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Stegodon

Description

Stegodon, meaning "roofed tooth" (from the Ancient Greek words στέγω, stégō, 'to cover', + ὀδούς, odoús, 'tooth') because of the distinctive ridges on the animal's molars, is a genus of the extinct subfamily Stegodontinae of the order Proboscidea. It was assigned to the family Elephantidae (Abel, 1919), but has also been placed in the Stegodontidae (R. L. Carroll, 1988). Stegodonts were present from 11.6 million years ago (Mya) to the late Pleistocene, with unconfirmed records of localized survival until 4,100 years ago. Fossils are found in Asian and African strata dating from the late Miocene; during the Pleistocene, they lived across large parts of Asia and East and Central Africa.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4825604https://www.gbif.org/species/4825604
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)43271https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43271
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : Stegodon
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Elephantidae : Stegodon
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
-TethytheriaMcKenna 1975
orderProboscidea
superfamilyElephantoideaGray 1821
familyElephantidaeGray 1821
genusStegodonFalconer & Cautley 1847
Scientific NameStegodon Falconer & Cautley, 1847
Name Published InF. Antiq. Sival., (5) pl
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Stegodongenusbelongs to Elephantidaestated without evidenceAbel, 1919
Stegodongenusbelongs to StegodontidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Stegodongenusbelongs to Elephantidaestated with evidenceKalb and Frohelich, 1995
Stegodongenusbelongs to Stegodontidaestated without evidenceShoshani and Tassy, 1996
Stegodongenusbelongs to Stegodontinaestated without evidenceMcKenna and Bell, 1997
Stegodongenusbelongs to Stegodontidaestated without evidenceSanders, 1999
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)12
First Recorded Appearance23.0 - 5.3 Ma
Miocene
Last Recorded Appearance0.01 Ma
Pleistocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietgrazer, browser (based on Elephantidae)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegodon

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Stegodon florensis
species
listed (PBDB)42.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0.78 Ma
Pleistocene
Stegodon kaisensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1623.0 Ma
Miocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Stegodon luzonensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Stegodon mindanensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Stegodon orientalis
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Stegodon sompoensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
103.60 Ma
Pliocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Stegodon sondaari
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Stegodon sumbaensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Stegodon syrticus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Stegodon trigonocephalus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
52.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Stegodon yuanmouensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Stegolophodon Pohlig, 1888GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Stegodontidae : Stegolophodon

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1857Stegodon Falconer
1919Stegodon Abel p. 828
1988Stegodon Carroll
1995Stegodon Kalb and Frohelich p. 732
1996Stegodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 352
1997Stegodon McKenna and Bell p. 503
1999Stegodon Sanders p. 793
2005Stegodon Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Abel O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig, 914 p.
Kalb J. E., Frohelich D. J. (1995) Interrelationships of late Neogene elephantoids: new evidence from the Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia, Géobios 28 6, 727-736
Shoshani J., Tassy P. (1996) Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future, in J. Shoshani and P. Tassy, eds., The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, 335-348
McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640
Sanders W. J. (1999) Oldest record of Stegodon (Mammalia: Proboscidea) 19 4, 793-797
Shoshani J., Tassy P. (2005) Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior, Quaternary International 126-128, 5-20
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
F. Antiq. Sival., (5) pl - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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