Thermonatrite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Thermonatrite
Formula:
Na2CO3 · H2O
Colour:
Colourless to grey or yellow, white
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
1 - 1½
Specific Gravity:
2.255
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
From Greek θερμός, "thermos", heat, plus natron, alluding to its origin by thermal drying of that mineral.
This water-soluble mineral is found primarily in evaporite deposits and in arid climates where it may form as a surface deposit, or in volcanic fumaroles.
May originate as an alteration product of natrite.
See also 'UM1959-02-CO:HNa'.
May originate as an alteration product of natrite.
See also 'UM1959-02-CO:HNa'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3938
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3938:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f114962a-31d3-4e2b-9eaf-539ac30998dc
IMA Classification of Thermonatrite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Na2(CO3) · H2O
Classification of Thermonatrite
5.CB.05
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
C : Carbonates without additional anions, with H2O
B : With large cations (alkali and alkali-earth carbonates)
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
C : Carbonates without additional anions, with H2O
B : With large cations (alkali and alkali-earth carbonates)
15.1.1.1
15 : HYDRATED NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)·xH2O
15 : HYDRATED NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)·xH2O
11.1.5
11 : Carbonates
1 : Carbonates of the alkali metals and ammonium
11 : Carbonates
1 : Carbonates of the alkali metals and ammonium
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Tnat | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Thermonatrite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless to grey or yellow, white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1 - 1½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
On {100}, difficult.
On {100}, difficult.
Density:
2.255 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.259 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Thermonatrite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.420 nβ = 1.506 nγ = 1.524
2V:
Measured: 48° , Calculated: 46°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.104
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Chemistry of Thermonatrite
Mindat Formula:
Na2CO3 · H2O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Thermonatrite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pmmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.72 Å, b = 5.24 Å, c = 6.46 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.046 : 1 : 1.233
Unit Cell V:
362.88 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Forms crusts and efflorescence. Crystals thin-lamellar {001}, also tabular {010}; elongated [100] (artificial material).
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009532 | Thermonatrite | Wu K K, Brown I D (1975) A neutron diffraction study of Na2CO3*H2O Acta Crystallographica B31 890-892 |  | 1975 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0018142 | Thermonatrite | Harper J (1936) Crystal structure of sodium carbonate monohydrate, Na2 C O3 H2 O _cod_database_code 1011295 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 95 266-273 | 1936 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.768 Å | (100) |
| 2.372 Å | (60) |
| 2.753 Å | (55) |
| 2.678 Å | (55) |
| 2.684 Å | (50) |
| 2.475 Å | (30) |
| 2.010 Å | (25) |
Comments:
Synthetic. Data are from Swanson et al. (1958).
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
As efflorescences on soil in arid regions and in saline lakes.
Other Language Names for Thermonatrite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 18 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Villiaumite | NaF |
| 5 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 4 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 4 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 3 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 3 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Eudialyte | Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2 |
| 3 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Ussingite | Na2AlSi3O8OH |
| 3 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Zirsinalite | Na6(Ca,Mn2+,Fe2+)Zr(Si6O18) |
| 3 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 3 photos of Thermonatrite associated with Hackmanite | Na8Al6Si6O24(Cl2,S) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.CB. | Paulišite | Ca2Zn(CO3)3 · 2H2O |
| 5.CB.10 | Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O |
| 5.CB.15 | Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
| 5.CB.20 | Monohydrocalcite | CaCO3 · H2O |
| 5.CB.25 | Ikaite | CaCO3 · 6H2O |
| 5.CB.30 | Pirssonite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
| 5.CB.35 | Gaylussite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 5H2O |
| 5.CB.40 | Chalconatronite | Na2Cu(CO3)2 · 3H2O |
| 5.CB.45 | Baylissite | K2Mg(CO3)2 · 4H2O |
| 5.CB.50 | Tuliokite | Na6BaTh(CO3)6 · 6H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Thermonatrite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Thermonatrite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3938.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Thermonatrite
Localities for Thermonatrite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Browne |
Austria | |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) | |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) | |
| Götzinger (2009) +1 other reference | |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) | |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2008) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Malaise (1913) +3 other references |
| Buttgenbach (1918) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Ahlfeld & Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Fritz Berndt analysis (1955) |
Botswana | |
| McCarthy et al. (1986) |
Canada | |
| Kohut et al. (1993) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
Chile | |
| Bojar et al. (2010) |
China | |
| Jiping Wang et al. (1999) | |
| Dapeng Sun et al. (1984) |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +2 other references |
| Yuan et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Tang et al. (2022) |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Jan Hloušek |
Egypt | |
| Marchesini et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Marco Marchesini & Antonello Barresi (2019) | |
Greenland | |
| Sørensen (2001) +1 other reference |
| Sørensen et al. (1970) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
Italy | |
| Russo +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
Kenya | |
| Périnet et al. (1982) |
| Forti et al. (2004) |
Libya | |
| |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Russia | |
| |
| [AmMin 87:181] +1 other reference |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Khomyakov A P et al. (1982) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Khomyakov A P et al. (1982) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2023) | |
| Pekov (2003) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (2000) |
| Pekov (2000) | |
| Kotriy et al. (1996) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Spain | |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Manega et al. (1987) |
| Mitchell (2006) +2 other references | |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci et al. (2004) |
| Helvaci (1998) | |
Uganda | |
| Kasedde et al. (2014) |
Ukraine | |
| : ... +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 205. +3 other references |
| McAllister (1961) +1 other reference |
| McAllister (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Brown et al. (2003) |
| Specimen in the collectin of Dwight ... |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 205. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Tank (1972) +1 other reference | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... |
| Rooney et al. (1969) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm. |
Zambia | |
| Van Ranst et al. (2008) |
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Poudrette quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada