration du parc National Albert, mission d’études volcanologiques, Fasc 2, 1-85.
Tazieff, H. 1975. Nyiragongo: the forbidden volcano. Cassell, London.
Tazieff, H. (1984). Mt. Niragongo: renewed activity of the lava lake. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 20(3-4), 267-280. doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90043-X
Thonnard, R. L. G., & Denaeyer, M. E. (1965). Carte volcanologique des Virunga, Feuille No. 1. 1:50000 and Introduction generale et Notice Explicative de la Feuille No. 1. Centre National de Volcanologie (Belgique), Bruxelles.
Vollmer, R., & Norry, M. J. (1983). Possible origin of K-rich volcanic rocks from Virunga, East Africa, by metasomatism of continental crustal material: Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64(3), 374-386. doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90097-3 |
| ⓘ Leucophosphite Formula: KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Limonite' Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region. Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Linnaeite Formula: Co2+Co3+2S4 Reference: Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107; Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Lipscombite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Lithiophilite Formula: LiMn2+PO4 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Lithiowodginite Formula: LiTa3O8 Reference: Melcher, F., Graupner, T., Gäbler, H. E., Sitnikova, M., Henjes-Kunst, F., Oberthür, T., ... & Dewaele, S. (2015). Tantalum–(niobium–tin) mineralisation in African pegmatites and rare metal granites: constraints from Ta–Nb oxide mineralogy, geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 667-719. |
| ⓘ Lizardite Formula: Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Luberoite Formula: Pt5Se4 Reference: Cabral A R, Skála R, Vymazalová A, Kallistová A, Lehmann B, Jedwab J, Sidorinová T (2014) Kitagohaite, Pt7Cu, a new mineral from the Lubero region, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mineralogical Magazine 78, 739-745 |
| ⓘ Lueshite (TL) Formula: NaNbO3 Type Locality: Reference: Acad. Roy. Sci.Outre-Mer, Brussels, (1959) 5, 1251-1255
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Maghemite Formula: (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Magnesite Formula: MgCO3 Localities: Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite Formula: (Mg,Fe)CO3 Locality: Ivuna meteorite, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Endress, M., Bischoff, A. (1993) Mineralogy, Degree of Brecciation, and Aqueous Alteration of CI Chondrites Orgueil, Ivuna, and Alais. Meteoritics: 28(3): 345-346. |
| ⓘ Magnetite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4 Localities: Reported from at least 22 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 Localities: Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177.; Bailey, K., Lloyd, F., Kearns, S., Stoppa, F., Eby, N., & Woolley, A. (2005). Melilitite at Fort Portal, Uganda: Another dimension to the carbonate volcanism. Lithos, 85(1), 15-25. |
| ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Manganite Formula: Mn3+O(OH) Reference: Bertossa, A., 1967. Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda 4, 25-45. |
| ⓘ Marcasite Formula: FeS2 Localities: Reference: Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107 |
| ⓘ Mascagnite Formula: (NH4)2SO4 Description: Occurs around active volcanic fumaroles. Reference: Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 399, 476. |
| ⓘ Maslovite Formula: PtBiTe Reference: Cabri, L. J., Oberthür, T., & Keays, R. R. (2022). Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers–A critical review of facts and fiction. Ore Geology Reviews, 144, 104733. |
| ⓘ 'Melilite Group' Formula: Ca2M(XSiO7) Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region. Reference: Bailey, K., Lloyd, F., Kearns, S., Stoppa, F., Eby, N., & Woolley, A. (2005). Melilitite at Fort Portal, Uganda: Another dimension to the carbonate volcanism. Lithos, 85(1), 15-25. |
| ⓘ Melonite Formula: NiTe2 Locality: Lupa Gold field, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Menshikovite Formula: Pd3Ni2As3 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Meymacite (TL) Formula: WO3 · 2H2O Type Locality: Reference: Bull.Soc.fr.Min.Crist.(1965) 88, 613-617 |
| ⓘ 'Mica Group' Localities: Reference: Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ 'Mica Group var. Lepidomelane' Localities: Reference: Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
BIAYI, K. (1981). LES TRACHYTES DANS LES LAVES ACIDES DU KAHUZI (KIRU, ZAIRE). DONNEES PETROGRAPHIQUES ET CHIMIQUES. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, 179-194.
Biayi-Kalala, W. (1983). Les syenites et les granites du complexe du Kahuzi (Kivu, Zaïre) données pétrographiques et chimiques. Rapport Annuel Pour l'Annee 1980 du Department de Geologie et de Mineralogie du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique (1981-1982), 47-59.
N.. Boutakoff. (1956). Les Massifs volcaniques du Kahusi et du Biega (Kivu, Congo belge). Memoires de l'Institut Geologique de l'Universite de Louvain, 9 (5), 1-41.
Kampunzu, A. B., Lubala, R. T., Makutu, M. N., Caron, J. P., Rocci, G., & Vellutini, P. J. (1985). Les complexes alcalins de la région interlacustre à l'est du Zaïre et au Burundi: un exemple de massifs anorogéniques de relaxation. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 151-167. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90033-8
Lubala, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., & Makutu, M. N. (1985). Un inventaire des complexes anorogéniques du Burundi, du Ruanda et du Zaïre. Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), 3(1-2), 169-174. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(85)90034-X
VELLUTINI, P., BONHOMME, M., CARON, J., KAMPUNZU, A., & LUBALA, T. (1981). ON THE TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ALKALINE ACIDIC COMPLEXES OF KAHUZI AND BIEGA (KIVU, ZAIRE). COMPTES RENDUS DE L ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES SERIE II, 292(14), 1027-1029. |
| ⓘ Michenerite Formula: PdBiTe Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367.
Cabri, L. J., Oberthür, T., & Keays, R. R. (2022). Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers–A critical review of facts and fiction. Ore Geology Reviews, 144, 104733. |
| ⓘ Microcline Formula: K(AlSi3O8) Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ 'Microlite Group' Formula: A2-mTa2X6-wZ-n Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Millerite Formula: NiS Reference: Wilhelmij, H. R., & Cabri, L. J. (2015). Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 1-25.; Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Millisite Formula: (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O Locality: Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols |
| ⓘ Mitridatite Formula: Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O Localities: Reference: von Knorring, O. (1969) A note on the phosphate mineralisation at the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Geologique de la Republique du Rwanda: 5: 42-45.;
Van Wambeke, L. (1971) The problem of cation deficiencies in some phosphates due to alteration processes. American Mineralogist: 56: 1366-1384 (Van Wambeke suggests the name "keno-mitridatite" for relatively unaltered mitridatite from the Buranga pegmatite.);
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15 (referring to Van Wambeke, 1971). |
| ⓘ Molybdenite Formula: MoS2 Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107; Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ 'Monazite' Formula: REE(PO4) Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region. Reference: Bertossa, A., 1967. Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda 4, 25-45. |
| ⓘ Monazite-(Ce) Formula: Ce(PO4) Localities: Reference: Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ Monazite-(La) Formula: La(PO4) Reference: Ntiharirizwa, Seconde, Philippe Boulvais, Marc Poujol, Yannick Branquet, Cesare Morelli, Joël Ntungwanayo, and Gilbert Midende. (2018) "Geology and U-Th-Pb Dating of the Gakara REE Deposit, Burundi" Minerals 8, no. 9: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8090394 |
| ⓘ Moncheite Formula: Pt(Te,Bi)2 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367.
Cabri, L. J., Oberthür, T., & Keays, R. R. (2022). Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers–A critical review of facts and fiction. Ore Geology Reviews, 144, 104733. |
| ⓘ Montanite Formula: Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O Locality: Lupa Gold field, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Montebrasite Formula: LiAl(PO4)(OH) Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Monticellite Formula: CaMgSiO4 Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Montmorillonite Formula: (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ Mpororoite (TL) Formula: WAlO3(OH)3 · 2(H2O) Type Locality: Reference: O. von Knorring, T.G. Sahama, M. Lehtinen: Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 44:107-110 (1972); Amer. Mineral. 58:1112 (1973); MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER 1984, VOL. 48, PP. 397-400 |
| ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Localities: Reported from at least 19 localities in this region. Reference: Geol. Belg. 11 (2008) 251-258. |
| ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite Formula: K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Lawley, C.J.M., Selby, D., Condon, D., Imber, J. (2014) Palaeoproterozoic orogenic gold style mineralization at the Southwestern Archaean Tanzanian cratonic margin, Lupa Goldfield, SW Tanzania: implications from U–Pb titanite geochronology. Gondwana Research, 26 (3-4). 1141-1158. |
| ⓘ Nacrite Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: http://www.metafro.be/mineralogy/sample/5121/mineral and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutshuru; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ 'Natromontebrasite' Localities: Description: Listed as fremontite in both Gallagher & Gerards and Daltry & Von Knorring (1998), the latter of which questions the occurrence in one instance and seems to confirm it in 2 others. Reference: Gallagher, M.J. and Gerards, J.F. (1963) Berlinite from Rwanda. Mineralogical Magazine: 33: 613-615.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Natron Formula: Na2CO3 · 10H2O Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ 'Natropyrochlore' Reference: Hogarth, D.D. & Horne, J.E.T. (1989) Non-metamict uranoan pyrochlore and uranpyrochlore from tuff near Ndale area, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine: 53: 257-62; Atencio, D., Andrade, M.B., Christy, A.G., Gieré, R., Kartashov, P.M. (2010) The pyrochlore supergroup of minerals: nomenclature. The Canadian Mineralogist: 48: 673-698. |
| ⓘ Nepheline Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16) Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region. Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Népouite Formula: (Ni,Mg)3(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), sample # 13204; http://metafro.be/mineralogy/browse_hierarchical_geo?country=Burundi |
| ⓘ Nitratine Formula: NaNO3 Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ✪ Northupite Formula: Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl Habit: octahedral Colour: gray/brown Description: 1,5 cm large Reference: P Bongaerts collection; Robinson, G. W. & King, V. T. (1993): What’s New in Minerals ? Annual world summary of mineral discoveries covering april 1992 through april 1993. Mineralogical Record 24: 394; Mineralogical Recoed 8:396
Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Opal Formula: SiO2 · nH2O Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Orthoclase Formula: K(AlSi3O8) Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Oxynatropyrochlore' Formula: (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) Description: Atencioet al. (2010) comments that the analysis nr 3 in Hogarth & Horne (1989) of a urnapyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) is oxynatropyrochlore. Reference: Hogarth, D.D. & Horne, J.E.T. (1989) Non-metamict uranoan pyrochlore and uranpyrochlore from tuff near Ndale area, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine: 53: 257-62; Atencio, D., Andrade, M.B., Christy, A.G., Gieré, R., Kartashov, P.M. (2010) The pyrochlore supergroup of minerals: nomenclature. The Canadian Mineralogist: 48: 673-698. |
| ⓘ Palladium Formula: (Pd,Pt) Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Palladosilicide (TL) Formula: Pd2Si Type Locality: Reference: Cabri, L.J., McDonald, A.M., Stanley, C.J., Rudashevsky, N.S., Poirier, G., Wilhelmij, H.R., Zhe, W. and Rudashevsky, V.N. (2015) IMA 2014-080. CNMNC Newsletter No. 23, February 2015, page 56; Mineralogical Magazine, 79, 51-58; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Paragonite Formula: NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Parisite' Formula: Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139 |
| ⓘ Parisite-(Ce) Formula: CaCe2(CO3)3F2 Reference: Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ Pectolite Formula: NaCa2Si3O8(OH) Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Pentlandite Formula: (NixFey)Σ9S8 Localities: Reference: Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107; Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Periclase Formula: MgO Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Perovskite Formula: CaTiO3 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Petzite Formula: Ag3AuTe2 Locality: Lupa Gold field, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Phlogopite Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Phosphosiderite Formula: FePO4 · 2H2O Localities: Description: Listed as clinostrengite and as metastrengite in Daltry & von Knorring (1998). Reference: Gallagher, M.J. and Gerards, J.F. (1963) Berlinite from Rwanda. Mineralogical Magazine: 33: 613-615.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Pinite' Description: Listed as "killinite" in Daltry & von Knorring (1998). Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Plagioclase' Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 Localities: Reference: Bell, K., & Powell, J. L. (1969). Strontium isotopic studies of alkalic rocks: the potassium-rich lavas of the Birunga and Toro—Ankole Regions, East and Central Equatorial Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(3), 536-572. doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.3.536
Guibert, P., Delaloye, M., & Hunziker, J. (1975). Contribution à l’étude géologique du volcan Mikeno, chaîne des Virunga (République du Zaïre). CR Scé. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat., Genève, ns, 10(1), 57-66.
Combe, A. D., & Simmons, W. C. (1933). The volcanic area of Bufumbira: The geology of the volcanic area of Bufumbira, south-west Uganda: Geol. Survey Uganda Mem. Ill, pt. I, 1-143.
Denaeyer, M. E., Schellinck, F., & Coppez, A. (1965). Recueil d'analyses des laves du fossé tectonique de l'Afrique centrale. Annales. Musée Roy. Afrique Centrale. Belgique, Ann. Ser. 8, Sci. Geol., 49, 1-234.
Holmes, A., & Harwood, H. F. (1937). The volcanic area of Bufumbira. Part 2. The petrology of the volcanic field of Bufumbria, south-west Uganda, and of other parts of the Birunga field. Geological Survey of Uganda, Memoir, 3 (Part 2). |
| ⓘ Planerite ? Formula: Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O Locality: N'Dora, Cibitoke Province, Burundi Description: Id based on label. Not analyzed Reference: Vik Vanrusselt collection (ex-Francis Coune specimen) |
| ⓘ Platinum Formula: Pt Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Plessite' Locality: Kalaba meteorite, Tanganyika, DR Congo Reference: Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
ⓘ 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' (FRL) Type Locality: Reference: Safiannikoff, A. and van Wambeke, L. (1961): Sur un terme plombifère du groupe pyrochlore-microlite. Bulletin de la Société Francaise de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie: 84: 382-384 |
| ⓘ Plumbopalladinite Formula: Pd3Pb2 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite (TL) Formula: K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 Type Locality: Reference: P.W.G.Brock, D.C. Gellatly, and O. Von Knorring(1964):Mboziite, a new sodic amphibole end member. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol 33, pp1057-65. |
| ⓘ Purpurite Formula: Mn3+(PO4) Localities: Reference: Gallagher, M.J. and Gerards, J.F. (1963) Berlinite from Rwanda. Mineralogical Magazine: 33: 613-615.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 Localities: Reported from at least 25 localities in this region. Reference: Geol. Belg. 11 (2008) 251-258. |
| ⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite Formula: (Fe,Co)S2 Reference: Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group' Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.; Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)' Formula: (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) Localities: Reference: Hogarth, D.D. & Horne, J.E.T. (1989) Non-metamict uranoan pyrochlore and uranpyrochlore from tuff near Ndale area, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine: 53: 257-62 |
| ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group' (FRL) Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z Localities: Type Locality: Panda Hill, Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Description: First described as "pandaite" Reference: Jäger, E., Niggli, E. & van der Veen, A.H. (1959): A hydrated barium–strontium pyrochlore in a biotite rock from Panda Hill, Tanganyika. Mineralogical Magazine: 32: 10-25; Atencio D., Andrade M.B., Christy A.G., Giere R., Kartashov P.M. (2010): The pyrochlore supergroup of minerals: nomenclature. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 569-594. |
| ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup' Formula: A2-mD2X6-wZ1-n Reference: Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.; Eby, G. N., Woolley, A. R., Din, V., & Platt, G. (1998). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of nepheline syenites: Kasungu–Chipala, Ilomba, and Ulindi nepheline syenite intrusions, North Nyasa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal of Petrology, 39(8), 1405-1424. |
| ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)' Formula: (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) Reference: Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.; Eby, G. N., Woolley, A. R., Din, V., & Platt, G. (1998). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of nepheline syenites: Kasungu–Chipala, Ilomba, and Ulindi nepheline syenite intrusions, North Nyasa alkaline province, Malawi. Journal of Petrology, 39(8), 1405-1424. |
| ⓘ Pyromorphite Formula: Pb5(PO4)3Cl Reference: Van Wambeke, L. (1977): The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita. 12 (3), 373-380
Thoreau, J., Aderca, B. M., & Van Wambeke, L. (1958). Le gisement de terres rares de la Karonge, Urundi. Acad. R. Sci. Outre-Mer, 4, 684-718.
Van Wambeke, L. (1977) The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 12 (3), 373-380.
Nakai, S., Masuda, A., & Lehmann, B. (1988). La-Ba dating of bastnaesite. American Mineralogist, 73(9-10), 1111-1113.
Lehmann, B., Nakai, S., Höhndorf, A., Brinckmann, J., Dulski, P., Hein, U.F., and Masuda, K. (1994) REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 985-992.
Woolley, A. R. (2001). Alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the world. Part 3: Africa. Geological Society. Natural History Museum, London, p. 28.
Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World. Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database. |
| ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group' Formula: ADSi2O6 Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region. Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Pyrrhotite Formula: Fe1-xS Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 Localities: Reported from at least 50 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst Formula: SiO2 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony Formula: SiO2 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Quartz var. Rock Crystal Formula: SiO2 Description: Listed as "hyaline quartz" in Daltry & von Knorring (1998). Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Quartz var. Rose Quartz Formula: SiO2 Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz Formula: SiO2 Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Rankamaite (TL) Formula: (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 Type Locality: Reference: Bul. Geol. Soc. Fin. 41 (1969), 47; V.D.C. Daltry (1992) The Type Mineralogy Of Africa : Zaire pp 33-62 ; Safiannikoff, A. and van Wambeke, L. (1961): Sur un terme plombifere du groupe pyrochlore-microlite. Bulletin de la Société Francaise de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie 84: 382-384 |
| ⓘ Raspite Formula: Pb(WO4) Reference: J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3 (1997), 17 |
| ⓘ Reinhardbraunsite Formula: Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ 'Rhabdophane' Localities: Reference: Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132.; Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567. |
| ⓘ 'Rhabdophane Group' Formula: (REE,Ca,Th)(PO4) · H2O Reference: Lehmann, et al. (1994): REE mineralization at Gakara, Burundi. Evidence for anomalous upper mantle in the western Rift Valley. Geochimicae et Cosmochimica Acta, 58 (2), 985-992 |
| ⓘ Rhabdophane-(La) Formula: La(PO4) · H2O Reference: Van Wambeke, L. (1977): The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita. 12 (3), 373-380 |
| ⓘ Rhodonite Formula: CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Riebeckite Formula: ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf |
| ⓘ Rockbridgeite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Rosemaryite Formula: (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 Reference: Fransolet, A.M. (1995): Wyllieite and rosemaryite in the pegmatite of Buranga, Rwanda. European Journal of Mineralogy 7, 567-575. (in French) |
| ⓘ Rustenburgite Formula: (Pt,Pd)3Sn Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Rutile Formula: TiO2 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Wall, F., Williams, C. T., Woolley, A. R., & Nasraoui, M. (1996). Pyrochlore from weathered carbonatite at Lueshe, Zaire. Mineralogical Magazine, 60(402), 731-750. |
| ⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile Formula: (Ti,Nb)O2 Localities: Reference: No reference listed |
| ⓘ Samarskite-(Y) Formula: YFe3+Nb2O8 Locality: Kigezi District, Western Region, Uganda Reference: Gallagher, M.J. (1967): Phosphates and other minerals in pegmatites of Rhodesia and Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine. 36, 50-59 |
| ⓘ Samuelsonite Formula: (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe2+2Mn2+2Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 Habit: fibrous Colour: greenish yellow Description: Associated with lazulite-scorzalite series in trolleite. Reference: von Knorring, O. (1972) Notes on phosphate minerals from Buranga pegmatite. 16th annual Report Res. Inst. afr. Geol., Univ. Leeds: 56-57.;
von Knorring, O. (1973) Notes on pegmatite minerals from Rwanda, Uganda and South West Africa. 17th annual Report Res. Inst. afr. Geol., Univ. Leeds, 72-73.;
Fransolet, A.-M., von Knorring, O., and Fontan, F. (1992) A new occurrence of samuelsonite in the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland: 64(1): 13-21.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15.;
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. IV.; |
| ⓘ Sanidine Formula: K(AlSi3O8) Localities: Reference: Stoppa, F., Woolley, A. R., Lloyd, F. E., and Eby, N. (2000) Carbonatite lapilli-bearing tuff and a dolomite carbonatite bomb from Murumuli crater, Katwe volcanic field, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine 64, 641-650. |
| ⓘ Saponite Formula: Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O Reference: Zolensky, M. E. (1991) Mineralogy and matrix composition of CR chondrites Renazzo and EET 87770, and ungrouped chondrites Essebi and MAC 87300. In: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Abstracts for the 54th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society: p 263. (Jan 1991). |
| ⓘ Sarcopside Formula: (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 Locality: Kiluli, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: Fransolet, A.-M., Fontan, F., Keller, P., Antenucci, D. (1998) La Serie johnsomervilleite-fillowite dans les associations de phosphates de pegmatites granitiques de l'Afrique Centrale. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36(2): 355–366. |
| ⓘ Scheelite Formula: Ca(WO4) Localities: Bugarama Mine, Burera District, Northern Province, Rwanda Gifurwe Mines, Gifurwe, Cyeru, Burera District, Northern Province, Rwanda Buranga pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Mpororo W Deposit, Kisoro, Western Region, Uganda Kamituga-Mobale mine, Mwenga Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo Reference: Goldmann, Simon, Frank Melcher, Hans-Eike Gäbler, Stijn Dewaele, Friso De Clercq, and Philippe Muchez. (2013) "Mineralogy and Trace Element Chemistry of Ferberite/Reinite from Tungsten Deposits in Central Rwanda" Minerals 3, no. 2: 121-144. |
| ⓘ Schorl Formula: NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Scorodite Formula: Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Scorzalite Formula: Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Localities: Rubindi pegmatite (Kabilizi), Bwira, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Buranga pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Rongi Amblygonite Pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Rusororo pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ 'Serpentine Subgroup' Formula: D3[Si2O5](OH)4 Localities: Reference: Zolensky, M. E. (1991) Mineralogy and matrix composition of CR chondrites Renazzo and EET 87770, and ungrouped chondrites Essebi and MAC 87300. In: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Abstracts for the 54th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society: p 263. (Jan 1991).; Howard, K.T., Alexander, C.M.O'D, Schrader D.L. & Dyl K.A. (2015) Classification of hydrous meteorites (CR, CM, and C2 ungrouped) by phyllosilicate fraction: PSD-XRD modal mineralogy and planetismal environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 149, 206-222. |
| ⓘ Serrabrancaite Formula: MnPO4 · H2O Reference: Lapis 35 (3) (2010) p. 12; |
| ⓘ 'Sicklerite' Formula: Li1-x(Mn3+xMn2+1-x)PO4 Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Siderite Formula: FeCO3 Localities: Reference: Brearley, A.J., Jones, R.H. (1998) Chondritic Meteorites. In: Planetary Materials (Papike, J. J., Editor): Chapter 3, 398 pages. Mineralogical Society of America: Washington, DC, USA. |
| ⓘ Siderophyllite Formula: KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Siegenite Formula: CoNi2S4 Description: Ferroan Reference: Riley, J. F. (1980). Ferroan carrollites, cobaltian violarites, and other members of the linnaeite group:(Co, Ni, Fe, Cu) 3S4. Mineralogical Magazine, 43(330), 733-739.; Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Sigismundite Formula: (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 Reference: von Knorring, O. (1969) A note on the phosphate mineralisation at the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Geologique de la Republique du Rwanda: 5: 42-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15.;
Chopin, C., Oberti, R., Camara, F. (2006) The arrojadite enigma: II. Compositional space, new members, and nomenclature of the group. American Mineralogist: 91: 1260-1270. |
| ⓘ Sillimanite Formula: Al2(SiO4)O Localities: Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Silver Formula: Ag Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367.
Cabri, L. J., Oberthür, T., & Keays, R. R. (2022). Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers–A critical review of facts and fiction. Ore Geology Reviews, 144, 104733. |
| ⓘ Simpsonite Formula: Al4Ta3O13(OH) Reference: V.D.C. Daltry (1992) The Type Mineralogy Of Africa : Zaire pp 33-62 ; Safiannikoff, A. and van Wambeke, L. (1961): Sur un terme plombifere du groupe pyrochlore-microlite. Bulletin de la Société Francaise de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie 84: 382-384.
Melcher, F., Graupner, T., Gäbler, H. E., Sitnikova, M., Henjes-Kunst, F., Oberthür, T., ... & Dewaele, S. (2015). Tantalum–(niobium–tin) mineralisation in African pegmatites and rare metal granites: constraints from Ta–Nb oxide mineralogy, geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 667-719. |
| ⓘ Skaergaardite Formula: PdCu Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Smectite Group' Formula: A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O Localities: Reference: Brearley, Adrian J. (1992) Mineralogy of fine-grained matrix in the Ivuna CI Carbonaceous Chondrite. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 1992. |
| ⓘ Smithsonite Formula: ZnCO3 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Sobolevskite Formula: PdBi Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Sodalite Formula: Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl Localities: Reported from at least 14 localities in this region. Reference: Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ 'Sodic amphibole' Localities: Lueshe Mine, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Bingo carbonatite, Bashu, Beni Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Bishusha occurrence, Bwito, Rutshuru Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Kahusi Complex, Kalehe Territory, South Kivu, DR Congo Ilomba intrusion, Songwe Complex, Chitipa, Northern Region, Malawi Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ 'Sodic plagioclase' Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Sopcheite Formula: Ag4Pd3Te4 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Souzalite Formula: (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Sperrylite Formula: PtAs2 Localities: Reference: Cabral, A.R., Skála, R., Vymazalová, A., Kallistová, A., Lehmann, B., Jedwab, J., and Sidorinová, T. (2014) Kitagohaite, Pt7Cu, a new mineral from the Lubero region, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mineralogical Magazine: 78: 739-745. |
| ⓘ Spessartine Formula: Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 Reference: Consulting, S. R. K. NI 43-101 Technical Report Resource Estimation And Exploration Potential At The Kamituga, Lugushwa And Namoya Concessions, Democratic Republic Of Congo. |
| ⓘ Sphalerite Formula: ZnS Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region. Reference: Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107; Owor, M., Hartwig, T., Muwanga, A., Zachmann, D., & Pohl, W. (2007). Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology, 51(6), 1065-1075. |
| ⓘ Spinel Formula: MgAl2O4 Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Description: Rims magnetite. Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Spodumene Formula: LiAlSi2O6 Localities: Rubindi pegmatite (Kabilizi), Bwira, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Buranga pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda N'Dora, Cibitoke Province, Burundi Gatumba pegmatite, Gatumba, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Rusororo pegmatite, Muhororo, Ngororero District, Western Province, Rwanda Reference: Hatert, F., Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A.-M., Spirlet, M.-R., Rebbouh, L., Fontan, F., and Keller, P., 2005. Ferrorosemaryite, NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda. European Journal of Mineralogy 17, 749-759.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Spurrite Formula: Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Stanĕkite Formula: (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O Reference: Tony Nikischer |
| ⓘ 'Staringite' Formula: (Fe,Mn)x(Ta,Nb)2xSn6-3xO12 Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Staurolite Formula: Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) Localities: Reference: Maravic, H. V., Morteani, G., & Roethe, G. (1989). The cancrinite-syenite/carbonatite complex of Lueshe, Kivu/NE-Zaire: petrographic and geochemical studies and its economic significance. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 9(2), 341-355. |
| ⓘ Stewartite Formula: Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Stibiopalladinite Formula: Pd5Sb2 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Stibnite Formula: Sb2S3 Reference: Consulting, S. R. K. NI 43-101 Technical Report Resource Estimation And Exploration Potential At The Kamituga, Lugushwa And Namoya Concessions, Democratic Republic Of Congo. |
| ⓘ Strengite Formula: FePO4 · 2H2O Localities: Reference: von Knorring, O. and Sahama, T.G. (1982) Some FeMn phosphates from the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Frauenfeld: 62: 343-352.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Strontianite Formula: SrCO3 Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ Sudburyite Formula: PdSb Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Sulphur Formula: S8 Localities: Reference: Deleins, M. (1975): Volcanic sublimates of Rugarama, Kivu region, Republic of Zaire. Repub. Rivandaise, Bull. Serv. Geol.: 8: l-ll (in French); in: Fleischer, M., Mandarino, J.A. (1977): New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 62, 175 |
| ⓘ Svanbergite Formula: SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 Reference: Mgonde, F. (1994). Mobilization and Redistribution of Phosphate and Rare Earth Elements in the Weathering Zone above Panda Hill Carbonatite, SW Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University Ottawa). |
| ⓘ Sylvite Formula: KCl Localities: Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ 'Synchysite' Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F Localities: Reference: Malunga, G. W., Samama, J. C., & Houot, R. (1991, January). Rare Earths Potential in Malawi. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 70, pp. 193-204). |
| ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce) Formula: CaCe(CO3)2F Reference: Nasraoui, M., Toulkeridis, T., Clauer, N., & Bilal, E. (2000). Differentiated hydrothermal and meteoric alterations of the Lueshe carbonatite complex (Democratic Republic of Congo) identified by a REE study combined with a sequential acid-leaching experiment. Chemical Geology, 165(1), 109-132. |
| ⓘ 'Synchysite Group' Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139 |
| ⓘ Taenite Formula: (Fe,Ni) Locality: Kalaba meteorite, Tanganyika, DR Congo Reference: Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| ⓘ Talc Formula: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Tantalite' Formula: (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 Localities: Reference: Von Knorring & Fadipe (1981): On the mineralogy and geochemistry of niobium and tantalum in some granite pegmatites and alkali granites of Africa. Bull.Minéral.104, 496-507 |
| ⓘ Tantalite-(Fe) Formula: Fe2+Ta2O6 Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Tantalite-(Mn) Formula: Mn2+Ta2O6 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe) Formula: Fe2+Ta2O6 Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ Tavorite Formula: LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Tennantite Subgroup' Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S Locality: Lupa Gold field, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ 'Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series' Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Tetra-auricupride Formula: AuCu Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite Formula: KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 Reference: Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Tetraferroplatinum Formula: PtFe Reference: Wilhelmij, H. R., & Cabri, L. J. (2015). Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 1-25.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S Locality: Lupa Gold field, Mbeya Region, Tanzania Reference: Mnali, S. R. (2001) Lupa Gold Field, Sw Tanzania. Tanz. J. Sci. 27A:15-22 |
| ⓘ Thaumasite Formula: Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O Description: Occurs in vesicles in lava and rare dike rocks. Reference: Barker, D.S. and Nixon, P.H. (1989) High-Ca, low-alkali carbonatite volcanism at Fort Portal, Uganda. Contributions to Minralogy and Petrology.: 103: 166-177. |
| ⓘ Thénardite Formula: Na2SO4 Localities: Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Thermonatrite Formula: Na2CO3 · H2O Reference: Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Thoreaulite Formula: (Sn2+,Pb)(Ta,Nb)2O6 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Thorianite Formula: ThO2 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Thorite Formula: Th(SiO4) Reference: Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6 |
| ⓘ Titanite Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region. Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Topaz Formula: Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ 'Tourmaline' Formula: AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z Localities: Reported from at least 17 localities in this region. Reference: Roccati, Alessandro (1907) Nell'Uganda e nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante la spedizione di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi nell'anno 1906. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 26, 2, 127-158. |
| ⓘ Trevorite Formula: Ni2+Fe3+2O4 Reference: Frank K. Mazdab collection (will verify with EPMA); The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), sample # 13203; http://metafro.be/mineralogy/browse_hierarchical_geo?country=Burundi |
| ⓘ Tridymite Formula: SiO2 Reference: Van Wambeke, L. ( The Karonge rare earth deposits, Republic of Burundi: New mineralogical-geochemical data and origin of the mineralization. Mineralium Deposita. 12 (3), 373-380
|
| ⓘ Trikalsilite (TL) Formula: K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 Type Locality: Reference: Sahama T G, Smith J V (1957) Notes and news: Tri-kalsilite, a new mineral. American Mineralogist 42, 286-286 |
| ⓘ Triphylite Formula: LiFe2+PO4 Localities: Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Triplite Formula: Mn2+2(PO4)F Localities: Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45. |
| ⓘ Troilite Formula: FeS Localities: Reference: Mason, Brian (1962) Meteorites. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York & London, 274 pages. |
| ⓘ Trolleite Formula: Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 Localities: Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Trona Formula: Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O Reference: Nielsen, Joan M. (1999): East African magadi (trona): fluoride concentration and mineralogical composition. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29, 423-428.; Mineralogical Recoed 8:396
Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Tschermigite Formula: (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O Reference: Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 399, 476. |
| ⓘ Tulameenite Formula: Pt2CuFe Reference: Wilhelmij, H. R., & Cabri, L. J. (2015). Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 1-25.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Tungstite Formula: WO3 · H2O Reference: Geol. Belg. 11 (2008) 251-258. |
| ⓘ Turquoise Formula: CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O Reference: F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.; Lefèvre, P., Fransolet, A. M., Fontan, F., & Keller, P. Petrographic study of the Al-rich phosphate mineral associations of the Rubindi-Kabilizi pegmatite, Gatumba area, Rwanda. |
| ⓘ Tychite Formula: Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) Reference: Collection of NHM, Vienna; Mineralogical Recoed 8:396
Kasedde, H., Kirabira, J.B., Bäbler, M.U., Tilliander, A., Jonsson, S. (2014) Characterization of brines and evaporites of Lake Katwe, Uganda. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 91, 55-65. |
| ⓘ Ullmannite Formula: NiSbS Reference: Cabri, L. J., Wilhelmij, H. R., & Eksteen, J. J. (2017). Contrasting mineralogical and processing potential of two mineralization types in the platinum group element and Ni-bearing Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 772-789.; Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn' Formula: K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O Locality: Rugarama cone, Nyamuragira volcano (Nyamlagira), Bahunde, Masisi Territory, North Kivu, DR Congo Reference: Deleins, M. (1975): Volcanic sublimates of Rugarama, Kivu region, Republic of Zaire. Repub. Rivandaise, Bull. Serv. Geol.: 8: l-ll (in French); in: Fleischer, M., Mandarino, J.A. (1977): New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 62, 175 |
| ⓘ 'UM1982-08-PO:FeHMn' Formula: FeMnPO5 · 2H2O Description: Listed as "hydrated Fe-Mn-OH-phosphate" in Daltry & von Knorring (1998). Reference: von Knorring, O. and Sahama, T.G. (1982) Some FeMn phosphates from the Buranga pegmatite, Rwanda. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Frauenfeld: 62: 343-352.;
Dunn, P.J., Grice, J.D., Fleischer, M., and Pabst, A. (1984) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 69: 213.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Umbrianite Formula: K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 Reference: Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178. |
| ⓘ Uraninite Formula: UO2 Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' ? Formula: (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 Description: Daltry and von Knorring question the occurrence. Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Variscite Formula: AlPO4 · 2H2O Localities: Reference: Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567. |
| ⓘ Varulite Formula: NaCaMn2+Mn2+2(PO4)3 Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Vermiculite Formula: Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O Localities: Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Vernadite Formula: (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O Reference: Jochem Hentsch |
| ⓘ Vishnevite Formula: (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O Reference: doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Vivianite Formula: Fe2+3(PO4)2 · 8H2O Localities: Reference: Bertossa, A. (1968) Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda: 4: 25-45.;
Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Vysotskite Formula: PdS Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ 'Wad' Localities: Reference: Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567. |
| ⓘ Wardite Formula: NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Wavellite Formula: Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O Localities: Reference: Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567. |
| ⓘ Waylandite Formula: BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 Reference: Lapis 16(9), 12 (1991) |
| ⓘ Wodginite Formula: Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 Localities: Reference: Jan Loun, Milan Novák, Jan Cempírek, Radek Škoda, Michaela Vašinová Galiová, Lubomír Prokeš, Marek Dosbaba, Renata Čopjaková (2018) Geochemistry and secondary alterations of microlite from eluvial deposits in the Numbi mining area, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Canadian Mineralogist 56, 203-220. |
| ⓘ 'Wolframite Group' Localities: Reference: De Clercq, F. (2012). Metallogenesis of Sn and W vein-type deposits in the Karagwe-Ankole Belt (Rwanda). Unpubl (Doctoral dissertation, PhD thesis. KU Leuven). |
| ⓘ Wollastonite Formula: Ca3(Si3O9) Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Woolley, A. R., & Phillipo, S. (1997). Compositional variation in pyrochlore from the Bingo carbonatite, Zaire. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25(1), 137-145. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00066-3
Woolley, A. R., Williams, C. T., Wall, F., Garcia, D., & Moute, J. (1995). The Bingo carbonatite-ijolite-nepheline syenite complex, Zaire: geology, petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(3), 329-348. doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00093-9 |
| ⓘ Wyllieite Formula: (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 Reference: Fransolet, A.M. (1995): Wyllieite and rosemaryite in the pegmatite of Buranga, Rwanda. European Journal of Mineralogy 7, 567-575. (in French) |
| ⓘ 'Xenotime' Reference: Wilhelmij, H.R. and Cabri, L.J. (2016) Platinum mineralization in the Kapalagulu Intrusion, western Tanzania. Mineralium Deposita, 51(3), 343-367. |
| ⓘ Yttrotungstite-(Ce) (TL) Formula: (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 Localities: Type Locality: Kirwa Mine, Kisoro, Western Region, Uganda Reference: J. W. Anthony et al.: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol.3 (1997), 11 |
| ⓘ 'Zeolite Group' Reference: Cahen, L., & Snelling, N. J. (1966). The geochronology of equatorial Africa. North-Holland Publishing Company.
Denaeyer, M. E. (1958). Les syénites feldspathoïdiques du Kivu et leur rôle dans la genèse des laves des Virunga. Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologie, Paléontologie et Hydrologie (Bruxelles), 67, 459-488. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-de-la-societe-belge-de-geologie/067%20-%201958/bsbg_67_1958_p459-481.pdf
Denaeyer, M. E. (1959). Les syénites métasomatiques du massif de Kirumba: Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales. Classe Sci. Tech. NS, 9(2).
Denaeyer, M. E. (1966). Sur la présence d'une carbonatite ankéritique (rauhaugite) en bordure du complexe alcalin de Kirumba (Kivu). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 263(1), 9-12.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6 |
| ⓘ 'Zinnwaldite' Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
| ⓘ Zircon Formula: Zr(SiO4) Localities: Reported from at least 18 localities in this region. Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139; Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567.
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3).
doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90077-8
doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.402.03
Bellon, H., & Pouclet, A. (1980). Datations K-Ar de quelques laves du Rift-Ouest de l'Afrique Centrale; implications sur l'évolution magmatique et structurale. Geologische Rundschau, 69(1), 49-62. doi.org/10.1007/BF01869023
Brasseur, H., Herman, P., & Hubaux, A. (1961). Apatites de l'est du Congo et du Ruanda. Bulletin-Société géologique de Belgique, 85(2), B61-B85.
Denayer, M. E. (1970). Rapports isotopiques O e C et condition d'affleurement dês carbonatites de 1'Affrique Central. Compt. Rend. D, 270, 2155-2158.
Kampunzu, A. B., Kramers, J. D., & Makutu, M. N. (1998). Rb Sr whole rock ages of the lueshe, Kirumba and Numbi igneous complexes (Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo) and the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 26(1), 29-36. doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00134-6
Maravic, H. V., & Morteani, G. (1980). Petrology and geochemistry of the carbonatite and syenite complex of Lueshe (NE Zaire). Lithos, 13(2), 159-170. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(80)90017-1
Meyer, A., & De Béthune, P. (1958). La carbonatite Lueshe (Kivu): étude géologique. Service Géologique, Congo Belge, 8 (5), 1-19 and 1-12.
Pineau, F. & Javoy, M. 1969. Determination des rapports isotopiques O/O et C/C dans diverses carbonatites, implications genetiques. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris, 269D, 1930-1933.
Safiannikoff, A. 1959. Un nouveau mineral de niobium. Bulletin des Seances. Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer. Bruxelles, 5, 1251-1255.
Safiannikoff, A. 1966. Gisement de pyrochlore de Lueshe. Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique, 90 (4), B461-486.
van Overbeke, A. C. (1996). Le complexe à carbonatite et syénite de la Lueshe (N-Kivu, Zaïre): pétrogenèse des roches ignées et caractérisation géochimique des processus métasomatiques (fénitisation) (Doctoral dissertation, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain).
Verhaeghe, M. (1963). Inventaire des gisements de calcaires, dolomies et travertins du Kivu, du Rwanda et du Burundi. Service géologique, Mémoire, (3). |
| ⓘ Zircon var. Malacon Formula: Zr(SiO4) Reference: Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Arsenic | 1.CA.05 | As |
| ⓘ | Atokite | 1.AG.10 | (Pd,Pt)3Sn |
| ⓘ | Auricupride | 1.AA.10a | Cu3Au |
| ⓘ | Bismuth | 1.CA.05 | Bi |
| ⓘ | Cabriite | 1.AG.30 | Pd2CuSn |
| ⓘ | Diamond | 1.CB.10a | C |
| ⓘ | Gold | 1.AA.05 | Au |
| ⓘ | var. Electrum | 1.AA.05 | (Au,Ag) |
| ⓘ | Graphite | 1.CB.05a | C |
| ⓘ | Hongshiite | 1.AG.45 | PtCu |
| ⓘ | Iron | 1.AE.05 | Fe |
| ⓘ | var. Kamacite | 1.AE.05 | (Fe,Ni) |
| ⓘ | Isoferroplatinum | 1.AG.35 | Pt3Fe |
| ⓘ | Kitagohaite (TL) | 1.A0. | Pt7Cu |
| ⓘ | Palladium | 1.AF.10 | (Pd,Pt) |
| ⓘ | Palladosilicide (TL) | 1.BB.55 | Pd2Si |
| ⓘ | Platinum | 1.AF.10 | Pt |
| ⓘ | Plumbopalladinite | 1.AG.25 | Pd3Pb2 |
| ⓘ | Rustenburgite | 1.AG.10 | (Pt,Pd)3Sn |
| ⓘ | Silver | 1.AA.05 | Ag |
| ⓘ | Skaergaardite | 1.AG.45 | PdCu |
| ⓘ | Sulphur | 1.CC.05 | S8 |
| ⓘ | Taenite | 1.AE.10 | (Fe,Ni) |
| ⓘ | Tetra-auricupride | 1.AA.10b | AuCu |
| ⓘ | Tetraferroplatinum | 1.AG.40 | PtFe |
| ⓘ | Tulameenite | 1.AG.40 | Pt2CuFe |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Acanthite | 2.BA.35 | Ag2S |
| ⓘ | Altaite | 2.CD.10 | PbTe |
| ⓘ | Arsenopyrite | 2.EB.20 | FeAsS |
| ⓘ | Aurostibite | 2.EB.05a | AuSb2 |
| ⓘ | Bismuthinite | 2.DB.05 | Bi2S3 |
| ⓘ | Calaverite | 2.EA.10 | AuTe2 |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Chlorbartonite ? | 2.FC.10 | K6Fe24S26(Cl,S) |
| ⓘ | Clausthalite | 2.CD.10 | PbSe |
| ⓘ | Cooperite | 2.CC.35b | PtS |
| ⓘ | Cubanite | 2.CB.55a | CuFe2S3 |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Genkinite | 2.AC.35a | Pt4Sb3 |
| ⓘ | Gersdorffite | 2.EB.25 | NiAsS |
| ⓘ | Gudmundite | 2.EB.20 | FeSbS |
| ⓘ | Heazlewoodite | 2.BB.05 | Ni3S2 |
| ⓘ | Hessite | 2.BA.60 | Ag2Te |
| ⓘ | Keithconnite | 2.BC.20 | Pd20Te7 |
| ⓘ | Kotulskite | 2.CC.05 | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) |
| ⓘ | Laurite | 2.EB.05a | RuS2 |
| ⓘ | Linnaeite | 2.DA.05 | Co2+Co3+2S4 |
| ⓘ | Luberoite | 2.BC.35 | Pt5Se4 |
| ⓘ | Marcasite | 2.EB.10a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Maslovite | 2.EB.25 | PtBiTe |
| ⓘ | Melonite | 2.EA.20 | NiTe2 |
| ⓘ | Menshikovite | 2.AC.20c | Pd3Ni2As3 |
| ⓘ | Michenerite | 2.EB.25 | PdBiTe |
| ⓘ | Millerite | 2.CC.20 | NiS |
| ⓘ | Molybdenite | 2.EA.30 | MoS2 |
| ⓘ | Moncheite | 2.EA.20 | Pt(Te,Bi)2 |
| ⓘ | Pentlandite | 2.BB.15 | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| ⓘ | Petzite | 2.BA.75 | Ag3AuTe2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | (Fe,Co)S2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.CC.10 | Fe1-xS |
| ⓘ | Siegenite | 2.DA.05 | CoNi2S4 |
| ⓘ | Sobolevskite | 2.CC.05 | PdBi |
| ⓘ | Sopcheite | 2.BC.55 | Ag4Pd3Te4 |
| ⓘ | Sperrylite | 2.EB.05a | PtAs2 |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | Stibiopalladinite | 2.AC.20a | Pd5Sb2 |
| ⓘ | Stibnite | 2.DB.05 | Sb2S3 |
| ⓘ | Sudburyite | 2.CC.05 | PdSb |
| ⓘ | 'Tennantite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| ⓘ | Troilite | 2.CC.10 | FeS |
| ⓘ | Ullmannite | 2.EB.25 | NiSbS |
| ⓘ | Vysotskite | 2.CC.35a | PdS |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Elpasolite | 3.CB.15 | K2NaAlF6 |
| ⓘ | Fluorite | 3.AB.25 | CaF2 |
| ⓘ | Halite | 3.AA.20 | NaCl |
| ⓘ | Hieratite | 3.CH.15 | K2[SiF6] |
| ⓘ | Sylvite | 3.AA.20 | KCl |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | 'Alumotungstite' | 4.DH.15 va | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| ⓘ | Anatase | 4.DD.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | Baddeleyite | 4.DE.35 | ZrO2 |
| ⓘ | Bismite | 4.CB.60 | Bi2O3 |
| ⓘ | Cassiterite | 4.DB.05 | SnO2 |
| ⓘ | Cavoite ? | 4.HE.40 | CaV4+3O7 |
| ⓘ | Cerianite-(Ce) | 4.DL.05 | (Ce4+,Th)O2 |
| ⓘ | Cesplumtantite | 4.DM.15 | (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 |
| ⓘ | Chromite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Columbite-(Fe) | 4.DB.35 | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| ⓘ | Columbite-(Mn) | 4.DB.35 | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| ⓘ | Corundum | 4.CB.05 | Al2O3 |
| ⓘ | var. Ruby | 4.CB.05 | Al2O3 |
| ⓘ | var. Sapphire | 4.CB.05 | Al2O3 |
| ⓘ | Cryptomelane | 4.DK.05a | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| ⓘ | Cuprite | 4.AA.10 | Cu2O |
| ⓘ | Davidite-(La) | 4.CC.40 | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| ⓘ | Ferberite | 4.DB.30 | FeWO4 |
| ⓘ | var. Reinite | 4.DB.30 | FeWO4 |
| ⓘ | Ferrowodginite | 4.DB.40 | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| ⓘ | Fersmite | 4.DG.05 | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| ⓘ | Foordite (TL) | 4.DG.15 | Sn2+(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| ⓘ | Gibbsite | 4.FE.10 | Al(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Goethite | 4.00. | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | var. Martite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | var. Specularite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Hibonite | 4.CC.45 | CaAl12O19 |
| ⓘ | Hydrokenoelsmoreite | 4.DH.15 | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| ⓘ | var. Ferritungstite | 4.DH.15 | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| ⓘ | Hydropyrochlore (TL) | 4.DH.15 | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| ⓘ | Hydrotungstite | 4.FJ.15 | WO3 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | 'Ixiolite-(Mn2+)-Ixiolite-(Fe2+) Series' | 4.. | (Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)4O8 |
| ⓘ | Lithiowodginite | 4.DB.40 | LiTa3O8 |
| ⓘ | Lueshite (TL) | 4.CC.30 | NaNbO3 |
| ⓘ | Maghemite | 4.BB.15 | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| ⓘ | Manganite | 4.FD.15 | Mn3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Meymacite (TL) | 4.FJ.05 | WO3 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Microlite Group' | 4.00. | A2-mTa2X6-wZ-n |
| ⓘ | Opal | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | 'Oxynatropyrochlore' | 4.DH.15 | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| ⓘ | Periclase | 4.AB.25 | MgO |
| ⓘ | Perovskite | 4.CC.30 | CaTiO3 |
| ⓘ | 'Plumbomicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' (TL) | 4.DH.15 | |
| ⓘ | 'Pyrochlore Group' | 4.00. | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| ⓘ | 'var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)' | 4.00. | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| ⓘ | 'var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group' (TL) | 4.00. | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Amethyst | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Chalcedony | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Rock Crystal | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Rose Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Smoky Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Rankamaite (TL) | 4.DM.05 | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| ⓘ | Raspite | 4.DG.20 | Pb(WO4) |
| ⓘ | Rutile | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. Ilmenorutile | 4.DB.05 | (Ti,Nb)O2 |
| ⓘ | Samarskite-(Y) | 4.DB.25 | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| ⓘ | Simpsonite | 4.DC.10 | Al4Ta3O13(OH) |
| ⓘ | Spinel | 4.BB.05 | MgAl2O4 |
| ⓘ | Tantalite-(Fe) | 4.DB.35 | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| ⓘ | Tantalite-(Mn) | 4.DB.35 | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| ⓘ | Tapiolite-(Fe) | 4.DB.10 | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| ⓘ | Thoreaulite | 4.DG.15 | (Sn2+,Pb)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| ⓘ | Thorianite | 4.DL.05 | ThO2 |
| ⓘ | Trevorite | 4.BB.05 | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Tridymite | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Tungstite | 4.FJ.10 | WO3 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Uraninite | 4.DL.05 | UO2 |
| ⓘ | Vernadite | 4.FE.40 | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Wodginite | 4.DB.40 | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| ⓘ | 'Wolframite Group' | 4.DB.30 va | |
| ⓘ | Yttrotungstite-(Ce) (TL) | 4.FD.20 | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Ancylite-(Ce) | 5.DC.05 | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| ⓘ | Ankerite | 5.AB.10 | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Bismutite | 5.BE.25 | (BiO)2CO3 |
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Cerussite | 5.AB.15 | PbCO3 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | var. Iron-bearing Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Magnesite | 5.AB.05 | MgCO3 |
| ⓘ | var. Breunnerite | 5.AB.05 | (Mg,Fe)CO3 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Natron | 5.CB.10 | Na2CO3 · 10H2O |
| ⓘ | Nitratine | 5.NA.05 | NaNO3 |
| ⓘ | Northupite | 5.BF.05 | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| ⓘ | Parisite-(Ce) | 5.BD.20b | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
| ⓘ | Smithsonite | 5.AB.05 | ZnCO3 |
| ⓘ | Strontianite | 5.AB.15 | SrCO3 |
| ⓘ | Synchysite-(Ce) | 5.BD.20c | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| ⓘ | Thermonatrite | 5.CB.05 | Na2CO3 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Trona | 5.CB.15 | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Tychite | 5.BF.05 | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Anglesite | 7.AD.35 | PbSO4 |
| ⓘ | Anthoinite | 7.GB.35 | AlWO3(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Aphthitalite | 7.AC.35 | (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2 |
| ⓘ | Arcanite | 7.AD.05 | K2SO4 |
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Blödite | 7.CC.50 | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Burkeite | 7.BD.25 | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| ⓘ | Celestine | 7.AD.35 | SrSO4 |
| ⓘ | Chalcanthite | 7.CB.20 | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Epsomite | 7.CB.40 | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| ⓘ | Fergusonite-(Y) | 7.GA.05 | YNbO4 |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Hanksite | 7.BD.30 | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| ⓘ | Jarosite | 7.BC.10 | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Kieserite | 7.CB.05 | MgSO4 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Mascagnite | 7.AD.05 | (NH4)2SO4 |
| ⓘ | Montanite | 7.CD.60 | Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Mpororoite (TL) | 7.GB.35 | WAlO3(OH)3 · 2(H2O) |
| ⓘ | Scheelite | 7.GA.05 | Ca(WO4) |
| ⓘ | Thaumasite | 7.DG.15 | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| ⓘ | Thénardite | 7.AD.25 | Na2SO4 |
| ⓘ | Tschermigite | 7.CC.20 | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Alluaudite | 8.AC.10 | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| ⓘ | 'Alluaudite-Na□' | 8.AC.05 va | ◻4Na4Mn2+4Fe3+8(PO4)12 |
| ⓘ | Amblygonite | 8.BB.05 | LiAl(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Attakolite | 8.BH.60 | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Augelite | 8.BE.05 | Al2(PO4)(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Autunite | 8.EB.05 | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| ⓘ | Barbosalite | 8.BB.40 | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Berlinite | 8.AA.05 | AlPO4 |
| ⓘ | Bermanite | 8.DC.20 | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Bertossaite (TL) | 8.BH.25 | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| ⓘ | Bjarebyite | 8.BH.20 | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Brazilianite | 8.BK.05 | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Burangaite (TL) | 8.DK.15 | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Cacoxenite | 8.DC.40 | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| ⓘ | Childrenite | 8.DD.20 | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Crandallite | 8.BL.10 | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Cyrilovite | 8.DL.10 | NaFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Dufrénite | 8.DK.15 | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Eosphorite | 8.DD.20 | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Ferrisicklerite' | 8.AB.10 | Li1-x(Fe3+xFe2+1-x)PO4 |
| ⓘ | Ferroalluaudite | 8.AC.10 | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Ferrorosemaryite (TL) | 8.AC.15 | ◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Fillowite | 8.AC.50 | Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9 |
| ⓘ | Florencite-(Nd) | 8.BL.13 | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| ⓘ | var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) |
| ⓘ | var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| ⓘ | Frondelite | 8.BC.10 | Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| ⓘ | Gatumbaite (TL) | 8.DJ.10 | CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Gormanite | 8.DC.45 | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Goyazite | 8.BL.10 | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Graftonite | 8.AB.20 | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 |
| ⓘ | Griphite | 8.BF.15 | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Hagendorfite | 8.AC.10 | NaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Heterosite | 8.AB.10 | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 |
| ⓘ | Hureaulite | 8.CB.10 | Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Hydroxylapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| ⓘ | Johnsomervilleite | 8.AC.50 | Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 |
| ⓘ | Lacroixite | 8.BH.10 | NaAl(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Landesite | 8.CC.05 | Mn2+3-xFe3+x(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O |
| ⓘ | Lazulite | 8.BB.40 | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Leucophosphite | 8.DH.10 | KFe3+2(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Lipscombite | 8.BB.90 | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Lithiophilite | 8.AB.10 | LiMn2+PO4 |
| ⓘ | Millisite | 8.DL.10 | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Mitridatite | 8.DH.30 | Ca2Fe3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Monazite-(Ce) | 8.AD.50 | Ce(PO4) |
| ⓘ | Monazite-(La) | 8.AD.50 | La(PO4) |
| ⓘ | Montebrasite | 8.BB.05 | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Phosphosiderite | 8.CD.05 | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Planerite ? | 8.DD.15 | Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Purpurite | 8.AB.10 | Mn3+(PO4) |
| ⓘ | Pyromorphite | 8.BN.05 | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| ⓘ | Rhabdophane-(La) | 8.CJ.45 | La(PO4) · H2O |
| ⓘ | Rockbridgeite | 8.BC.10 | Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| ⓘ | Rosemaryite | 8.AC.15 | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Samuelsonite | 8.BF.10 | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe2+2Mn2+2Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Sarcopside | 8.AB.15 | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 |
| ⓘ | Scorodite | 8.CD.10 | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Scorzalite | 8.BB.40 | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Serrabrancaite | 8.CB.05 | MnPO4 · H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Sicklerite' | 8.AB.10 | Li1-x(Mn3+xMn2+1-x)PO4 |
| ⓘ | Sigismundite | 8.BF. | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Souzalite | 8.DC.45 | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Stanĕkite | 8.BB.15 | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| ⓘ | Stewartite | 8.DC.30 | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Strengite | 8.CD.10 | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Svanbergite | 8.BL.05 | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Tavorite | 8.BB.05 | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Triphylite | 8.AB.10 | LiFe2+PO4 |
| ⓘ | Triplite | 8.BB.10 | Mn2+2(PO4)F |
| ⓘ | Trolleite | 8.BB.45 | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Turquoise | 8.DD.15 | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| ⓘ | Variscite | 8.CD.10 | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Varulite | 8.AC.10 | NaCaMn2+Mn2+2(PO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Vivianite | 8.CE.40 | Fe2+3(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Wardite | 8.DL.10 | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Wavellite | 8.DC.50 | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Waylandite | 8.BL.13 | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Wyllieite | 8.AC.15 | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Actinolite | 9.DE.10 | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Aegirine | 9.DA.25 | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Aegirine-augite | 9.DA.20 | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Aenigmatite | 9.DH.40 | Na4[Fe2+10Ti2]O4[Si12O36] |
| ⓘ | Albite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | var. Andesine | 9.FA.35 | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| ⓘ | var. Anorthoclase | 9.FA.35 | (Na,K)AlSi3O8 |
| ⓘ | var. Cleavelandite | 9.FA.35 | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | var. Oligoclase | 9.FA.35 | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| ⓘ | Almandine | 9.AD.25 | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Andalusite | 9.AF.10 | Al2(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Andradite | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | var. Melanite | 9.AD.25 | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Andrémeyerite (TL) | 9.BB.20 | BaFe2+2(Si2O7) |
| ⓘ | Annite | 9.EC.20 | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Anorthite | 9.FA.35 | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| ⓘ | var. Labradorite | 9.FA.35 | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| ⓘ | Arfvedsonite | 9.DE.25 | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Augite | 9.DA.15 | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | var. Fassaite | 9.DA.15 | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| ⓘ | var. Ferroaugite | 9.DA.15 | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Baotite | 9.CE.15 | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| ⓘ | Beryl | 9.CJ.05 | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| ⓘ | var. Aquamarine | 9.CJ.05 | Be3Al2Si6O18 |
| ⓘ | var. Emerald | 9.CJ.05 | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| ⓘ | Cancrinite | 9.FB.05 | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Cerite-(Ce) | 9.AG.20 | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Chrysocolla | 9.ED.20 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| ⓘ | Clinochlore | 9.EC.55 | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Combeite (TL) | 9.CJ.15a | Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5 |
| ⓘ | Cordierite | 9.CJ.10 | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| ⓘ | Cronstedtite | 9.ED.15 | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Cuspidine | 9.BE.17 | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
| ⓘ | Delhayelite (TL) | 9.EB.10 | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| ⓘ | Diopside | 9.DA.15 | CaMgSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | var. Chromium-bearing Diopside | 9.DA.15 | Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | var. Salite | 9.DA.15 | CaMgSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | Eckermannite | 9.DE.25 | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Elbaite | 9.CK.05 | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| ⓘ | Enstatite | 9.DA.05 | Mg2Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 9.BG.05a | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Eudialyte | 9.CO.10 | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Fayalite | 9.AC.05 | Fe2+2SiO4 |
| ⓘ | Forsterite | 9.AC.05 | Mg2SiO4 |
| ⓘ | Fresnoite | 9.BE.15 | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
| ⓘ | Gehlenite | 9.BB.10 | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| ⓘ | Grossmanite | 9.DA.15 | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
| ⓘ | Grossular | 9.AD.25 | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Götzenite (TL) | 9.BE.22 | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| ⓘ | Halloysite | 9.ED.10 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Hedenbergite | 9.DA.15 | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Holmquistite | 9.DD.05 | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Jennite | 9.DG.20 | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Kalsilite | 9.FA.05 | KAlSiO4 |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Katophorite | 9.DE.20 | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Kirschsteinite (TL) | 9.AC.05 | CaFe2+SiO4 |
| ⓘ | Kyanite | 9.AF.15 | Al2(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Leucite | 9.GB.05 | K(AlSi2O6) |
| ⓘ | Lizardite | 9.ED.15 | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Låvenite | 9.BE.17 | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| ⓘ | Microcline | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Monticellite | 9.AC.10 | CaMgSiO4 |
| ⓘ | Montmorillonite | 9.EC.40 | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var. Illite | 9.EC.15 | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var. Sericite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Nacrite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Nepheline | 9.FA.05 | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
| ⓘ | Népouite | 9.ED.15 | (Ni,Mg)3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Orthoclase | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Paragonite | 9.EC.15 | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Pectolite | 9.DG.05 | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| ⓘ | Phlogopite | 9.EC.20 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite (TL) | 9.DE.20 | K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Reinhardbraunsite | 9.AF.45 | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| ⓘ | Rhodonite | 9.DK.05 | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| ⓘ | Riebeckite | 9.DE.25 | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Sanidine | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Saponite | 9.EC.45 | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Schorl | 9.CK.05 | NaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| ⓘ | Siderophyllite | 9.EC.20 | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Sillimanite | 9.AF.05 | Al2(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Sodalite | 9.FB.10 | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| ⓘ | Spessartine | 9.AD.25 | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Spodumene | 9.DA.30 | LiAlSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | Spurrite | 9.AH.15 | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| ⓘ | Staurolite | 9.AF.30 | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| ⓘ | Talc | 9.EC.05 | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Tetraferriphlogopite | 9.EC.20 | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| ⓘ | Thorite | 9.AD.30 | Th(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Titanite | 9.AG.15 | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Topaz | 9.AF.35 | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Trikalsilite (TL) | 9.FA.05 | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Umbrianite | 9.EB.25 | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| ⓘ | Vermiculite | 9.EC.50 | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | Vishnevite | 9.FB.05 | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Wollastonite | 9.DG.05 | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| ⓘ | 'Zeolite Group' | 9.G0. | |
| ⓘ | Zircon | 9.AD.30 | Zr(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | var. Malacon | 9.AD.30 | Zr(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Åkermanite | 9.BB.10 | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc. | |||
| ⓘ | 'Alkali Feldspar' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Alkali pyroxene' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Aloisiite' | - | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Amphibole Supergroup' | - | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Ancylite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Apophyllite Group' | - | AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Arrojadite Group' | - | A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 |
| ⓘ | 'Bastnäsite' | - | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'var. Titanium-bearing Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Cerite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Chevkinite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Chrome-Spinel (of Dana)' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Clays' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Clinopyroxene Subgroup' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Columbite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Columbite-Tantalite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Feldspar Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'var. Perthite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Florencite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Fluocerite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Garnet Group' | - | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | 'Glass' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Gummite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Hornblende' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Hypersthene' | - | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| ⓘ | 'K Feldspar' | - | KAlSi3O8 |
| ⓘ | 'Lazulite-Scorzalite Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Lepidolite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Melilite Group' | - | Ca2M(XSiO7) |
| ⓘ | 'Mica Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'var. Lepidomelane' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Monazite' | - | REE(PO4) |
| ⓘ | 'Natromontebrasite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Natropyrochlore' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Parisite' | - | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| ⓘ | 'Pinite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Plagioclase' | - | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| ⓘ | 'Plessite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Pyrochlore Supergroup' | - | A2-mD2X6-wZ1-n |
| ⓘ | 'var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977)' | - | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Pyroxene Group' | - | ADSi2O6 |
| ⓘ | 'Rhabdophane' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Rhabdophane Group' | - | (REE,Ca,Th)(PO4) · H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Serpentine Subgroup' | - | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| ⓘ | 'Smectite Group' | - | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
| ⓘ | 'Sodic amphibole' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Sodic plagioclase' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Staringite' | - | (Fe,Mn)x(Ta,Nb)2xSn6-3xO12 |
| ⓘ | 'Synchysite' | - | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| ⓘ | 'Synchysite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Tantalite' | - | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| ⓘ | 'Tennantite-Tetrahedrite Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Tourmaline' | - | AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| ⓘ | 'UM1975-16-SO:HKZn' | - | K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | 'UM1982-08-PO:FeHMn' | - | FeMnPO5 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | 'Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977)' ? | - | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
| ⓘ | 'Wad' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Xenotime' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Zinnwaldite' | - | |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Meymacite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| H | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| H | ⓘ Gatumbaite | CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Rankamaite | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| H | ⓘ Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Mpororoite | WAlO3(OH)3 · 2(H2O) |
| H | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| H | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| H | ⓘ Combeite | Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5 |
| H | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| H | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| H | ⓘ Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| H | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Staurolite | Fe22+Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| H | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Anthoinite | AlWO3(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Tungstite | WO3 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Alumotungstite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| H | ⓘ Aloisiite | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| H | ⓘ Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| H | ⓘ Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Brazilianite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Augelite | Al2(PO4)(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Eosphorite | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Childrenite | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| H | ⓘ Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Bermanite | Mn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Serrabrancaite | MnPO4 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| H | ⓘ Cacoxenite | Fe243+AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| H | ⓘ Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Frondelite | Mn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| H | ⓘ Hureaulite | Mn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| H | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Stewartite | Mn2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe32+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Mitridatite | Ca2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe53+(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Landesite | Mn2+3-xFex3+(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O |
| H | ⓘ Leucophosphite | KFe23+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| H | ⓘ Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O |
| H | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Arrojadite Group | A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 |
| H | ⓘ UM1982-08-PO:FeHMn | FeMnPO5 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Cronstedtite | Fe22+Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Cyrilovite | NaFe33+(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Rhabdophane-(La) | La(PO4) · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Rhabdophane Group | (REE,Ca,Th)(PO4) · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Hydrotungstite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O |
| H | ⓘ Thermonatrite | Na2CO3 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Montanite | Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Smectite Group | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| H | ⓘ Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| H | ⓘ Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Simpsonite | Al4Ta3O13(OH) |
| H | ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn | K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| H | ⓘ Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
| H | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| H | ⓘ Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Népouite | (Ni,Mg)3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Annite | KFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| H | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| H | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Gibbsite | Al(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
| H | ⓘ Planerite | Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| Li | Lithium | |
| Li | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| Li | ⓘ Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| Li | ⓘ Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
| Li | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| Li | ⓘ Lithiophilite | LiMn2+PO4 |
| Li | ⓘ Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
| Li | ⓘ Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Li | ⓘ Ferrisicklerite | Li1-x(Fex3+Fe2+1-x)PO4 |
| Li | ⓘ Sicklerite | Li1-x(Mnx3+Mn2+1-x)PO4 |
| Li | ⓘ Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| Li | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| Li | ⓘ Holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Li | ⓘ Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| Be | Beryllium | |
| Be | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Be | ⓘ Beryl var. Aquamarine | Be3Al2Si6O18 |
| Be | ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| B | Boron | |
| B | ⓘ Tourmaline | AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| B | ⓘ Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| B | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| C | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Parisite | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| C | ⓘ Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| C | ⓘ Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| C | ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing Dolomite | Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| C | ⓘ Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Spurrite | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| C | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| C | ⓘ Bastnäsite | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| C | ⓘ Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| C | ⓘ Burkeite | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| C | ⓘ Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
| C | ⓘ Hanksite | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| C | ⓘ Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O |
| C | ⓘ Thermonatrite | Na2CO3 · H2O |
| C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite | (Mg,Fe)CO3 |
| C | ⓘ Diamond | C |
| C | ⓘ Graphite | C |
| C | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) |
| C | ⓘ Synchysite | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| N | Nitrogen | |
| N | ⓘ Nitratine | NaNO3 |
| N | ⓘ Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| N | ⓘ Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Ferrorosemaryite | ◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Meymacite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
| O | ⓘ Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| O | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| O | ⓘ Gatumbaite | CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Foordite | Sn2+(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Rankamaite | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| O | ⓘ Trikalsilite | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Andrémeyerite | BaFe22+(Si2O7) |
| O | ⓘ Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Mpororoite | WAlO3(OH)3 · 2(H2O) |
| O | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| O | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| O | ⓘ Combeite | Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5 |
| O | ⓘ Götzenite | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| O | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+SiO4 |
| O | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| O | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| O | ⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| O | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile | (Ti,Nb)O2 |
| O | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| O | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Celestine | SrSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Parisite | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| O | ⓘ Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Fayalite | Fe22+SiO4 |
| O | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| O | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| O | ⓘ Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| O | ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| O | ⓘ Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
| O | ⓘ Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Staurolite | Fe22+Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| O | ⓘ Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing Dolomite | Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Pyroxene Group | ADSi2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| O | ⓘ Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| O | ⓘ Anthoinite | AlWO3(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| O | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| O | ⓘ Ferberite var. Reinite | FeWO4 |
| O | ⓘ Raspite | Pb(WO4) |
| O | ⓘ Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Tungstite | WO3 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Alumotungstite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| O | ⓘ Aloisiite | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| O | ⓘ Monticellite | CaMgSiO4 |
| O | ⓘ Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| O | ⓘ Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| O | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| O | ⓘ Spurrite | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| O | ⓘ Periclase | MgO |
| O | ⓘ Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| O | ⓘ Melilite Group | Ca2M(XSiO7) |
| O | ⓘ Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Brazilianite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Berlinite | AlPO4 |
| O | ⓘ Augelite | Al2(PO4)(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Eosphorite | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| O | ⓘ K Feldspar | KAlSi3O8 |
| O | ⓘ Childrenite | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| O | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Baddeleyite | ZrO2 |
| O | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| O | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
| O | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| O | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| O | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| O | ⓘ Tourmaline | AD3G6 (T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
| O | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| O | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Lithiophilite | LiMn2+PO4 |
| O | ⓘ Fillowite | Na3CaMn112+(PO4)9 |
| O | ⓘ Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
| O | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Bermanite | Mn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Purpurite | Mn3+(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Serrabrancaite | MnPO4 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase | (Na,K)AlSi3O8 |
| O | ⓘ Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| O | ⓘ Cacoxenite | Fe243+AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| O | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Fergusonite-(Y) | YNbO4 |
| O | ⓘ Ferrisicklerite | Li1-x(Fex3+Fe2+1-x)PO4 |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| O | ⓘ Frondelite | Mn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| O | ⓘ Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 |
| O | ⓘ Hureaulite | Mn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| O | ⓘ Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Monazite | REE(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| O | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Sicklerite | Li1-x(Mnx3+Mn2+1-x)PO4 |
| O | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Stewartite | Mn2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Thoreaulite | (Sn2+,Pb)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Varulite | NaCaMn2+Mn22+(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe32+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Graftonite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 |
| O | ⓘ Mitridatite | Ca2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Alluaudite-Na□ | ◻4Na4Mn42+Fe83+(PO4)12 |
| O | ⓘ Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Cryptomelane | K(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| O | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| O | ⓘ Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe53+(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Landesite | Mn2+3-xFex3+(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O |
| O | ⓘ Leucophosphite | KFe23+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| O | ⓘ Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O |
| O | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| O | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite var. Martite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Rose Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Arrojadite Group | A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 |
| O | ⓘ UM1982-08-PO:FeHMn | FeMnPO5 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. Rock Crystal | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Zircon var. Malacon | Zr(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| O | ⓘ Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
| O | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Cronstedtite | Fe22+Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Cyrilovite | NaFe33+(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Bastnäsite | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| O | ⓘ Cerianite-(Ce) | (Ce4+,Th)O2 |
| O | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| O | ⓘ Tridymite | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Rhabdophane-(La) | La(PO4) · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Rhabdophane Group | (REE,Ca,Th)(PO4) · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Beryl var. Aquamarine | Be3Al2Si6O18 |
| O | ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| O | ⓘ Hydrotungstite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Tantalite | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| O | ⓘ Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| O | ⓘ Burkeite | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| O | ⓘ Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Arcanite | K2SO4 |
| O | ⓘ Aphthitalite | (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2 |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Hanksite | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| O | ⓘ Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Nitratine | NaNO3 |
| O | ⓘ Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O |
| O | ⓘ Thermonatrite | Na2CO3 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Thénardite | Na2SO4 |
| O | ⓘ Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Montanite | Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby | Al2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire | Al2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Smectite Group | A0.3D2-3[T4O10]Z2 · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite | (Mg,Fe)CO3 |
| O | ⓘ Chromite | Fe2+Cr23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
| O | ⓘ Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| O | ⓘ Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Simpsonite | Al4Ta3O13(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Cesplumtantite | (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 |
| O | ⓘ Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| O | ⓘ Kalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
| O | ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn | K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Leucite | K(AlSi2O6) |
| O | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| O | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| O | ⓘ Cuspidine | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
| O | ⓘ Fresnoite | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
| O | ⓘ Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| O | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| O | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| O | ⓘ Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| O | ⓘ Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
| O | ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside | Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| O | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Aenigmatite | Na4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36] |
| O | ⓘ Trevorite | Ni2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Népouite | (Ni,Mg)3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Annite | KFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| O | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Anatase | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| O | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Gibbsite | Al(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Thorianite | ThO2 |
| O | ⓘ Uraninite | UO2 |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) |
| O | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Synchysite | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| O | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Johnsomervilleite | Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 |
| O | ⓘ Sarcopside | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 |
| O | ⓘ Ferroalluaudite | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Bismite | Bi2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
| O | ⓘ Planerite | Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| O | ⓘ Cavoite | CaV34+O7 |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| F | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| F | ⓘ Götzenite | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| F | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| F | ⓘ Parisite | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| F | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| F | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| F | ⓘ Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| F | ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| F | ⓘ Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
| F | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| F | ⓘ Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| F | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| F | ⓘ Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| F | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| F | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| F | ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| F | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| F | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| F | ⓘ Bastnäsite | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| F | ⓘ Elpasolite | K2NaAlF6 |
| F | ⓘ Hieratite | K2[SiF6] |
| F | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| F | ⓘ Cuspidine | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
| F | ⓘ Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| F | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| F | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) |
| F | ⓘ Synchysite | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| Na | Sodium | |
| Na | ⓘ Ferrorosemaryite | ◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
| Na | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| Na | ⓘ Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Rankamaite | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| Na | ⓘ Trikalsilite | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Combeite | Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5 |
| Na | ⓘ Götzenite | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| Na | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| Na | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Na | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| Na | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| Na | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Na | ⓘ Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| Na | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Aloisiite | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Brazilianite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| Na | ⓘ Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| Na | ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Na | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
| Na | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Na | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Na | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Na | ⓘ Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Fillowite | Na3CaMn112+(PO4)9 |
| Na | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase | (Na,K)AlSi3O8 |
| Na | ⓘ Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Varulite | NaCaMn2+Mn22+(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Alluaudite-Na□ | ◻4Na4Mn42+Fe83+(PO4)12 |
| Na | ⓘ Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| Na | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| Na | ⓘ Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Na | ⓘ Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Arrojadite Group | A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 |
| Na | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| Na | ⓘ Cyrilovite | NaFe33+(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| Na | ⓘ Burkeite | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Halite | NaCl |
| Na | ⓘ Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Aphthitalite | (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Hanksite | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| Na | ⓘ Nitratine | NaNO3 |
| Na | ⓘ Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Thermonatrite | Na2CO3 · H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Thénardite | Na2SO4 |
| Na | ⓘ Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Cesplumtantite | (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 |
| Na | ⓘ Elpasolite | K2NaAlF6 |
| Na | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| Na | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| Na | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Na | ⓘ Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Aenigmatite | Na4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36] |
| Na | ⓘ Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Na | ⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| Na | ⓘ Johnsomervilleite | Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 |
| Na | ⓘ Ferroalluaudite | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 |
| Na | ⓘ Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| Na | ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| Mg | ⓘ Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing Dolomite | Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Aloisiite | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Monticellite | CaMgSiO4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Periclase | MgO |
| Mg | ⓘ Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| Mg | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| Mg | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| Mg | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| Mg | ⓘ Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite | (Mg,Fe)CO3 |
| Mg | ⓘ Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| Mg | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Mg | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| Mg | ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside | Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Népouite | (Ni,Mg)3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Mg | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Sarcopside | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Ferrorosemaryite | ◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Gatumbaite | CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Rankamaite | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| Al | ⓘ Trikalsilite | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Mpororoite | WAlO3(OH)3 · 2(H2O) |
| Al | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Al | ⓘ Staurolite | Fe22+Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| Al | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Al | ⓘ Anthoinite | AlWO3(OH)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| Al | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| Al | ⓘ Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Brazilianite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Berlinite | AlPO4 |
| Al | ⓘ Augelite | Al2(PO4)(OH)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Eosphorite | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| Al | ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
| Al | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| Al | ⓘ K Feldspar | KAlSi3O8 |
| Al | ⓘ Childrenite | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Al | ⓘ Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
| Al | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Al | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Al | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Al | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Al | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase | (Na,K)AlSi3O8 |
| Al | ⓘ Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Cacoxenite | Fe243+AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Al | ⓘ Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| Al | ⓘ Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
| Al | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Beryl var. Aquamarine | Be3Al2Si6O18 |
| Al | ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Al | ⓘ Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Al | ⓘ Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Corundum var. Ruby | Al2O3 |
| Al | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| Al | ⓘ Corundum var. Sapphire | Al2O3 |
| Al | ⓘ Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
| Al | ⓘ Simpsonite | Al4Ta3O13(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Kalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
| Al | ⓘ Leucite | K(AlSi2O6) |
| Al | ⓘ Elpasolite | K2NaAlF6 |
| Al | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Al | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| Al | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Al | ⓘ Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Annite | KFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Gibbsite | Al(OH)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Al | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Planerite | Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Trikalsilite | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Andrémeyerite | BaFe22+(Si2O7) |
| Si | ⓘ Palladosilicide | Pd2Si |
| Si | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Combeite | Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5 |
| Si | ⓘ Götzenite | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| Si | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+SiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Fayalite | Fe22+SiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| Si | ⓘ Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Staurolite | Fe22+Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| Si | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Pyroxene Group | ADSi2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Aloisiite | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Monticellite | CaMgSiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| Si | ⓘ Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Spurrite | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| Si | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Melilite Group | Ca2M(XSiO7) |
| Si | ⓘ Albite var. Cleavelandite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ K Feldspar | KAlSi3O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| Si | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
| Si | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Si | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Si | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Si | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase | (Na,K)AlSi3O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| Si | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Topaz | Al2(SiO4)(F,OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Apophyllite Group | AB4[Si8O22]X · 8H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Si | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Rose Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Smoky Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Rock Crystal | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Zircon var. Malacon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| Si | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Cronstedtite | Fe22+Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Tridymite | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Beryl var. Aquamarine | Be3Al2Si6O18 |
| Si | ⓘ Beryl var. Emerald | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
| Si | ⓘ Andalusite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
| Si | ⓘ Kalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Leucite | K(AlSi2O6) |
| Si | ⓘ Hieratite | K2[SiF6] |
| Si | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Si | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| Si | ⓘ Cuspidine | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
| Si | ⓘ Fresnoite | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
| Si | ⓘ Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| Si | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| Si | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Si | ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside | Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Aenigmatite | Na4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36] |
| Si | ⓘ Népouite | (Ni,Mg)3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Annite | KFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Ferrorosemaryite | ◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| P | ⓘ Gatumbaite | CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · H2O |
| P | ⓘ Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| P | ⓘ Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
| P | ⓘ Variscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| P | ⓘ Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| P | ⓘ Trolleite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| P | ⓘ Montebrasite | LiAl(PO4)(OH) |
| P | ⓘ Brazilianite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| P | ⓘ Berlinite | AlPO4 |
| P | ⓘ Augelite | Al2(PO4)(OH)3 |
| P | ⓘ Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Eosphorite | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| P | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| P | ⓘ Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| P | ⓘ Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
| P | ⓘ Amblygonite | LiAl(PO4)F |
| P | ⓘ Childrenite | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| P | ⓘ Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Lithiophilite | LiMn2+PO4 |
| P | ⓘ Fillowite | Na3CaMn112+(PO4)9 |
| P | ⓘ Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
| P | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| P | ⓘ Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| P | ⓘ Bermanite | Mn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| P | ⓘ Lazulite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| P | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| P | ⓘ Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| P | ⓘ Purpurite | Mn3+(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Serrabrancaite | MnPO4 · H2O |
| P | ⓘ Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| P | ⓘ Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| P | ⓘ Cacoxenite | Fe243+AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| P | ⓘ Ferrisicklerite | Li1-x(Fex3+Fe2+1-x)PO4 |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| P | ⓘ Frondelite | Mn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| P | ⓘ Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 |
| P | ⓘ Hureaulite | Mn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| P | ⓘ Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| P | ⓘ Monazite | REE(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Sicklerite | Li1-x(Mnx3+Mn2+1-x)PO4 |
| P | ⓘ Stewartite | Mn2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| P | ⓘ Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| P | ⓘ Varulite | NaCaMn2+Mn22+(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe32+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| P | ⓘ Graftonite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 |
| P | ⓘ Mitridatite | Ca2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| P | ⓘ Alluaudite-Na□ | ◻4Na4Mn42+Fe83+(PO4)12 |
| P | ⓘ Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| P | ⓘ Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe53+(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| P | ⓘ Landesite | Mn2+3-xFex3+(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O |
| P | ⓘ Leucophosphite | KFe23+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| P | ⓘ Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Arrojadite Group | A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 |
| P | ⓘ UM1982-08-PO:FeHMn | FeMnPO5 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Cyrilovite | NaFe33+(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| P | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| P | ⓘ Rhabdophane-(La) | La(PO4) · H2O |
| P | ⓘ Rhabdophane Group | (REE,Ca,Th)(PO4) · H2O |
| P | ⓘ Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) |
| P | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Johnsomervilleite | Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 |
| P | ⓘ Sarcopside | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 |
| P | ⓘ Ferroalluaudite | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 |
| P | ⓘ Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| P | ⓘ Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| P | ⓘ Planerite | Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| S | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Celestine | SrSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| S | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| S | ⓘ Siegenite | CoNi2S4 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite | (Fe,Co)S2 |
| S | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| S | ⓘ Linnaeite | Co2+Co23+S4 |
| S | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Tychite | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| S | ⓘ Burkeite | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| S | ⓘ Arcanite | K2SO4 |
| S | ⓘ Aphthitalite | (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2 |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Hanksite | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| S | ⓘ Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| S | ⓘ Thénardite | Na2SO4 |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| S | ⓘ Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)As4S12S |
| S | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| S | ⓘ Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| S | ⓘ Troilite | FeS |
| S | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| S | ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn | K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| S | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Sulphur | S8 |
| S | ⓘ Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| S | ⓘ Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
| S | ⓘ Heazlewoodite | Ni3S2 |
| S | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| S | ⓘ Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
| S | ⓘ Laurite | RuS2 |
| S | ⓘ Ullmannite | NiSbS |
| S | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| S | ⓘ Cooperite | PtS |
| S | ⓘ Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| S | ⓘ Vysotskite | PdS |
| S | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Chlorbartonite | K6Fe24S26(Cl,S) |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| Cl | ⓘ Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| Cl | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Cl | ⓘ Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| Cl | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Cl | ⓘ Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| Cl | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| Cl | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| Cl | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| Cl | ⓘ Halite | NaCl |
| Cl | ⓘ Hanksite | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| Cl | ⓘ Sylvite | KCl |
| Cl | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| Cl | ⓘ Chlorbartonite | K6Fe24S26(Cl,S) |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Rankamaite | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| K | ⓘ Trikalsilite | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
| K | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| K | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| K | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| K | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Vishnevite | (Na,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4,CO3) · 2H2O |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ K Feldspar | KAlSi3O8 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
| K | ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| K | ⓘ Albite var. Anorthoclase | (Na,K)AlSi3O8 |
| K | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| K | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Cryptomelane | K(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| K | ⓘ Leucophosphite | KFe23+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| K | ⓘ Arcanite | K2SO4 |
| K | ⓘ Aphthitalite | (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2 |
| K | ⓘ Hanksite | Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| K | ⓘ Sylvite | KCl |
| K | ⓘ Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| K | ⓘ Kalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
| K | ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn | K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| K | ⓘ Leucite | K(AlSi2O6) |
| K | ⓘ Elpasolite | K2NaAlF6 |
| K | ⓘ Hieratite | K2[SiF6] |
| K | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| K | ⓘ Annite | KFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| K | ⓘ Chlorbartonite | K6Fe24S26(Cl,S) |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gatumbaite | CaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Delhayelite | (Na,K)10Ca5Al6Si32O80(Cl2,F2,SO4)3 · 18H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Combeite | Na4.5Ca3.5Si6O17.5(OH)0.5 |
| Ca | ⓘ Götzenite | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+SiO4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Cancrinite | (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Parisite | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing Dolomite | Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Ca | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Aloisiite | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Monticellite | CaMgSiO4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Gehlenite | Ca2Al[AlSiO7] |
| Ca | ⓘ Reinhardbraunsite | Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Spurrite | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| Ca | ⓘ Hydroxylapatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Thaumasite | Ca3(SO4)[Si(OH)6](CO3) · 12H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Melilite Group | Ca2M(XSiO7) |
| Ca | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Wollastonite | Ca3(Si3O9) |
| Ca | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
| Ca | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
| Ca | ⓘ Albite var. Andesine | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Ca | ⓘ Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Fillowite | Na3CaMn112+(PO4)9 |
| Ca | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| Ca | ⓘ Varulite | NaCaMn2+Mn22+(PO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Mitridatite | Ca2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe53+(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| Ca | ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase | (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8] |
| Ca | ⓘ Arrojadite Group | A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| Ca | ⓘ Hibonite | CaAl12O19 |
| Ca | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Rhabdophane Group | (REE,Ca,Th)(PO4) · H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Umbrianite | K7Na2Ca2[Al3Si10O29]F2Cl2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Cuspidine | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Åkermanite | Ca2Mg[Si2O7] |
| Ca | ⓘ Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
| Ca | ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside | Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6 |
| Ca | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O) |
| Ca | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Synchysite | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| Ca | ⓘ Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Johnsomervilleite | Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 |
| Ca | ⓘ Ferroalluaudite | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Millisite | (Na,K)CaAl6(PO4)4(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
| Ca | ⓘ Cavoite | CaV34+O7 |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Götzenite | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile | (Ti,Nb)O2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| Ti | ⓘ Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Amphibole Supergroup | AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Ti | ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| Ti | ⓘ Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| Ti | ⓘ Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
| Ti | ⓘ Fresnoite | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
| Ti | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| Ti | ⓘ Aenigmatite | Na4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36] |
| Ti | ⓘ Anatase | TiO2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| Ti | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| V | Vanadium | |
| V | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| V | ⓘ Cavoite | CaV34+O7 |
| Cr | Chromium | |
| Cr | ⓘ Chromite | Fe2+Cr23+O4 |
| Cr | ⓘ Diopside var. Chromium-bearing Diopside | Ca(Mg,Cr)Si2O6 |
| Cr | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| Mn | ⓘ Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| Mn | ⓘ Eosphorite | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Triplite | Mn22+(PO4)F |
| Mn | ⓘ Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Lithiophilite | LiMn2+PO4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Fillowite | Na3CaMn112+(PO4)9 |
| Mn | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Bermanite | Mn2+Mn23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Purpurite | Mn3+(PO4) |
| Mn | ⓘ Serrabrancaite | MnPO4 · H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Frondelite | Mn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| Mn | ⓘ Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Hureaulite | Mn52+(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Manganese-bearing Fluorapatite | (Ca,Mn2+)5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) or Ca5([P,Mn5+]O4)3(F,Cl,OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| Mn | ⓘ Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| Mn | ⓘ Sicklerite | Li1-x(Mnx3+Mn2+1-x)PO4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Stewartite | Mn2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Varulite | NaCaMn2+Mn22+(PO4)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Alluaudite-Na□ | ◻4Na4Mn42+Fe83+(PO4)12 |
| Mn | ⓘ Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| Mn | ⓘ Cryptomelane | K(Mn74+Mn3+)O16 |
| Mn | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| Mn | ⓘ Landesite | Mn2+3-xFex3+(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ UM1982-08-PO:FeHMn | FeMnPO5 · 2H2O |
| Mn | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Tantalite | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Mn | ⓘ Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| Mn | ⓘ Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Spessartine | Mn32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Mn | ⓘ Sarcopside | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 |
| Mn | ⓘ Ferroalluaudite | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferrorosemaryite | ◻NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Burangaite | NaFe2+Al5(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Andrémeyerite | BaFe22+(Si2O7) |
| Fe | ⓘ Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+SiO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe32+Fe23+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Fayalite | Fe22+SiO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Staurolite | Fe22+Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| Fe | ⓘ Dolomite var. Iron-bearing Dolomite | Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferberite var. Reinite | FeWO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Aloisiite | Na2(Ca,Fe,Mg)5Si2O10 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite var. Titanium-bearing Magnetite | Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Scorzalite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Souzalite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Childrenite | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite | (Fe,Co)S2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Marcasite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite | Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Andradite | Ca3Fe23+(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Rosemaryite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Wyllieite | (Na,Ca,Mn)(Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mg)Al(PO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Barbosalite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cacoxenite | Fe243+AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferrisicklerite | Li1-x(Fex3+Fe2+1-x)PO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Frondelite | Mn2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| Fe | ⓘ Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderophyllite | KFe22+Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Stewartite | Mn2+Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Tavorite | LiFe3+(PO4)(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Schorl | NaFe32+Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Vivianite | Fe32+(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Graftonite | Fe2+Fe22+(PO4)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Mitridatite | Ca2Fe33+(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Alluaudite-Na□ | ◻4Na4Mn42+Fe83+(PO4)12 |
| Fe | ⓘ Vernadite | (Mn4+,Fe3+,Ca,Na)(O,OH)2 · nH2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Stanĕkite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(PO4)O |
| Fe | ⓘ Dufrénite | Ca0.5Fe2+Fe53+(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Landesite | Mn2+3-xFex3+(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Leucophosphite | KFe23+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe43+(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite var. Martite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ UM1982-08-PO:FeHMn | FeMnPO5 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Augite var. Fassaite | (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6] |
| Fe | ⓘ Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Cronstedtite | Fe22+Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cyrilovite | NaFe33+(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| Fe | ⓘ Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe22+(PO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Tantalite | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Troilite | FeS |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnesite var. Breunnerite | (Mg,Fe)CO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chromite | Fe2+Cr23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Fe | ⓘ Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe32+Fe23+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Aenigmatite | Na4[Fe102+Ti2]O4[Si12O36] |
| Fe | ⓘ Trevorite | Ni2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Annite | KFe32+(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite var. Specularite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Fe | ⓘ Taenite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Fe | ⓘ Iron | Fe |
| Fe | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Tetraferroplatinum | PtFe |
| Fe | ⓘ Isoferroplatinum | Pt3Fe |
| Fe | ⓘ Tulameenite | Pt2CuFe |
| Fe | ⓘ Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| Fe | ⓘ Johnsomervilleite | Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 |
| Fe | ⓘ Sarcopside | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferroalluaudite | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chlorbartonite | K6Fe24S26(Cl,S) |
| Co | Cobalt | |
| Co | ⓘ Siegenite | CoNi2S4 |
| Co | ⓘ Pyrite var. Cobalt-bearing Pyrite | (Fe,Co)S2 |
| Co | ⓘ Linnaeite | Co2+Co23+S4 |
| Ni | Nickel | |
| Ni | ⓘ Siegenite | CoNi2S4 |
| Ni | ⓘ Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 |
| Ni | ⓘ Melonite | NiTe2 |
| Ni | ⓘ Trevorite | Ni2+Fe23+O4 |
| Ni | ⓘ Népouite | (Ni,Mg)3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Ni | ⓘ Iron var. Kamacite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Ni | ⓘ Taenite | (Fe,Ni) |
| Ni | ⓘ Heazlewoodite | Ni3S2 |
| Ni | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| Ni | ⓘ Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
| Ni | ⓘ Ullmannite | NiSbS |
| Ni | ⓘ Menshikovite | Pd3Ni2As3 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Kitagohaite | Pt7Cu |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Cu | ⓘ Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)As4S12S |
| Cu | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Hongshiite | PtCu |
| Cu | ⓘ Tulameenite | Pt2CuFe |
| Cu | ⓘ Cabriite | Pd2CuSn |
| Cu | ⓘ Auricupride | Cu3Au |
| Cu | ⓘ Skaergaardite | PdCu |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetra-auricupride | AuCu |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| Zn | ⓘ UM1975-16-SO:HKZn | K2Zn(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| Zn | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| As | Arsenic | |
| As | ⓘ Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| As | ⓘ Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)As4S12S |
| As | ⓘ Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| As | ⓘ Sperrylite | PtAs2 |
| As | ⓘ Gersdorffite | NiAsS |
| As | ⓘ Menshikovite | Pd3Ni2As3 |
| As | ⓘ Arsenic | As |
| Se | Selenium | |
| Se | ⓘ Luberoite | Pt5Se4 |
| Se | ⓘ Clausthalite | PbSe |
| Sr | Strontium | |
| Sr | ⓘ Celestine | SrSO4 |
| Sr | ⓘ Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| Sr | ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| Sr | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Sr | ⓘ Goyazite | SrAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| Sr | ⓘ Svanbergite | SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Y | Yttrium | |
| Y | ⓘ Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| Y | ⓘ Fergusonite-(Y) | YNbO4 |
| Y | ⓘ Bastnäsite | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| Y | ⓘ Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| Y | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| Y | ⓘ Synchysite | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| Zr | Zirconium | |
| Zr | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Zr | ⓘ Baddeleyite | ZrO2 |
| Zr | ⓘ Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| Zr | ⓘ Zircon var. Malacon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Zr | ⓘ Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| Nb | Niobium | |
| Nb | ⓘ Lueshite | NaNbO3 |
| Nb | ⓘ Hydropyrochlore | (H2O,◻)2Nb2(O,OH)6(H2O) |
| Nb | ⓘ Foordite | Sn2+(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| Nb | ⓘ Rankamaite | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| Nb | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Zero valent dominant member of Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| Nb | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
| Nb | ⓘ Rutile var. Ilmenorutile | (Ti,Nb)O2 |
| Nb | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| Nb | ⓘ Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| Nb | ⓘ Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| Nb | ⓘ Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| Nb | ⓘ Fergusonite-(Y) | YNbO4 |
| Nb | ⓘ Thoreaulite | (Sn2+,Pb)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Nb | ⓘ Tantalite | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Nb | ⓘ Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| Nb | ⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| Nb | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| Nb | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| Nb | ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
| Mo | Molybdenum | |
| Mo | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| Ru | Ruthenium | |
| Ru | ⓘ Laurite | RuS2 |
| Pd | Palladium | |
| Pd | ⓘ Palladosilicide | Pd2Si |
| Pd | ⓘ Cabriite | Pd2CuSn |
| Pd | ⓘ Sobolevskite | PdBi |
| Pd | ⓘ Atokite | (Pd,Pt)3Sn |
| Pd | ⓘ Keithconnite | Pd20Te7 |
| Pd | ⓘ Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) |
| Pd | ⓘ Menshikovite | Pd3Ni2As3 |
| Pd | ⓘ Michenerite | PdBiTe |
| Pd | ⓘ Plumbopalladinite | Pd3Pb2 |
| Pd | ⓘ Rustenburgite | (Pt,Pd)3Sn |
| Pd | ⓘ Skaergaardite | PdCu |
| Pd | ⓘ Sopcheite | Ag4Pd3Te4 |
| Pd | ⓘ Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 |
| Pd | ⓘ Sudburyite | PdSb |
| Pd | ⓘ Vysotskite | PdS |
| Pd | ⓘ Palladium | (Pd,Pt) |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Ag | ⓘ Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
| Ag | ⓘ Gold var. Electrum | (Au,Ag) |
| Ag | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
| Ag | ⓘ Sopcheite | Ag4Pd3Te4 |
| Ag | ⓘ Silver | Ag |
| Sn | Tin | |
| Sn | ⓘ Foordite | Sn2+(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| Sn | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| Sn | ⓘ Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| Sn | ⓘ Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| Sn | ⓘ Thoreaulite | (Sn2+,Pb)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Sn | ⓘ Cabriite | Pd2CuSn |
| Sn | ⓘ Atokite | (Pd,Pt)3Sn |
| Sn | ⓘ Rustenburgite | (Pt,Pd)3Sn |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Sb | ⓘ Cesplumtantite | (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 |
| Sb | ⓘ Ullmannite | NiSbS |
| Sb | ⓘ Aurostibite | AuSb2 |
| Sb | ⓘ Genkinite | Pt4Sb3 |
| Sb | ⓘ Gudmundite | FeSbS |
| Sb | ⓘ Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 |
| Sb | ⓘ Sudburyite | PdSb |
| Sb | ⓘ Stibnite | Sb2S3 |
| Te | Tellurium | |
| Te | ⓘ Altaite | PbTe |
| Te | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Te | ⓘ Calaverite | AuTe2 |
| Te | ⓘ Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
| Te | ⓘ Montanite | Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O |
| Te | ⓘ Melonite | NiTe2 |
| Te | ⓘ Keithconnite | Pd20Te7 |
| Te | ⓘ Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) |
| Te | ⓘ Michenerite | PdBiTe |
| Te | ⓘ Moncheite | Pt(Te,Bi)2 |
| Te | ⓘ Sopcheite | Ag4Pd3Te4 |
| Te | ⓘ Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| Cs | Caesium | |
| Cs | ⓘ Cesplumtantite | (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Andrémeyerite | BaFe22+(Si2O7) |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| Ba | ⓘ Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| Ba | ⓘ Sigismundite | (Ba◻)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe132+Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
| Ba | ⓘ Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe22+Mn22+Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 |
| Ba | ⓘ Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
| Ba | ⓘ Fresnoite | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
| La | Lanthanum | |
| La | ⓘ Parisite | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| La | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| La | ⓘ Rhabdophane-(La) | La(PO4) · H2O |
| La | ⓘ Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) |
| La | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| Ce | Cerium | |
| Ce | ⓘ Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| Ce | ⓘ Parisite | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| Ce | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| Ce | ⓘ Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O |
| Ce | ⓘ Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| Ce | ⓘ Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| Ce | ⓘ Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
| Ce | ⓘ Bastnäsite | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| Ce | ⓘ Cerianite-(Ce) | (Ce4+,Th)O2 |
| Ce | ⓘ Cerite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)3(SiO3OH)4(OH)3 |
| Ce | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| Ce | ⓘ Synchysite | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| Nd | Neodymium | |
| Nd | ⓘ Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| Nd | ⓘ Parisite | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| Nd | ⓘ Bastnäsite | (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F |
| Nd | ⓘ Synchysite | Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F |
| Nd | ⓘ Florencite-(Nd) | NdAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| Ta | Tantalum | |
| Ta | ⓘ Foordite | Sn2+(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| Ta | ⓘ Rankamaite | (Na,K)3(Ta,Nb,Al)11(O,OH)31 |
| Ta | ⓘ Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| Ta | ⓘ Microlite Group | A2-mTa2X6-wZ-n |
| Ta | ⓘ Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| Ta | ⓘ Fersmite | (Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6 |
| Ta | ⓘ Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| Ta | ⓘ Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| Ta | ⓘ Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| Ta | ⓘ Thoreaulite | (Sn2+,Pb)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Ta | ⓘ Tantalite | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Ta | ⓘ Simpsonite | Al4Ta3O13(OH) |
| Ta | ⓘ Cesplumtantite | (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 |
| Ta | ⓘ Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| Ta | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| Ta | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| Ta | ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
| W | Tungsten | |
| W | ⓘ Meymacite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| W | ⓘ Yttrotungstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,Y)W2O6(OH)3 |
| W | ⓘ Mpororoite | WAlO3(OH)3 · 2(H2O) |
| W | ⓘ Baotite | Ba4(Ti,Nb,W)8O16(SiO3)4Cl |
| W | ⓘ Anthoinite | AlWO3(OH)3 |
| W | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| W | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| W | ⓘ Ferberite var. Reinite | FeWO4 |
| W | ⓘ Raspite | Pb(WO4) |
| W | ⓘ Hydrokenoelsmoreite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| W | ⓘ Tungstite | WO3 · H2O |
| W | ⓘ Alumotungstite | ◻2W2O6(H2O) |
| W | ⓘ Arrojadite Group | A2 E2CaNa2+xM13R (PO3OH)1-x(PO4)11W2 |
| W | ⓘ Hydrotungstite | WO3 · 2H2O |
| Pt | Platinum | |
| Pt | ⓘ Kitagohaite | Pt7Cu |
| Pt | ⓘ Hongshiite | PtCu |
| Pt | ⓘ Luberoite | Pt5Se4 |
| Pt | ⓘ Sperrylite | PtAs2 |
| Pt | ⓘ Tetraferroplatinum | PtFe |
| Pt | ⓘ Isoferroplatinum | Pt3Fe |
| Pt | ⓘ Tulameenite | Pt2CuFe |
| Pt | ⓘ Cooperite | PtS |
| Pt | ⓘ Genkinite | Pt4Sb3 |
| Pt | ⓘ Moncheite | Pt(Te,Bi)2 |
| Pt | ⓘ Rustenburgite | (Pt,Pd)3Sn |
| Pt | ⓘ Palladium | (Pd,Pt) |
| Pt | ⓘ Platinum | Pt |
| Pt | ⓘ Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| Au | Gold | |
| Au | ⓘ Gold | Au |
| Au | ⓘ Calaverite | AuTe2 |
| Au | ⓘ Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
| Au | ⓘ Gold var. Electrum | (Au,Ag) |
| Au | ⓘ Auricupride | Cu3Au |
| Au | ⓘ Aurostibite | AuSb2 |
| Au | ⓘ Tetra-auricupride | AuCu |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Raspite | Pb(WO4) |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Pb | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| Pb | ⓘ Thoreaulite | (Sn2+,Pb)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| Pb | ⓘ Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| Pb | ⓘ Altaite | PbTe |
| Pb | ⓘ Cesplumtantite | (Cs,Na)2(Pb,Sb3+)3Ta8O24 |
| Pb | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| Pb | ⓘ Clausthalite | PbSe |
| Pb | ⓘ Plumbopalladinite | Pd3Pb2 |
| Bi | Bismuth | |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismuth | Bi |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Montanite | Bi2(TeO6) · nH2O |
| Bi | ⓘ Sobolevskite | PdBi |
| Bi | ⓘ Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) |
| Bi | ⓘ Michenerite | PdBiTe |
| Bi | ⓘ Moncheite | Pt(Te,Bi)2 |
| Bi | ⓘ Maslovite | PtBiTe |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismite | Bi2O3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Waylandite | BiAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 |
| Th | Thorium | |
| Th | ⓘ Cerianite-(Ce) | (Ce4+,Th)O2 |
| Th | ⓘ Rhabdophane Group | (REE,Ca,Th)(PO4) · H2O |
| Th | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| Th | ⓘ Thorianite | ThO2 |
| U | Uranium | |
| U | ⓘ Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| U | ⓘ Davidite-(La) | La(Y,U)Fe2(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)18(O,OH,F)38 |
| U | ⓘ Oxynatropyrochlore | (Na,Ca,U)2Nb2O6(O,OH) |
| U | ⓘ Pyrochlore Group var. Uranpyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Ce)2(Nb,Ti,Ta)2O6(OH,F) |
| U | ⓘ Uraninite | UO2 |
| U | ⓘ Pyrochlore Supergroup var. Betafite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,Na,U)2(Ti, Nb,Ta)2O6Z(OH) |
| U | ⓘ Uranmicrolite (of Hogarth 1977) | (Ca,U,Na)2-x(Ta,Nb)2(O,OH)7 |
Geochronology
Mineralization age: Neoproterozoic to Paleogene : 830 ± 51 Ma to 55 ± 3 MaImportant note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.
Fossils
There are 40 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.BETA TEST - These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.
| Occurrences | 1812 |
|---|---|
| Youngest Fossil Listed | 0.01 Ma (Pleistocene) |
| Oldest Fossil Listed | 299 Ma (Permian) |
| Stratigraphic Units | Click here to view 30 stratigraphic units. |
| Fossils from Region | Click here to show the list. |
| Fossil Localities | Click to show 40 fossil localities |
- Ituri
- North Kivu
- Cenozoic🐚 Chibiridi - Katwe Ash
- Pleistocene🐚 Ishango - G. INF.
- Quaternary🐚 Ishango - General
- Quaternary🐚 Ishango - Katwe Ash
- Cenozoic🐚 Ishango - Lusso Beds
- Cenozoic🐚 Kanyatsi - Lusso Beds
- Quaternary🐚 Kanyatsi 5 - Katwe Ash
- Cenozoic🐚 Katanda - Katwe Ash
- Cenozoic🐚 Katanda 13 - Lusso Beds
- Cenozoic🐚 Katanda general - Lusso Beds
- Quaternary🐚 Kishishio 1 - LTC
- Cenozoic🐚 Kishishio 2 - Lusso Beds
- Cenozoic🐚 Kv 3 - Lusso Beds
- Quaternary🐚 Kyanyumu - Katwe Ash
- Cenozoic🐚 Lusso - Lusso Beds
- North Kivu
References
Sort by
Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)Karner, G.D., Byamungu, B.R., Ebinger, C.J., Kampunzu, A.B. , Mukasa, R.K., Nyakaana, J., Rubondo, E.N.T., Upcott, N.M. (2000) Distribution of crustal extension and regional basin architecture of the Albertine rift systems, East Africa. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17, 1131– 1150.
Abeinomugisha, Dozith, Mugisha, Frank (2007) Structural analysis of the Albertine graben, Western Uganda. Geological Survay of Uganda Memoir, 39, 31– 33.
Other Databases
| Wikipedia: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Rift |
|---|---|
| Wikidata ID: | Q4711888 |
Localities in this Region
- East African Rift System (EARS)
- Albertine Rift
- Bubanza Province
- Bujumbura Rural Province
- Bururi Province
- Cibitoke Province
- Gitega Province
- Kayanza Province
- Masso
- Muramvya Province
- Ngozi Province
- Kiremba Commune
- Colline Butare
- Kiremba Commune
- Rutana Province
- Ituri
- Aru Territory
- Djugu Territory
- North Kivu
- Beni Territory
- Bashu
- Ruwenzori
- Mutwanga
- Lubero Territory
- Masisi Territory
- Nyiragongo Territory
- Rutshuru Territory
- Walikale Territory
- Beni Territory
- South Kivu
- Bukavu
- Fizi Territory
- Kabare Territory
- Kachuba tin mine
- Kalehe Territory
- Mwenga Territory
- Buhamba
- Chanda
- Kadumwa
- Kamituga-Mobale mine
- Maya-Moto
- Miki-Kawesi occurrence
- Mobale deposit
- Nkambye
- Nzombe
- Twangiza
- Walungu Territory
- Tanganyika
- Northern Region
- Northern Province
- Northern Province
- ⭔Musanze District
- ⭔Ruhengeri
- Ruli pegmatite
- Rulindo District
- Rushashi
- Southern Province
- Western Province
- Karongi District
- Kiluli
- Ngororero District
- Bwira
- Gatumba
- Gatumba pegmatite
- Kabaya
- Muhororo
- Ndaro
- Nyamasheke District
- Rusizi District
- Kigoma Region
- Mbeya Region
- Rukwa Region
- Nkasi District
- Chala village
- Rweko
- Sumbawanga District
- Nkasi District
- Western Region
- Kabale
- Kabarole
- Kanungu
- Kasese
- Elena Glacier
- Katwe-Kikorongo volcanic field (Katwe volcanic field)
- Kilembe Mine
- Margherita Peak
- Mount Baker
- Mount Gessi
- Mount Luigi di Savoia
- Mount Speke
- ⭔Kigezi District
- Kisoro
- Rubirizi
Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect
Africa
- East African Rift System (EARS)Zone (Tectonic)
- Albertine Rift
- Lake TanganyikaLake
- Ruwenzori MountainsRange of Mountains and Hills
- Albertine Rift
African PlateTectonic Plate
- Albert-Edward Rift basinBasin
- Kivu Rift basinBasin
- Rukwa Rift basinBasin
- Tanganyika Rift basinBasin
DR Congo
- North Kivu
- Virunga National ParkNational Park
- Virunga Volcanic FieldVolcanic Field
Rwanda
- Western Province
- Ngororero District
- Gatumba Mining DistrictMining District
- Ngororero District
Somali PlateTectonic Plate
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Mongbwalu gold Mine, Mongbwalu, Djugu Territory, Ituri, DR Congo