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Squamata

Photos

Photo Gallery

Mosasaurus beaugei

Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra Region, Morocco

Mosasaurus beaugei

Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra Region, Morocco

Mosasaurus beaugei

Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra Region, Morocco

Mosasaurus beaugei

Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra Region, Morocco

Mosasaurus beaugei

Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra Region, Morocco

Mosasaurus beaugei

Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra Region, Morocco

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36379	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36379

Rank

order (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Lepidosauromorpha
superorder	Lepidosauria
order	Squamata	Oppel 1811

Common Name

squamates

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Squamata	unranked clade	belongs to Monopnoa	stated without evidence	Fitzinger, 1826
Squamata	suborder	belongs to Sauri	stated without evidence	Quenstedt, 1882
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Woodward, 1898
Squamata	order	belongs to Diapsida	stated with evidence	Osborn, 1903
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Andrews, 1906
Squamata	subclass	subjective synonym of Lyognatha	stated with evidence	Jaekel, 1910
Squamata	order	subjective synonym of Lyognathi	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Swinton, 1934
Squamata	order	belongs to Parapsida	stated without evidence	Roxo, 1937
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1946
Squamata	order	belongs to Neosauromorpha	stated without evidence	Huene, 1954
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1966
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Schatzinger, 1980
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	implied	Carroll, 1982
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated with evidence	Gardiner, 1982
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Holman, 1982
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated without evidence	Stritzke, 1983
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated with evidence	Benton, 1985
Squamata	superorder	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated without evidence	Sullivan, 1986
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	implied	Carroll, 1988
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated with evidence	Estes et al., 1988
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Holman et al., 1991
Squamata	unranked clade	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated without evidence	Norell and de Queiroz, 1991
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Lingham-Soliar, 1995
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated with evidence	Gao and Fox, 1996
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Frank and Ramus, 1996
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated without evidence	Peng et al., 2001
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Squamata	unranked clade	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated without evidence	Nicholls and Meckert, 2002
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	implied	Venczel and Stiuca, 2008
Squamata	order	belongs to Lepidosauria	stated without evidence	Evans and Wang, 2012
Squamata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Fernicola and Albino, 2012

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

2,625

Extant Size (PBDB)

1,048 (40%)

First Recorded Appearance

247 - 242 Ma
Triassic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Diapsida)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

M. Oppel. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodom einer Naturgeschichte Derselben. Joseph Lindauer, München

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Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Gekkonomorpha suborder	listed (PBDB)		157	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Lacertilia suborder	listed (PBDB)	Lizard	540	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Ophidia suborder	listed (PBDB)	Snake	3,166	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Amphisbaenia infraorder	listed (PBDB)	Worm Lizard	217	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Scincoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		374	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Ameivoidea family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Dibamidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Draconoidea family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Macrocnemidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Palaeophidae family	listed (PBDB)
Trachelosauridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Zanclodontidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		1	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Anhuisaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	61.7 Ma Paleocene	61.7 Ma Paleocene
Anomalophis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Anqingosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Ardeosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	156 Ma Jurassic	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Asagaolacerta ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Bavarisaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	152 Ma Late Jurassic	152 Ma Late Jurassic
Changjiangosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cuencasaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Eichstaettisaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	151 Ma Late Jurassic	112 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Eolacerta ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		20	59.2 Ma Paleocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Hakuseps ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Hongshanxi ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	161 Ma Jurassic	161 Ma Jurassic
Hoyalacerta ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Huehuecuetzpalli ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Jucaraseps ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Kuroyuriella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	140 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Lamiasaura ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Liushusaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Megachirella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Olindalacerta ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Oxiella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	168 Ma Middle Jurassic
Paraplacosauriops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Parasaurillus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Parviraptor ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Pseudosaurillus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	145 Ma Late Jurassic	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Scandensia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Schillerosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	157 Ma Jurassic	157 Ma Jurassic
Tedorosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Vialovophis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Yabeinosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Episquamata unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		2,971	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Iguanomorpha unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		549	183 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Lacertibaenia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Scincogekkonomorpha unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		1	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Scleroglossa unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		9	145 Ma Late Jurassic	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1811	Squamata Oppel p. 14
1826	Squamata Fitzinger p. 4
1842	Iguana haueri Meyer
1882	Squamati Quenstedt p. 155
1898	Squamata Woodward p. 141
1899	Saniwa australis Ameghino
1902	Squamata Hay p. 463
1903	Squamata Osborn p. 276
1904	Squamata Osborn p. 114
1906	Squamata Andrews p. 306
1908	Squamata Lambe
1928	Harpagosaurus excedens Gilmore p. 157 fig. 98
1934	Squamata Swinton p. 16
1937	Squamata Roxo p. 43
1942	Haplodontosaurus Gilmore p. 164
1942	Haplodontosaurus excedens Gilmore p. 164
1946	Squamata Kuhn p. 60
1954	Squamata Huene p. 61
1964	Yabeinosaurus youngi Hoffstetter
1966	Squamata Kuhn p. 44
1978	Acanthurus haueri Schultz p. 213
1980	Squamata Schatzinger
1981	Squamata Thurmond and Jones p. 148
1982	Squamata Carroll p. 183
1982	Squamata Gardiner p. 228
1982	Squamata Holman
1983	Haplodontosaurus Estes

Year	Name and Author
1983	Yabeinosaurus youngi Estes p. 63
1983	Squamata Stritzke
1985	Squamata Benton p. 157
1986	Squamata Sullivan p. 109
1986	Paikasisaurus Yadagiri pp. 92-93 figs. 1r, s
1986	Paikasisaurus indicus Yadagiri pp. 92-93 figs. 1r, s
1988	Haplodontosaurus Carroll
1988	Squamata Carroll
1988	Squamata Estes et al.
1991	Squamata Holman et al.
1991	Squamata Norell and de Queiroz
1995	Squamata Lingham-Soliar
1996	Squamata Frank and Ramus
1996	Squamata Gao and Fox p. 13
2001	Squamata Peng et al. p. 26
2002	Squamata Nicholls and Meckert p. 1593
2002	Squamata Sepkoski, Jr.
2003	Squamata Krause et al. p. 843
2003	Squamata Meyer and Zardoya
2006	Squamata Datta and Ray p. 795
2008	Squamata Venczel and Stiuca p. 750
2010	Squamata Böhme p. 18
2012	Squamata Evans and Wang
2012	Squamata Fernicola and Albino
2012	Squamata Konishi et al.
2013	Squamata Palci et al.

References

Oppel M. , Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodom einer Naturgeschichte Derselben. Joseph Lindauer, München, xii-86

Fitzinger L. I. Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren Natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Einer Verwandtschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. Zoologischen Museum’s zu Wien [New Classification of Reptiles According to their Natural Relationships. A Kinship Panel and a Directory of the Reptile Collection of the K. K. Zoological Museum in Vienna], 1-66

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Osborn H. F. (1903) On the primary division of the Reptilia into two sub-classes, Synapsida and Diapsida, Science 17 424, 275-276

Andrews C. W. (1906) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt, 1-324

Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444

Gilmore C. W. (1928) Fossil lizards of North America, Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 22 3, 1-201

Swinton W. E. (1934) , A Guide to the Fossil Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, xii-87

Gilmore C. W. (1942) Paleocene faunas of the Polecat Bench Formation, Park County, Wyoming Part II. Lizards, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 85 2, 159-167

Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67

Huene F. v. (1954) , Die Saurierwelt und ihre Geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge [The World of Reptiles and the History of Their Interrelationships]. 2nd, revised edition, 1-66

Kuhn O. W. M. (1966) , Die Reptilien. System und Stammesgeschichte [The Reptiles. Systematics and Phylogeny.], 1-154

Schultz O. (1978) Neue und fehlinterpretierte Fischformen aus dem Miozän des Wiener Beckens, Ann. Naturhistor. Mus. Wien 81, 203-219

Schatzinger R. A. (1980) New species of Palaeoxantusia (Reptilia, Sauria) from the Uintan (Eocene) of San Diego Co, California, Journal of Paleontology 54 2, 460-471

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Carroll R. L. (1982) A Short Limbed Lizard from the Lystrosaurus Zone (Lower Triassic) of South Africa, Journal of Paleontology 56 1, 183-190

Holman J. A. (1982) Palaeophis casei, new species, a tiny palaeophid snake from the Early Eocene of Mississippi, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2 2, 163-166

Estes R. (1983) Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 10A, 1-249

Stritzke R. (1983) Saniwa feisti n. sp., ein Varanide (Lacertilia, Reptilia) aus dem Mittel-Eozän von Messel bei Darmstadt, Senckenbergiana Lethaea 64 5/6, 497-508

Benton M. J. (1985) Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 84 2, 97-164

Sullivan R. M. (1986) A new fossil anguid lizard Parodaxosaurus sanjuanensis, new genus, new species from the middle Paleocene (Torrejonian) Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Journal of Herpetology 20 1, 109-111

Yadagiri P. M. (1986) Lower Jurassic lower vertebrates from Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India, Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 31, 89-962

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Estes R., de Queiroz K., et al (1988) Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata, Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families, 119-282

Holman J. A., Dockery D. T., et al (1991) Paleogene snakes of Mississippi, Mississippi Geology 11 1, 1-12

Norell M. A., de Queiroz K. (1991) The earliest iguanine lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) and its bearing on iguanine phylogeny, American Museum Novitates 2997, 1-16

Lingham-Soliar T. (1995) Anatomy and Functional Morphology of the Largest Marine Reptile Known, Mosasaurus hoffmanni (Mosasauridae, Reptilia) from the Upper Cretaceous, Upper Maastrichtian of the Netherlands, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 347 1320, 155-180

Frank N., Ramus E. (1996) A Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Reptiles and Amphibians of the World, 1-377

Gao K. -Q., Fox R. C. (1996) Taxonomy and evolution of Late Cretaceous lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from western Canada, Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of natural History 33, 1-107

Peng J., Russell A. P., et al (2001) Vertebrate microsite assemblages (exclusive of mammals) from the Foremost and Oldman Formations of the Judith River Group (Campanian) of southeastern Alberta: an illustrated guide, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Natural History Occasional Paper 25, 1-54

Nicholls E. L., Meckert D. (2002) Marine reptiles from the Nanaimo Group (Upper Cretaceous) of Vancouver Island, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39 11, 1591-1603

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Krause D. W., Evans S. E., et al (2003) First definitive record of Mesozoic lizards from Madagascar, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 4, 842-856

Meyer A., Zardoya R. (2003) Recent advances in the (molecular) phylogeny of vertebrates, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34, 311-338

Venczel M., Stiuca E. (2008) Late middle Miocene amphibians and squamate reptiles from Taut, Romania, Geodiversitas 30 4, 731-763

Böhme M. (2010) Ectothermic vertebrates (Actinopterygii, Allocaudata, Urodela, Anura, Crocodylia, Squamata) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Germany, Bavaria) and their implications for environment reconstruction and palaeoclimate, Paläontologische Zeitschrift 84 1, 3-41 doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0050-4

Evans S. E., Wang Y. (2012) New material of the Early Cretaceous lizard Yabeinosaurus from China, Cretaceous Research 34, 48-60

Fernicola J. C., Albino A. (2012) Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina: paleoenvironmental and paleobiological considerations, Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 129-137

Konishi T., Lindgren J., et al (2012) Platecarpus tympaniticus (Squamata: Mosasauridae): osteology of an exceptionally preserved specimen and its insights into the acquisition of a streamlined body shape in mosasaurs, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 6, 1313-1327

Palci A., Caldwell M. W., et al (2013) Emended diagnosis and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Cretaceous fossil snake Najash rionegrina Apesteguia and Zaher, 2006, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 1, 131-140

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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