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The mineralogy of Copper

General Properties
Symbol:Cu
Atomic Number:29
Standard atomic weight (Ar):63.546(3)
Electron configuration:[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Photos
<
Natural copper nugget
>
Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):1.9
Atomic Radius:145 pm
Ionic Radius:77 pm (+1)
Van der Waals Radius:140 pm
1st Ionization energy:746 kJ/mol
1st Electron affinity:-118 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1,2,3,4
Physical Properties
Standard State:solid
Bonding Type:metallic
Melting Point:1358 K
Boiling Point:3200 K
Density:8.92 g/cm3
Metal/Non-Metal:transition metal
Main isotopes of Copper
Isotope% in NatureHalf LifeDecay typeDecay product
63Cu69.15%stable
64Cusynthetic12.700hε64Ni
β−64Zn
65Cu30.85%stable
67Cusynthetic61.83hβ−67Zn
Main ions of Copper
NameIonExample minerals
copper(I)Cu+Cuprite, Chalcocite
copper(II)Cu2+Malachite, Azurite, Tenorite
Other Information
Year Discovered:9000 BC
Named For:
02438180014946994265538.jpg
Cyprus, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium)
CPK color coding:#C88033
External Links:WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Sulfidescopper (I) sulphideCu2S+1Chalcocite
copper (II) sulphideCuS+2Covellite
Selenidescopper (I) selenideCu2Se+1Berzelianite, Bellidoite
copper (II) selenideCuSe+2Klockmannite
copper (II) diselenideCuSe2+2Krut'aite
Telluridescopper (II) tellurideCuTe+2Vulcanite
copper (I) tellurideCu2Te+1Weissite
Hydroxidescopper (II) hydroxideCu(OH)2+2Spertiniite
Fluoridescopper (I) fluorideCuF+1
copper (II) fluorideCuF2+2
Chloridescopper (I) chlorideCuCl+1Nantokite
copper (II) chlorideCuCl2+2Tolbachite
copper (II) chloride dihydrateCuCl2 · 2H2O+2Eriochalcite
Bromidescopper (II) bromideCuBr2+2
Iodidescopper (I) iodideCuI+1Marshite
Oxidescopper (I) oxideCu2O+1Cuprite
copper (II) oxideCuO+2Tenorite
Carbonatesdicopper carbonate dihydroxideCu2(OH)2CO3+2Malachite
tricopper dicarbonate dihydroxideCu3(CO3)2(OH)2+2Azurite
Nitratescopper (I) nitrateCuNO3+1
copper (II) nitrateCu(NO3)2+2
Sulfatescopper (II) sulfateCuSO4+2Chalcocyanite
copper (II) sulfate trihydrateCuSO4 · 3H2O+2Bonattite
copper (II) sulfate pentahydrateCuSO4 · 5H2O+2Chalcanthite
copper (II) sulfate heptahydrateCuSO4 · 7H2O+2Boothite
Copper as a chromophore in minerals and gems
ChromophoreDescription
Cu+Red colour in cuprite
Cu2+Produces blue and green colour in azurite, malachite, etc.
Mineral Diversity of Copper
1. Elements 24 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts 275 valid mineral species
3. Halides47 valid mineral species
4. Oxides 55 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates 22 valid mineral species
6. Borates6 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates 130 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates179 valid mineral species
9. Silicates 33 valid mineral species
10. Organic Compounds13 valid mineral species
Total:784 valid species containing essential Copper
Geochemistry of Copper
Goldschmidt classification:Chalcophile
Cu2+ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.
Cu2+ is concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules relative to seawater.
Cu2+ solute can be a limiting nutrient in the growth of bacteria.
Cu2+ solute is a micronutrient on land.
Cu2+ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').
Elemental Abundance for Copper
Crust (CRC Handbook)6.0 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)5.8 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)6.8 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)7.5 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)4.7 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)2.5 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)1.4 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)2.5 x 10-10mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)2.3 x 10-8mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)4.5 x 10-4atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)5.2 x 10-4atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)5.22 x 10-4 (11%)atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)
Element association of Copper in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Copper and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Copper and the element listed for that row.

The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Copper.

The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.

Click on a heading to sort.
ElementValid Minerals listed with element and Copper% of Cu mineralsRelative to % in all minerals
Oxygen503 minerals with Cu and O61.49%24.23% lower
Hydrogen378 minerals with Cu and H46.21%17.76% lower
Sulfur344 minerals with Cu and S42.05%90.83% higher
Arsenic193 minerals with Cu and As23.59%81.77% higher
Lead145 minerals with Cu and Pb17.73%68.23% higher
Iron128 minerals with Cu and Fe15.65%31.57% lower
Chlorine106 minerals with Cu and Cl12.96%74.82% higher
Antimony76 minerals with Cu and Sb9.29%65.89% higher
Selenium76 minerals with Cu and Se9.29%251.60% higher
Zinc75 minerals with Cu and Zn9.17%61.78% higher
Calcium69 minerals with Cu and Ca8.44%66.70% lower
Bismuth68 minerals with Cu and Bi8.31%99.28% higher
Silver65 minerals with Cu and Ag7.95%106.98% higher
Aluminium60 minerals with Cu and Al7.33%63.59% lower
Tellurium55 minerals with Cu and Te6.72%94.50% higher
Potassium52 minerals with Cu and K6.36%36.46% lower
Sodium51 minerals with Cu and Na6.23%67.38% lower
Phosphorus48 minerals with Cu and P5.87%52.42% lower
Carbon44 minerals with Cu and C5.38%33.95% lower
Silicon41 minerals with Cu and Si5.01%81.92% lower
Vanadium37 minerals with Cu and V4.52%5.50% lower
Magnesium31 minerals with Cu and Mg3.79%72.46% lower
Tin28 minerals with Cu and Sn3.42%80.67% higher
Nickel27 minerals with Cu and Ni3.30%4.06% lower
Mercury24 minerals with Cu and Hg2.93%61.96% higher
Thallium19 minerals with Cu and Tl2.32%53.58% higher
Uranium18 minerals with Cu and U2.20%57.43% lower
Cadmium16 minerals with Cu and Cd1.96%267.79% higher
Platinum16 minerals with Cu and Pt1.96%150.41% higher
Molybdenum14 minerals with Cu and Mo1.71%13.17% higher
Nitrogen13 minerals with Cu and N1.59%37.50% lower
Manganese13 minerals with Cu and Mn1.59%86.63% lower
Germanium13 minerals with Cu and Ge1.59%151.64% higher
Palladium13 minerals with Cu and Pd1.59%12.50% higher
Gold9 minerals with Cu and Au1.10%61.47% higher
Fluorine9 minerals with Cu and F1.10%86.35% lower
Chromium9 minerals with Cu and Cr1.10%39.26% lower
Cobalt9 minerals with Cu and Co1.10%15.13% lower
Barium7 minerals with Cu and Ba0.86%81.54% lower
Boron6 minerals with Cu and B0.73%85.43% lower
Iridium6 minerals with Cu and Ir0.73%76.54% higher
Rhodium6 minerals with Cu and Rh0.73%83.89% higher
Iodine6 minerals with Cu and I0.73%37.92% higher
Lanthanum5 minerals with Cu and La0.61%56.73% lower
Neodymium5 minerals with Cu and Nd0.61%33.13% lower
Cerium5 minerals with Cu and Ce0.61%80.64% lower
Indium5 minerals with Cu and In0.61%116.35% higher
Gallium4 minerals with Cu and Ga0.49%267.79% higher
Yttrium4 minerals with Cu and Y0.49%79.13% lower
Tungsten4 minerals with Cu and W0.49%45.51% lower
Bromine3 minerals with Cu and Br0.37%16.14% higher
Titanium3 minerals with Cu and Ti0.37%94.82% lower
Caesium3 minerals with Cu and Cs0.37%28.82% lower
Strontium3 minerals with Cu and Sr0.37%86.79% lower
Samarium1 mineral with Cu and Sm0.12%22.60% higher
Gadolinium1 mineral with Cu and Gd0.12%22.60% higher
Rhenium1 mineral with Cu and Re0.12%267.79% higher
Rubidium1 mineral with Cu and Rb0.12%22.60% higher
Lithium1 mineral with Cu and Li0.12%93.92% lower
Periodic Table
1H 2He
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rd 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
 
58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr
Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Cu Relative Frequency
Nickel << Copper >> Zinc


Most widespread minerals containing Copper
This list of minerals containing Copper is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Copper mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.
NameFormulaCrystal SystemMindat Localities
ChalcopyriteCuFeS2Tetragonal31786
MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2Monoclinic14556
ChalcociteCu2SMonoclinic6677
BorniteCu5FeS4Orthorhombic6472
AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2Monoclinic6347
CovelliteCuSHexagonal5092
CopperCuIsometric4449
ChrysocollaCu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1Orthorhombic4142
CupriteCu2OIsometric3448
BrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)6Monoclinic1958
Photos

Localities with greatest number of different Copper mineral species
1Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany124 Cu minerals
2Tsumeb Mine (Ongopolo Mine), Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia114 Cu minerals
3Bisbee, Cochise County, Arizona, USA77 Cu minerals
4Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines), Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza), Lavrion Mining District, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece65 Cu minerals
5Cap Garonne Mine, Le Pradet, Toulon, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France63 Cu minerals
6Friedrichssegen Mine, Friedrichssegen, Lahnstein, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany51 Cu minerals
7Furtei mine, Furtei, South Sardinia Province, Sardinia, Italy51 Cu minerals
8Majuba Hill Mine, Antelope Mining District, Pershing County, Nevada, USA49 Cu minerals


Important ores of Copper
NameFormulaCrystal System
ChalcociteCu2SMonoclinic
ChalcopyriteCuFeS2Tetragonal
BorniteCu5FeS4Orthorhombic
CovelliteCuSHexagonal
CopperCuIsometric
Photos


Minor ores of Copper
NameFormulaCrystal System
MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2Monoclinic
CupriteCu2OIsometric
TenoriteCuOMonoclinic
AzuriteCu3(CO3)2(OH)2Monoclinic
Tennantite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12SIsometric
Tetrahedrite SubgroupCu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12SIsometric
EnargiteCu3AsS4Orthorhombic
Photos
Significant Deposits
1La Escondida Mine, Escondida, Antofagasta, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, Chile
The Escondida mine is the world's largest copper mine by proven reserves (over 32 million tonnes in 2012)


Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.

Constants and physical property data from:

David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)
 
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