| Source Data | |
|---|
| Rank | suborder (PBDB) |
|---|
| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Ophidia |
|---|
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF) | |
|---|
| Common Name | snake |
|---|
| Opinions (PBDB) | | Name | Rank | Opinion | Evidence | Author |
|---|
| Ophidia | order | belongs to Reptilia | stated without evidence | Owen, 1842 | | Ophidia | order | belongs to Reptilia | stated with evidence | Cope, 1871 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Lepidosauria | stated with evidence | Zittel, 1890 | | Ophidia | order | belongs to Sauria | stated with evidence | Gadow, 1898 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Squamata | stated without evidence | Woodward, 1898 | | Ophidia | suborder | subjective synonym of Serpentes | stated without evidence | Hay, 1902 | | Ophidia | order | belongs to Squamata | stated with evidence | Osborn, 1903 | | Ophidia | order | belongs to Reptilia | stated without evidence | Andrews, 1906 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Squamata | stated without evidence | Lambe, 1908 | | Ophidia | order | belongs to Lyognatha | stated with evidence | Jaekel, 1910 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Lyognathi | stated without evidence | Jaekel, 1911 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Squamata | stated without evidence | Swinton, 1934 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Squamata | stated with evidence | Kuhn, 1946 | | Ophidia | order | belongs to Reptilia | stated with evidence | Estes, 1964 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Squamata | implied | Romer, 1966 | | Ophidia | suborder | subjective synonym of Serpentes | stated with evidence | Kuhn, 1966 | | Ophidia | unranked clade | belongs to Pythonomorpha | stated without evidence | Lee et al., 1999 | | Ophidia | order | belongs to Pythonomorpha | stated with evidence | Lee and Caldwell, 2000 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Squamata | stated without evidence | Fernicola and Albino, 2012 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Toxicofera | stated with evidence | Pyron et al., 2013 | | Ophidia | suborder | belongs to Squamata | stated with evidence | Caldwell et al., 2015 |
|
|---|
| Status (PBDB) | extant |
|---|
| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 686 |
|---|
| Extant Size (PBDB) | 278 (41%) |
|---|
| First Recorded Appearance | 168 - 165 Ma
Middle Jurassic |
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| Environment | terrestrial (based on Diapsida) |
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| Motility | actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes) |
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| Taphonomy | phosphatic (based on Vertebrata) |
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| Primary Reference (PBDB) | O. C. Marsh. 1892. Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation. American Journal of Science 43:449-453 |
|---|
| Marsh O. C. Notice of new reptiles from the Laramie Formation, American Journal of Science 43, 449-453 |
| Owen R. Report on British fossil reptiles, part II, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11, 60-204 |
| Mantell G. A. , The Medals of Creation; or, First Lessions in Geology, and the Study of Organic Remains 2, 447-930 |
| Owen R. , Palaeontology, or a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and their Geological Relations. Second Edition. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, 1-463 |
| Cope E. D. On the homologies of some of the cranial bones of the Reptilia, and on the systematic arrangement of the class, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 19, 194-247 |
| Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109 |
| Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900 |
| Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82 |
| Osborn H. F. (1903) On the primary division of the Reptilia into two sub-classes, Synapsida and Diapsida, Science 17 424, 275-276 |
| Andrews C. W. (1906) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt, 1-324 |
| Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444 |
| Jaekel O. (1910) Über das System der Reptilien [On the system of reptiles], Zoologische Anzeiger 35, 324-341 |
| Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252 |
| Swinton W. E. (1934) , A Guide to the Fossil Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, xii-87 |
| Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67 |
| Estes R. (1964) Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49, 1-187 |
| Romer A. S. (1966) , Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd edition, 1-468 |
| Lee M. S. Y., Caldwell M. W., et al (1999) A second primitive marine snake: Pachyophis woodwardi from the Cretaceous of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Journal of Zoology, London 248, 509-520 |
| Lee M. S. Y., Caldwell M. W. (2000) Adriosaurus and the affinities of mosasaurs, dolichosaurs, and snakes, Journal of Paleontology 74 3, 915-937 |
| Fernicola J. C., Albino A. (2012) Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina: paleoenvironmental and paleobiological considerations, Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 129-137 |
| Palci A., Caldwell M. W., et al (2013) Emended diagnosis and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Cretaceous fossil snake Najash rionegrina Apesteguia and Zaher, 2006, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 1, 131-140 |
| Pyron R. A., Burbrink F. T., et al (2013) A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes, BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 1, 1-53 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 |
| Caldwell M. W., Nydam R. L., et al (2015) The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution, Nature Communications 6 5996, 1-11 doi:10.1038/ncomms6996 |
Ophidia
Najash ✝
