Purpurite
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About Purpurite
Formula:
Mn3+(PO4)
Purpurite forms by leaching of Li out of its site leaving a vacancy and by oxidation of divalent Mn.
Colour:
Dark purple to purplish red.
Lustre:
Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
3.2 - 3.4
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1905 by Louis C. Graton and Waldemar T. Schaller from the Latin "purpura" in allusion to its colour.
Isostructural with:
Triphylite Group, Heterosite-Purpurite Series
Purpurite is the trivalent Mn-dominant, Li-deficient oxidation product of lithiophilite. The species of the Heterosite-Purpurite Series are secondary minerals formed by oxidation of iron and or manganese with the simultaneous leaching of lithium, primarily from their respective parent species, lithiophilite and triphylite. Intermediate alteration products are part of a continuous process of alteration: Ferrisicklerite and Sicklerite, are intermediate between unoxidized and unleached end-members and the completely leached and appropriately oxidized end-products, but may not be valid species. The Mn:Fe value has not been observed to vary much from the primary lithiophilite to the secondary purpurite. Purpurite is far less common than its look-alike species, heterosite. Purpurite is frequently artificially colored bright purple through acid etching.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Purpurite.
Purpurite is the trivalent Mn-dominant, Li-deficient oxidation product of lithiophilite. The species of the Heterosite-Purpurite Series are secondary minerals formed by oxidation of iron and or manganese with the simultaneous leaching of lithium, primarily from their respective parent species, lithiophilite and triphylite. Intermediate alteration products are part of a continuous process of alteration: Ferrisicklerite and Sicklerite, are intermediate between unoxidized and unleached end-members and the completely leached and appropriately oxidized end-products, but may not be valid species. The Mn:Fe value has not been observed to vary much from the primary lithiophilite to the secondary purpurite. Purpurite is far less common than its look-alike species, heterosite. Purpurite is frequently artificially colored bright purple through acid etching.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Purpurite.
Classification of Purpurite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
7/A.02-60
8.AB.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
B : With medium-sized cations
38.4.1.2
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
4 : AXO4
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
4 : AXO4
19.12.11
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
19 : Phosphates
12 : Phosphates of Mn
Physical Properties of Purpurite
Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Luster of fresh fracture surfaces is satiny; dull on altered surfaces.
Colour:
Dark purple to purplish red.
Comment:
Dark brown to brown-black on altered surfaces.
Streak:
Light to medium purple, lighter than the colour of the massive mineral.
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {100}, good; on {010}, imperfect. Cleavage surfaces curved or crinkled at times.
On {100}, good; on {010}, imperfect. Cleavage surfaces curved or crinkled at times.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.2 - 3.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.69 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Purpurite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.852(2) nβ = 1.862(2) nγ = 1.922(2)
2V:
Measured: 38° , Calculated: 38°
Birefringence:
0.040
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.070
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = Greenish gray, gray to rose-red
Y = Deep blood-red to purplish red
Z = Deep blood-red to purplish red
Y = Deep blood-red to purplish red
Z = Deep blood-red to purplish red
Comments:
Z = Y > X. Also Z > Y >> X. Optic axis sections may exhibit anomalous green interference colours.
Chemical Properties of Purpurite
Formula:
Mn3+(PO4)
Purpurite forms by leaching of Li out of its site leaving a vacancy and by oxidation of divalent Mn.
Purpurite forms by leaching of Li out of its site leaving a vacancy and by oxidation of divalent Mn.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe
Crystallography of Purpurite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pmna
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.8237(6) Å, b = 9.766(1) Å, c = 4.7771(5) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.596 : 1 : 0.489
Unit Cell V:
271.69 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Massive, cleavage fragments to 20 cm.
Comment:
Pmnb setting chosen to show relationship to the olivine structure
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018097 | Purpurite | Bjoerling C, Westgren A (1938) Minerals of the Varutrask pegmatite. IX. X-ray studies on triphylite, varulite, and their oxidation products _cod_database_code 1011230 Geologiska Foreningens i Stockholm Forhandlingar 60 67-72 | 1938 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.883 Å | (70) |
| 4.293 Å | (100) |
| 3.455 Å | (65) |
| 2.946 Å | (60) |
| 2.912 Å | (60) |
| 2.4433 Å | (70) |
| 2.4099 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 37-478
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Primarily an alteration product of lithiophylite in complex granitic pegmatites, rarely from the reaction of bat guano, Fe-Mn deposits and sea water.
Type Occurrence of Purpurite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Smithsonian Institution, Washington 93883
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized and leached primary lithiophilite pods from a granite pagmatite
Synonyms of Purpurite
Other Language Names for Purpurite
Relationship of Purpurite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Ferrisicklerite | Li1-x(Fe3+xFe2+1-x)PO4 | Orth. |
| Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| Karenwebberite | NaFe2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Lithiophilite | LiMn2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| Natrophilite | NaMn2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| Sicklerite | Li1-x(Mn3+xMn2+1-x)PO4 | Orth. |
| Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Purpurite associated with Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 |
| 6 photos of Purpurite associated with Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 |
| 6 photos of Purpurite associated with Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 |
| 5 photos of Purpurite associated with Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 |
| 3 photos of Purpurite associated with Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2O |
| 3 photos of Purpurite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 3 photos of Purpurite associated with Lithiophilite | LiMn2+PO4 |
| 2 photos of Purpurite associated with Triphylite Group | AB(XO4) |
| 2 photos of Purpurite associated with Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 2 photos of Purpurite associated with Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 8.AB. | Borisenkoite | Cu3[(V,As)O4]2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 8.AB.05 | Farringtonite | Mg3(PO4)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| 8.AB.10 | Ferrisicklerite | Li1-x(Fe3+xFe2+1-x)PO4 | Orth. |
| 8.AB.10 | Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 8.AB.10 | Lithiophilite | LiMn2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 8.AB.10 | Natrophilite | NaMn2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 8.AB.10 | Sicklerite | Li1-x(Mn3+xMn2+1-x)PO4 | Orth. |
| 8.AB.10 | Simferite | Li(Mg,Fe3+,Mn3+)2(PO4)2 | Orth. |
| 8.AB.10 | Triphylite | LiFe2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 8.AB.10 | Karenwebberite | NaFe2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| 8.AB.15 | Sarcopside | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 8.AB.15 | Chopinite | (Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 8.AB.20 | Beusite | Mn2+Mn2+2 (PO4)2 | Mon. |
| 8.AB.20 | Graftonite | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 8.AB.25 | Xanthiosite | Ni3(AsO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 8.AB.30 | Lammerite | Cu3(AsO4)2 | Mon. |
| 8.AB.30 | Lammerite-β | Cu3(AsO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 8.AB.35 | Mcbirneyite | Cu3(VO4)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 8.AB.35 | Stranskiite | Zn2Cu(AsO4)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 8.AB.35 | Pseudolyonsite | Cu3(VO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 8.AB.40 | Lyonsite | Cu3Fe4(VO4)6 | Orth. |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
| 38.4.1.1 | Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 19.12.1 | Metaswitzerite | Mn2+3(PO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.2 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.3 | Natrophilite | NaMn2+PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 19.12.4 | Sidorenkite | Na3Mn2+(CO3)(PO4) | Mon. |
| 19.12.5 | Niahite | (NH4)(Mn2+,Mg)(PO4) · H2O | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
| 19.12.6 | Robertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
| 19.12.7 | Pararobertsite | Ca2Mn3+3(PO4)3O2 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.8 | Sinkankasite | Mn2+Al(PO3OH)2(OH) · 6H2O | Tric. |
| 19.12.9 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O | Tric. |
| 19.12.10 | Heterosite | (Fe3+,Mn3+)PO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 19.12.12 | Wolfeite | Fe2+2(PO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.13 | Triploidite | Mn2+2(PO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.14 | Lipscombite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 | Tet. |
| 19.12.15 | Frondelite | Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 | Orth. 2 2 2 : C2 2 21 |
| 19.12.16 | Rockbridgeite | Fe2+Fe3+4(PO4)3(OH)5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 19.12.17 | Kryzhanovskite | (Fe3+,Mn2+)3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)3 | Orth. |
| 19.12.18 | Landesite | Mn2+3-xFe3+x(PO4)2(OH)x · (3-x)H2O | Orth. |
| 19.12.19 | Phosphoferrite | (Fe2+,Mn2+)3(PO4)2 · 3H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 19.12.20 | Reddingite | (Mn2+,Fe2+)3(PO4)2 · 3H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
| 19.12.21 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| 19.12.22 | Hureaulite | Mn2+5(PO3OH)2(PO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 19.12.23 | Switzerite | Mn2+3(PO4)2 · 7H2O | Mon. |
| 19.12.24 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 19.12.25 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.26 | Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 19.12.27 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 19.12.28 | Alluaudite | (Na,Ca)Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2(PO4)3 | Mon. |
| 19.12.29 | Ferroalluaudite | (Na,Ca)Fe2+(Fe3+,Mn2+,Fe2+)2(PO4)3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 19.12.30 | Fillowite | Na3CaMn2+11(PO4)9 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 19.12.31 | Johnsomervilleite | Na3CaFe11(PO4)9 | Trig. |
| 19.12.32 | Wicksite | NaCa2(Fe2+,Mn2+)4MgFe3+(PO4)6 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 19.12.33 | Dickinsonite-(KMnNa) | (KNa)(Mn2+◻)Ca(Na2Na)Mn2+13Al(PO4)11(PO4)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 19.12.34 | Sarcopside | (Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)3(PO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.35 | Ludlamite | Fe2+3(PO4)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.36 | Graftonite | Fe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.37 | Wilhelmvierlingite | CaMnFe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 2H2O | Orth. |
| 19.12.38 | Fairfieldite | Ca2Mn2+(PO4)2 · 2H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 19.12.39 | Beusite | Mn2+Mn2+2 (PO4)2 | Mon. |
| 19.12.40 | Messelite | Ca2Fe2+(PO4)2 · 2H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 19.12.41 | Jahnsite-(CaMnFe) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Fe2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.42 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMn) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mn2+2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.43 | Jahnsite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{(Mg,Fe2+)2}{Fe3+2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.44 | Keckite | CaMn2+(Fe3+Mn2+)Fe3+2(PO4)4(OH)3 · 7H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.45 | Stanfieldite | Ca4Mg5(PO4)6 | Mon. |
| 19.12.46 | Laubmannite | ||
| 19.12.47 | Zodacite | Ca4Mn2+Fe3+4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O | Mon. |
| 19.12.48 | Hagendorfite | NaCaMn2+Fe2+2(PO4)3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 19.12.49 | Maghagendorfite | (Na,◻)MgMn2+(Fe2+,Fe3+)2(PO4)3 | Mon. |
| 19.12.50 | Varulite | NaCaMn2+Mn2+2(PO4)3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 19.12.51 | Griphite | Na4Li2Ca6(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)19Al8(PO4)24(F,OH)8 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
| 19.12.52 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 19.12.53 | Arrojadite-(KFe) | (KNa)(Fe2+◻)Ca(Na2◻)Fe2+13Al(PO4)11(PO3OH)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| 19.12.54 | Lun'okite | (Mn,Ca)(Mg,Fe,Mn)Al(PO4)2OH · 4H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| 19.12.55 | Eosphorite | Mn2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmca |
| 19.12.56 | Ernstite | (Mn2+,Fe3+)Al(PO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O | Mon. |
| 19.12.57 | Childrenite | Fe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. mm2 : Ccc2 |
| 19.12.58 | Bobfergusonite | Na2Mn5FeAl(PO4)6 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 19.12.59 | Qingheiite | NaMn3+Mg(Al,Fe3+)(PO4)3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.60 | Whiteite-(CaFeMg) | {Ca}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.61 | Whiteite-(CaMnMg) | {Ca}{Mn2+}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| 19.12.62 | Whiteite-(MnFeMg) | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{(Fe2+,Mn2+)}{Mg2}{Al2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 19.12.63 | Rittmannite | {(Mn2+,Ca)}{Mn2+}{(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2}{(Al,Fe3+)2}(PO4)4(OH)2 · 8H2O | Mon. |
| 19.12.64 | Zanazziite | Ca2Mg5Be4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 19.12.65 | Samuelsonite | (Ca,Ba)Ca8Fe2+2Mn2+2Al2(PO4)10(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Fluorescence of Purpurite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Purpurite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Graton, L.C. & D.T. Schaller (1905), Purpurite, a new mineral, American Journal of Science, 4th. Series: 20: 146-151.
Schaller (1907) American Journal of Science: 24: 152 (as manganipurpurite).
Pisani in: Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et des ses colonies, Paris. 5 volumes: vol. 4: 470.
Schaller (1910) USGS Bull. 490: 72.
Schaller, Waldemar Theodore (1911), Notes on purpurite and heterosite: USGS Bull. 490: 79.
Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 84, 124.
de Jesus (1933) Com. Serv. Geol. Portugal: 19: 65 (as Neopurpurite).
Quensel (1937) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 59: 77 (as Na-heterosite).
Björling and Westgren (1938) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 60: 67.
Mason (1941) Geologiska Föeningens I Stockholm. Förhandlinger, Stockholm: 63: 117.
Fisher (1945) South Dakota Geological Survey Report 50.
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 675-677.
Memoir. Noticias University Coimbra,
Portugal (1960): 50: 55-60.
Internet Links for Purpurite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3311.html
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Localities for Purpurite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Černý, P., Galliski, M. Á., Teertstra, D. K., Martínez, V. M., Chapman, R., Ottolini, L., ... & Ferreira, K. (2011). A metastable disequilibrium assemblage of hydrous high-sanidine adularia+ low albite from La Viquita granitic pegmatite, San Luis Province, Argentina. PEG 2011, Asociación Geológica Argentina, Serie D–Publicación Especial, 14, 49-52. |
Australia | |
| Personally collected inside adit of Lady Don Mine with Lindsay Dansen, miner at Trident |
| Eagle, R. M., Birch, W. D., & McKnight, S. (2015). Phosphate minerals in granitic pegmatites from the Mount Wills District, north-eastern Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 127(2), 55-68. |
| Calderwood, M.A., Grguric, B.A., Jacobson, M.I., (2007) Guidebook to the Pegmatites of Western Australia. |
| American Mineralogist (1928): 13: 457; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676.; Mason, B. & Dunn, P.J. (1974): An unusual occurrence of Bobierrite at Wodgina, Western Australia. Mineralogical Record 5 (6): 265 | |
| Simpson, E.S. (1928) Famous Mineral Localities: Wodgina North West Australia, American Mineralogist, 13:9, 457-468. Calderwood, M.A., Grguric, B.A., Jacobson, M.I. (2007) Guidebook to the Pegmatites of Western Australia. Hesperian Press, Carlisle, Western Australia. |
| Calderwood, M.A., Grguric, B.A., Jacobson, M.I., (2007) Guidebook to the Pegmatites of Western Australia. Hesperian Press, Carlisle, Western Australia. |
Austria | |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
Brazil | |
| Menezes Filho, L. A., Chaves, M. L., Cooper, M. A., Ball, N. A., Abdu, Y. A., Sharpe, R., ... & Hawthorne, F. C. (2019). Brandãoite,[BeAl 2 (PO 4) 2 (OH) 2 (H 2 O) 4](H 2 O), a new Be–Al phosphate mineral from the João Firmino mine, Pomarolli farm region, Divino das Laranjeiras County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 83(2), 261-267. |
| Martins da Pedra collection | |
| Atencio, D., Coutinho, J.M.V., Mascarenhas, Y.P., Ellena, J. (2006): Matioliite, the Mg-analog of burangaite, from Gentil mine, Mendes Pimentel, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and other occurrences. American Mineralogist, 91, 1932-1936. |
Canada | |
| Phillips, K. A. (1978) Minerals of Manitoba: Vol 1 Nonmetallic and pegmatic. Manitoba Mineral Resources Division Educational Series 78/1. |
| Bannatyne, B. B. (1985). Industrial minerals in rare-element pegmatites of Manitoba (Vol. 84, No. 1). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services. | |
| Bannatyne, B. B. (1985). Industrial minerals in rare-element pegmatites of Manitoba (Vol. 84, No. 1). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services. | |
| Phillips, K. A. (1978) Minerals of Manitoba: Vol 1 Nonmetallic and pegmatic. Manitoba Mineral Resources Division Educational Series 78/1. | |
| Bannatyne, B. B. (1985). Industrial minerals in rare-element pegmatites of Manitoba (Vol. 84, No. 1). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services. | |
| Bannatyne, B. B. (1985). Industrial minerals in rare-element pegmatites of Manitoba (Vol. 84, No. 1). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services. | |
| Bannatyne, B. B. (1985). Industrial minerals in rare-element pegmatites of Manitoba (Vol. 84, No. 1). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services. |
| Bannatyne, B. B. (1985). Industrial minerals in rare-element pegmatites of Manitoba (Vol. 84, No. 1). Manitoba Energy and Mines, Geological Services. |
| Groat, L.A., Mulja, T., Mauthner, M.H.F., Ercit, T.S., Raudsepp, M., Gault, R.A., Rollo, H.A. (2003) Geology and mineralogy of the Little Nahanni rare-element granitic pegmatites, Northwest Territories. The Canadian Mineralogist: 41: 139-160. |
| Tindle, A.G., Breaks, F.W., and Selway, J.B. (2002) Tourmaline in petalite-subtype gramitic pegmatites: evidence of fractionation and contamination from Pakeagama Lake and Separation Lake areas of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 753-788. |
| Hewitt, D.F. (1967) Pegmatite Mineral Resources of Ontario, Industrial Mineral Report 21, Ontario Department of Mines. |
China | |
| Zhiguo Liu, Dawei Dong, Milan Liu,Yu Sui, Wenhui Su, Zhengnan Qian, and Zhe Li (2005): Hyperfine Interactions 163(1-4), 13-27. |
| Chaoyang Li, Tiegeng Liu, Lin Ye, Weiguang Zhu, and Hailin Deng (2003): Science in China, Series D (Earth Sciences), 46, Supplement 1, 84-98. |
Czech Republic | |
| Černý, P., Veselovský, F.: Pegmatit Bílý kámen (Weisser Stein) u Kynžvartu. Minerál, 2000, roč. 8, č. 1, s. 10-16. |
Finland | |
| Teertsra David K., Lahti Seppo I., Alviola Reijo, Cerny Petr. 1993. Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin 368, 39 s. |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676. |
| Inventaire mineralogique de l'Ariege (Editions BRGM 1984) |
Germany | |
| Obermüller, T., (1993): Über Phosphatmineralien aus Zwiesel/Bayerischer Wald, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 44, pp. 337-341 |
| |
Italy | |
| Gramaccioli C.M. (1975) - Minerali alpini e prealpini. Vpl. I, pagg. 214-215. Ist. Ital. Ed. Atlas, Bergamo |
Namibia | |
| [Schumann, 1992, 184 - "Minerals of the World"]; Keller P. (1991): The occurrence of Li-Fe-Mn phosphate minerals in granitic pegmatites of Namibia. Communcations Geological Survey of Namibia : 7 : 21-35 |
| Mineralogical Research Co. specimen |
| Bezing, L. von., Bode, R., and Jahn, S., (2008) Namibia Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag GmbH, Haltern; Bezing, L. von., Bode, R., and Jahn S., (2016) Namibia Minerals and localities II. Edition Krüger-Stiftung, Bode Verlag, p. 462 ; Keller, P. (1991) The occurrence of Li-Fe-Mn phosphate minerals in granitic pegmatites of Namibia. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 7, 21-35. |
| Bezing, L. von., Bode, R., and Jahn, S., (2008) Namibia Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag GmbH, Haltern, (in English); Von Bezing, L., Bode, R. & Jahn S. (2016): Namibia. Minerals and localities II. Edition Krüger-Stiftung, Bode Verlag, p. 462 |
| |
| Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2008): Namibia Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag GmbH, Haltern, 602 pp. (in English) |
Poland | |
| Pieczka, A., Włodek, A., Gołębiowska, B., Szełęg, E., Szuszkiewicz, A., Ilnicki, S., Nejbert, K., Turniak, K. (2015): Phosphate-bearing pegmatites in the Góry Sowie Block and adjacent areas, Sudetes, SW Poland. 7th International Symposium on Granitic Pegmatites, PEG 2015 Książ, Poland. Abstracts: 77-78 |
| Pieczka, A., Włodek, A., Gołębiowska, B., Szełęg, E., Szuszkiewicz, A., Ilnicki, S., Nejbert, K., Turniak, K. (2015): Phosphate-bearing pegmatites in the Góry Sowie Block and adjacent areas, Sudetes, SW Poland. 7th International Symposium on Granitic Pegmatites, PEG 2015 Książ, Poland. Abstracts: 77-78; Pieczka, A., Evans, R. J., Grew, E. S., Groat, L. A., Ma, C., & Rossman, G. R. (2013). The dumortierite supergroup. II. Three new minerals from the Szklary pegmatite, SW Poland: Nioboholtite,(Nb0. 6⃞0. 4) Al6BSi3O18, titanoholtite,(Ti0. 75⃞0. 25) Al6BSi3O18, and szklaryite, ⃞Al6BAs33+ O15. Mineralogical Magazine, 77(6), 2841-2856.; Pieczka, A., Biagioni, C., Gołębiowska, B., Jeleń, P., Pasero, M., & Sitarz, M. (2018). Parafiniukite, Ca2Mn3 (PO4) 3Cl, a New Member of the Apatite Supergroup from the Szklary Pegmatite, Lower Silesia, Poland: Description and Crystal Structure. Minerals, 8(11), 485. |
Portugal | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991), Mineral Occurrences. |
| |
| Self-collected by Pedro Alves. |
| |
| |
Romania | |
| Calin N, Fransolet A, Baijot M, Marincea S, Dumitras D, Hatert F, Anason M, Iancu A (2014) A possible new mineral species, "ferrogatehouseite" (Fe,Mn)5(PO4)2(OH)4 from Conţu Pegmatite, Romania. 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. p 264 |
Russia | |
| Kassandrov, E. G., & Mazurov, M. P. (2009). Magmatogenic manganese ores of the South Minusa Intermontane Trough. Geology of Ore Deposits, 51(5), 356. |
| Kassandrov, E. G., & Mazurov, M. P. (2009). Magmatogenic manganese ores of the South Minusa Intermontane Trough. Geology of Ore Deposits, 51(5), 356. | |
Rwanda | |
| Royal Museum for Central Africa, Belgium Collection, # 9915 |
| Gallagher, M.J. and Gerards, J.F. (1963) Berlinite from Rwanda. Mineralogical Magazine: 33: 613-615.; Daltry, V.D.C. and von Knorring, O. (1998) Type-mineralogy of Rwanda with particular reference to the Buranga pegmatite. Geologica Belgica: 1: 9-15. |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
| Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
Spain | |
| Encarnación Roda-Robles, Alfonso Pesquera (2007) Locality no. 3: Lepidolite-spodumene-rich and cassiterite-rich pegmatites from the Feli open-pit, (La Fregeneda, Salamanca, Spain) in ALEXANDRE LIMA & ENCARNACIÓN RODA ROBLES ed (2007) GRANITIC PEGMATITES: THE STATE OF THE ART - FIELD TRIP GUIDEBOOK. MEMÓRIAS N. º 9, UNIV. DO PORTO, FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS, DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOLOGIA pp 55-64; Roda-Robles, E., Vieira, R., Pesquera, A., & Lima, A. (2010). Chemical variations and significance of phosphates from the Fregeneda-Almendra pegmatite field, Central Iberian Zone (Spain and Portugal). Mineralogy and Petrology, 100(1-2), 23-34. |
| Bareche, E. (2005) "Els minerals de Catalunya. Segle XX" Ed. Museu Mollfulleda de Mineralogia - Grup Mineralògic Català, 269 p. |
Sweden | |
| Sandström, F. (2008) Varuträskpegmatiten. Litofilen, 25 (2), 17-46 |
USA | |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 340; Jahns, Richard H. (1952), Pegmatite Deposits of the White Picacho District, Maricopa and Yavapai Counties, Arizona, Arizona Bureau of Mines Bull. 162. |
| Jahns, R.H. (1952), Pegmatite deposits of the White Picacho district, Maricopa and Yavapai Cos., AZ, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 162: 98-103. |
| Jahns, R.H. (1952), AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 162: 87-90. | |
| Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. Mineralogical Record 33(5):363-407 |
| Mineralogical Record 33(5):363-407 | |
| Weber, F.H., Jr. (1962), A beryl discovery in southeastern San Diego County, California: California Division Mines & Geology, Mineral Information Service: 15(2): 8-11; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 103, 300. | |
| Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. Mineralogical Record (2002): 33(5): 388. |
| Kunz, George Frederick (1906), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1905: 1344; Schaller, Waldemar Theodore (1911e), Notes on purpurite and heterosite: USGS Bulletin 490: 79; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 300. | |
| Kunz, George Frederick (1906), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1905: 1344; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 346. | |
| Fisher, J. 2002. Gem and rare-element pegmatites of southern California. Mineralogical Record, Volume 33, Number 5: pages 376-378, photographs. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676. | |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] |
| Rocks & Min.:62:234-235. | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; USGS Prof. Paper 227 | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; USGS Prof. Paper 227 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| [MinRec 20:382] |
| Shainin (1946): AmMin 31:329-345 |
| Moore, P. B. (2000): Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine: 333-336.; Schooner, Richard. (circa 1985), Untitled manuscript on central Connecticut mineralogy. |
| No reference listed |
| No reference listed |
| No reference listed | |
| No reference listed | |
| No reference listed | |
| King, V. T. and Foord, E. E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, Descriptive Mineralogy, volume 1, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, USA, pp. 418 + 88 plates. |
| Collected by Clifford Trebilcock,visual ID; Thompson, W.B., et,al., 2000, Rocks & Minerals, vol. 75, no. 6, pgs 408-418; Rocks and Minerals (1999) 74:188,189 |
| King, V. and Foord, E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, V. 1, King, V. (ed.), 2000, Mineralogy of Maine, V. 2. |
| King, V. and Foord, E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, v. 1. |
| Falster, A. U., Simmons, W. B., Webber, K. L., Dallaire, D. A., Nizamoff, J. W., & Sprague, R. A. (2019). The Emmons Pegmatite, Greenwood, Oxford County, Maine. Rocks & Minerals, 94(6), 498-519. |
| King, V. and Foord, E. (1994) Mineralogy of Maine |
| Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. |
| King, V. T. and Foord, E. E., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, Descriptive Mineralogy, volume 1, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, USA, pp. 418 + 88 plates. Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. King and Foord, 2000, Addenda to Volume 1, Mineralogy of Maine, v. 2. |
| https://www.mindat.org/min-3311.html http://webmineral.com/data/Purpurite.shtml#.XvptjS2z0W8 Pollucite from Ryerson Hill. Collected during my ongoing 2019 pegmatite study of Ryerson Hill Quarry. I’d confined by Al Falster using XIS machine https://www.mindat.org/photo-1110277.html | |
| King, V. T., 1994, Mineralogy of Maine, Descriptive Mineralogy, v. 1, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, pp. 418 + 88 plates. Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. |
| Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336.; Cameron, Eugene N.; and others (1954) Pegmatite investigations, 1942-45, in New England. USGS Professional Paper 255. | |
| |
| Billings, M. P. and Wolfe, C. W. (1944): Spodumene Deposits in the Leominster-Sterling Area (USGS Open-File Report 45-88 |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| Morrill, P., 1960, New Hampshire Mines and Mineral Localities. |
| Morrill. P., 1960, New Hampshire Mines and Mineral Localities.; Rocks & Minerals (2005) 80:242-261 New Hampshire Mineral Locality Index |
| USGS Prof Paper 255 |
| No reference listed | |
| USGS Prof Paper 255 |
| USGS Prof Paper 255 |
| Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. |
| Kesler,T.L.,1942,The Tin-Spodumene Belt Of The Carolinas:USGS Bulletion No.936-J. Smithsonian Institution Mineral Reference Collection No.170115-00 |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 676. |
| K.Linnekin collection |
| R&M 75:3 pp 156-169; Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. |
| Roberts, W. L. and Rapp, G., 1965, Mineralogy of the Black Hills, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, pp. 268. Moore, P. B., 2000, Analyses of Primary Phosphates from Pegmatites in Maine and Other Localities, in V. T. King (editor), Mineralogy of Maine. Mining History, Gems, and Geology, Maine Geological Survey, Augusta, Maine, p. 333-336. |
| SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills" | |
| Staatz, M. H.; Page, L. R.; Norton, J. J.; Wilmarth, V. R. (1963) Exploration for beryllium at the Helen Beryl, Elkhorn, and Tin Mountain pegmatites, Custer County, South Dakota. USGS Prof. Paper 297C. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| |
| USGS Bull 380D |
| Falster, A. , W.B. Simmons & P.B. Moore (1988) Fillowite, Lithiophilite, Heterosite/Purpurite and Allvaudite--Varulite Group Minerals from a Pegmatite in Florence County, WI, Abst. 15th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, Rocks and Minerals: 63(6) p. 455. |
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Cameroon pegmatite, Goabeb Farm 63, Karibib Constituency, Erongo Region, Namibia