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Unionida

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Description

Unionida is a monophyletic order of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve molluscs. The order includes most of the larger freshwater mussels, including the freshwater pearl mussels. The most common families are the Unionidae and the Margaritiferidae. All have in common a larval stage that is temporarily parasitic on fish, nacreous shells, high in organic matter, that may crack upon drying out, and siphons too short to permit the animal to live deeply buried in sediment.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionida, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	9301143	https://www.gbif.org/species/9301143
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	161327	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=161327

Rank

order

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Uniomorphi	Gray 1854
-	Unioni	Gray 1854
-	Unionata	Gray 1854
order	Unionida	(Stoliczka 1871)

Scientific Name

Unionida

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Unionida	order	belongs to Palaeoheterodonta	stated with evidence	Newell, 1965
Unionida	order	belongs to Paleoheterodonta	stated without evidence	Shoshani et al., 1989
Unionida	order	belongs to Bivalvia	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Unionida	order	belongs to Palaeoheterodonta	stated with evidence	Giribet and Wheeler, 2002
Unionida	order	belongs to Autobranchia	implied	Nevesskaja, 2009
Unionida	order	belongs to Palaeoheterodonta	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010
Unionida	order	belongs to Unionata	stated with evidence	Carter et al., 2011

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

318

Extant Size (PBDB)

139 (44%)

First Recorded Appearance

290 - 279 Ma
Permian

Environment

freshwater

Motility

facultatively mobile (based on Bivalvia)

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Bivalvia)

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Bivalvia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

L. A. Nevesskaja. 2009. Principles of Systematics and the System of Bivalves. Paleontological Journal 43(1):1-11

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionida

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hyriidina suborder	listed (PBDB)		30	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Silesunionidina ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)
Unionidina suborder	listed (PBDB)		492	290 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
Actinodontophoroidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Archanodontacea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Archanodontoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)
Carydioidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Etherioidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Amblemidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Etheriidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Hyriidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		30	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Iridinidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		32	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Liaoningiidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Margaritiferidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Mutelidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Mycetopodidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sancticarolitidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Silesunionidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Unionellidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Unionidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Freshwater Mussel	370	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Protelliptio ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1871	Unionoida Stoliczka
1965	Unionoida Newell p. 18
1980	Unionoida Vokes p. 71
1989	Unionoida Shoshani et al. p. 435
1990	Unionoida Beu et al. p. 396
2002	Unionoida Giribet and Wheeler

Year	Name and Author
2002	Unionoida Sepkoski, Jr.
2006	Unionoida Bieler and Mikkelsen p. 230
2009	Unionoida Nevesskaja
2010	Unionida Bouchet et al.
2011	Unionida Carter et al. p. 12

References

Nevesskaja L. A. (2009) Principles of Systematics and the System of Bivalves, Paleontological Journal 43 1, 1-11 doi:10.1134/S0031030109010018

Newell N. D. (1965) Classification of the Bivalvia, American Museum Novitates 2206, 1-25

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Beu A. G., Maxwell P.A., et al (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 58

Giribet G., Wheeler W. (2002) On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data, Invertebrate Biology 121 4, 271-324

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Bieler R., Mikkelsen P. M. (2006) Bivalvia - a look at the branches, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148, 223-235

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Carter J. G., Altaba C. R., et al (2011) A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca), University of Kansas Paleontological Institute Paleontological Contributions 4, 1-47

Bieler, R.; Mikkelsen, P. M.; Collins, T. M.; Glover, E. A.; González, V. L.; Graf, D. L.; Harper, E. M.; Healy, J.; Kawauchi, G. Y.; Sharma, P. P.; Staubach, S.; Strong, E. E.; Taylor, J. D.; Tëmkin, I.; Zardus, J. D.; Clark, S.; Guzmán, A.; McIntyre, E.; Sharp, P.; Giribet, G. (2014). Investigating the Bivalve Tree of Life – an exemplar-based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters. Invertebrate Systematics. 28(1): 32-115. - via World Register of Marine Species

Bieler R., Carter J.G. & Coan E.V. (2010). Classification of Bivalve families. Pp. 113-133, in: Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010), Nomenclator of Bivalve Families. Malacologia 52(2): 1-184. - via World Register of Marine Species

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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