The mineralogy of Chlorine
General Properties | |
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Symbol: | Cl |
Atomic Number: | 17 |
Standard atomic weight (Ar): | 35.453(2) |
Electron configuration: | [Ne] 3s2 3p5 |
Photos | ||
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< | Chlorine | > |
Atomic Properties | |
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Electronegativity (Pauling scale): | 3.16 |
Atomic Radius: | 79 pm |
Ionic Radius: | 181 pm (-1) |
Van der Waals Radius: | 175 pm |
1st Ionization energy: | 1251 kJ/mol |
1st Electron affinity: | -349 kJ/mol |
Oxidation States: | -1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 |
Physical Properties | |
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Standard State: | gas |
Bonding Type: | covalent network |
Melting Point: | 172 K |
Boiling Point: | 239 K |
Metal/Non-Metal: | halogen |
Main isotopes of Chlorine | ||||
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Isotope | % in Nature | Half Life | Decay type | Decay product |
35Cl | 75.77% | stable | ||
36Cl | trace | 3.01×105y | β− | 36Ar |
ε | 36S | |||
37Cl | 24.23% | stable |
Main ions of Chlorine | ||||
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Name | Ion | Example minerals | ||
chloride | Cl- | Halite |
Other Information | |
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Year Discovered: | 1774 |
Discovered By: | |
Recognised as an element: | 1808 |
Recognised By: | |
Named For: | from Greek:khlôros - "green" |
CPK color coding: | #1FF01F |
External Links: | WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com |
Simple Compounds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hydrides | chlorine fluoride | ClF | +1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
chlorine trifluoride | ClF3 | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
chlorine pentafluoride | ClF5 | +5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxides | chlorine dioxide | ClO2 | +4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cichlorine oxide | Cl2O | +1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dichlorine hexoxide | Cl2O6 | +5,+7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dichlorine heptoxide | Cl2O7 | +7 |
Mineral Diversity of Chlorine | |
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2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts | 20 valid mineral species |
3. Halides | 150 valid mineral species |
4. Oxides | 39 valid mineral species |
5. Carbonates | 14 valid mineral species |
6. Borates | 27 valid mineral species |
7. Sulfates | 46 valid mineral species |
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates | 43 valid mineral species |
9. Silicates | 69 valid mineral species |
10. Organic Compounds | 5 valid mineral species |
Total: | 413 valid species containing essential Chlorine |
Geochemistry of Chlorine | |
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Goldschmidt classification: | Lithophile |
Cl- is one of the eight most abundant solutes in average river water. | |
Cl- solute is a micronutrient on land. | |
Cl- is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals'). | |
Cl- forms minerals with K+ and Na+. | |
Cl- forms minerals with Cu+. | |
Cl- forms minerals with Ag+. |
Elemental Abundance for Chlorine | ||
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Crust (CRC Handbook) | 1.45 x 10-4 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Kaye & Laby) | 1.9 x 10-4 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Greenwood) | 1.26 x 10-4 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke) | 1.900 x 10-3 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Sea Water (CRC Handbook) | 1.94 x 10-2 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby) | 1.9 x 10-2 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
The Sun (Kaye & Laby) | 9.0 x 10-3 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Kaye & Laby) | 5.2 x 10-3 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Ahrens) | 5.24 x 10-3 (15%) | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty) |
Element association of Chlorine in the Mineral World | |||
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This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Chlorine and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Chlorine and the element listed for that row. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Chlorine. The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row. Click on a heading to sort. |
Periodic Table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sulfur << Chlorine >> Argon |
Most widespread minerals containing Chlorine | |||
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This list of minerals containing Chlorine is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Chlorine mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species. |
Name | Formula | Crystal System | Mindat Localities |
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Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl | Hexagonal | 2002 |
Chlorargyrite | AgCl | Isometric | 1772 |
Halite | NaCl | Isometric | 1741 |
Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl | Hexagonal | 1344 |
Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl | Isometric | 759 |
Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl | Hexagonal | 746 |
Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl | Orthorhombic | 664 |
Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O | Hexagonal | 361 |
Sylvite | KCl | Isometric | 345 |
Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 | Trigonal | 273 |
Photos |
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Localities with greatest number of different Chlorine mineral species |
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Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.
Constants and physical property data from:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)