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Testudo

Photos

Photo Gallery

Description

Testudo (which meant "tortoise" in classical Latin) may refer to:

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2441658	https://www.gbif.org/species/2441658
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	37744	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37744

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : Testudo

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
-	Testudinata
order	Testudines	Batsch 1788
suborder	Cryptodira	Cope 1868
-	Pantestudinoidea	Joyce et al. 2004
superfamily	Testudinoidea	Gray 1825
-	Pantestudinidae	Joyce et al. 2004
family	Testudinidae	Batsch 1788
genus	Testudo	Linnæus 1758

Scientific Name

Testudo Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Testudo	genus	belongs to Chelonia	stated without evidence	Leidy, 1860
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Testudo	genus	belongs to Terrestria	stated without evidence	Quenstedt, 1882
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated without evidence	Cope, 1884
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated with evidence	Gilmore, 1934
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated without evidence	Galbreath, 1953
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated with evidence	Yeh, 1963
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated without evidence	Chkhikvadze, 1973
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated without evidence	Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi, 1995
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	implied	Böhme, 2008
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated with evidence	Brinkman et al., 2008
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated without evidence	van Dijk et al., 2014
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated with evidence	Vlachos et al., 2015
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated without evidence	Garcia et al., 2016
Testudo	genus	belongs to Testudinidae	stated with evidence	Vlachos, 2018

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

20 (30%)

First Recorded Appearance

56.0 - 41.3 Ma
Eocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Testudinidae)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

herbivore, herbivore (based on Testudinidae)

Reproduction

oviparous (based on Testudinidae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Palearctic Tortoises

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testudo

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Testudo (Chersine) subgenus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo (Stylemys) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Testudo alleni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo amberiacensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	8.70 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Testudo amiatae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Testudo angusticeps species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo antakyensis species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo antiqua ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	20.4 Ma Miocene	4.20 Ma Pliocene
Testudo atlas ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo boettgeri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo bosporica ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	12.7 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Testudo brevitesta ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Testudo brontops ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Testudo carinata species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo cautleyi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo cernovi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo changshanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Testudo chienfutungensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Testudo coriacea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo costarricensis species	listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Testudo crassiscutata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo craverii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Testudo cubensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo cyrenaica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo denizoti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Testudo despotti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Testudo distans species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo ducateli ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Testudo emys species	listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Testudo equicomes species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo escheri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	16.0 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Testudo eurysternum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Testudo fimbriata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo floweri species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo gallardoi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo geometrica species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo gilbertii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo globosa ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	5.33 Ma Miocene	4.20 Ma Pliocene
Testudo graeca species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Common Tortoise	30	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Testudo hercegovinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo hermanni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo hexagonata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	1.80 Ma Pleistocene	1.80 Ma Pleistocene
Testudo hipparionum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo honanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo horsfieldii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo houzei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Testudo hypercostata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Testudo hypselonota species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo ibera species	listed (PBDB)	Asia Minor Spur-thighed Tortoise			0 Ma Extant
Testudo imbricata species	listed (PBDB)	Hawksbill Turtle	1	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Testudo impensa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo incisa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo indica species	listed (PBDB)		1	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Testudo johnstoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo kaiseni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo kalganensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo kalksburgensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	20.4 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Testudo kenitrensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Testudo kleinmanni species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Egyptian Tortoise			0 Ma Extant
Testudo larteti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Testudo lunanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Testudo lutaria species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo margae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Testudo marginata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Marginated Tortoise	14	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Testudo marmorum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Testudo munda species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo nanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Testudo niobrarensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo orthopygia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo osborniana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo oughlamensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Testudo pecorinii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Testudo percrassa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo phosphoritarum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	56.0 Ma Paleocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Testudo plana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo praestans species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo promarginata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	23.0 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Testudo punjabiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo pusilla species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Testudo riggsi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo robusta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo scabra species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo semenensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Testudo shansiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo sharanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Testudo shensiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	16.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo shilouensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Testudo sloanei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Testudo sphaerica ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Testudo spratti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo tarakliensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Testudo terrestris species	listed (PBDB)	Middle Eastern Spur-thighed Tortoise			0 Ma Extant
Testudo tingia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo tumidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo tunhuanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Testudo turgida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo ulanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Testudo weissingeri species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Testudo wilsoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Testudo yunnanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Testudo yushensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Agrionemys Khosatzky & Mlynarski, 1966	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Agrionemys*
Furculachelys Highfield, 1990	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Furculachelys*
Testuod	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Testuod*
Testudinella Gray, 1870	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Testudinella*
Tistudo	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Tistudo*
Medaestia Wussow, 1916	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Medaestia*
Peltonia Gray, 1872	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : *Peltonia*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Testudo Linnaeus
1860	Testudo Leidy p. 122
1873	Testudo Leidy p. 339
1875	Testudo Cope p. 54
1882	Testudo Quenstedt p. 147
1884	Testudo Cope
1889	Testudo Lydekker p. 71
1902	Testudo Hay p. 451
1906	Testudo Andrews p. 277
1908	Testudo Lambe
1915	Testudo Gilmore p. 150
1931	Testudo Gilmore p. 232
1934	Testudo Gilmore
1953	Testudo Galbreath p. 38
1957	Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams
1963	Testudo Yeh
1973	Testudo Chkhikvadze p. 747
1977	Testudo Kotsakis
1988	Testudo Carroll
1995	Testudo Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 238
1996	Testudo Frank and Ramus
2007	Testudo Staesche et al.
2008	Testudo Brinkman et al. p. 92
2008	Testudo Böhme p. 168
2014	Testudo Vlachos and Tsoukala
2014	Testudo de la Fuente et al.
2014	Testudo van Dijk et al.
2015	Testudo Vlachos et al.
2016	Testudo Garcia et al.
2016	Testudo Vlachos and Delfino
2016	Testudo Vlachos and Tsoukala
2018	Testudo Vlachos
1758	Testudo Linnaeus
1860	Testudo Leidy p. 122

Year	Name and Author
1873	Testudo Leidy p. 339
1875	Testudo Cope p. 54
1882	Testudo Quenstedt p. 147
1884	Testudo Cope
1889	Testudo Lydekker p. 71
1902	Testudo Hay p. 451
1906	Testudo Andrews p. 277
1908	Testudo Lambe
1915	Testudo Gilmore p. 150
1930	Testudo Hay p. 101
1931	Testudo Gilmore p. 232
1934	Testudo Gilmore
1953	Testudo Galbreath p. 38
1957	Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams
1963	Testudo Yeh
1973	Testudo Chkhikvadze p. 747
1977	Testudo Kotsakis
1988	Testudo Carroll
1989	Testudo Swingland and Klemens p. 125
1995	Testudo Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 238
1996	Testudo Frank and Ramus
2007	Testudo Staesche et al.
2008	Testudo Brinkman et al. p. 92
2008	Testudo Böhme p. 168
2014	Testudo Vlachos and Tsoukala
2014	Testudo de la Fuente et al.
2014	Testudo van Dijk et al.
2015	Testudo Vlachos et al.
2016	Testudo Garcia et al.
2016	Testudo Vlachos and Delfino
2016	Testudo Vlachos and Tsoukala
2018	Testudo Vlachos
2019	Testudo Vlachos et al.

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Cope E. D. Testudinata, The Vertebrata of the Tertiary formations of the West. In: Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 3, 111-150

Lydekker R. , Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History) Part III. The Order Chelonia, 1-239

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Andrews C. W. (1906) , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of Fayum, Egypt, 1-324

Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444

Gilmore C. W. (1915) The fossil turtles of the Uinta Formation, Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 7 2, 101-161

Gilmore C. W. (1931) Fossil turtles of Mongolia, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 59, 213-257

Gilmore C. W. (1934) Fossil Turtles of Mongolia: Second Contribution, American Museum Novitates 689, 1-14

Galbreath E. C. (1953) A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology of northeastern Colorado, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Vertebrata 4, 1-120

Yeh H. K. (1963) Fossil turtles of China, Palaeontologia Sinica, New Series C 150, 1-113

Chkhikvadze V. M. (1973) Novyye dannyee o tretichnykh cherepakhakh Gruzii [New data on the Tertiary turtles of Georgia, USSR], Soobshcheniia Akademii nauk Gruzinskoi SSR= Sakartvelos SSR 69 3, 745-748

Kotsakis T. (1977) I resti di Anfibi e Rettili pleistocenici della grotta 'Bate' (Rethymnon, Creta), Rendicoti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 6, 571-582

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Capasso Barbato L., Gliozzi E. (1995) Biochronological and palaeogeographical implications of a well-balanced late Middle Pleistocene fauna from Quisiana-Certosa (Capri, Southern Italy), Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 34 2, 235-261

Frank N., Ramus E. (1996) A Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Reptiles and Amphibians of the World, 1-377

Staesche K., Karl H.V., et al (2007) Fossile Schildkroten aus der Turkei, Fossile Schildkroten aus drei Kontinenten 98, 91-149

Brinkman D. B., Li J.-L., et al (2008) Order Testudines, The Chinese Fossil Reptiles and Their Kin, 35-102

Böhme M. (2008) Ectothermic vertebrates (Teleostei, Allocaudata, Urodela, Anura, Testudines, Choristodera, Crocodylia, Squamata) from the Upper Oligocene of Oberleichtersbach (Northern Bavaria, Germany), Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 260, 161-183

Vlachos E., Tsoukala E. (2014) Testudo cf. graeca from the new Late Miocene locality of Platania (Drama basin, N. Greece) and a reappraisal of previously published specimens, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 48, 27-40

de la Fuente M. S., Sterli J., et al (2014) Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, Springer Earth System Sciences doi:0.1007/978-3-319-00518-8

van Dijk P. P., Iverson J. B., et al (2014) Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status, Chelonian Research Monographs 5, 329-479

Vlachos E., Kotsakis T., et al (2015) The chelonians from the Latest Miocene–Earliest Pliocene localities of Allatini and Pylea (East Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece), Comptes Rendus Palevol 14, 187-205 doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.01.005

Garcia G., Kostopoulos D. S., et al (2016) Testudines, Geobios 49, 23-27 doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2016.01.003

Vlachos E., Delfino M. (2016) Food for thought: Sub-fossil and fossil chelonian remains from Franchthi Cave and Megalopolis confirm a glacial refuge for Emys orbicularis in Peloponnesus (S. Greece), Quaternary Science Reviews 150, 158-171 doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.027

Vlachos E., Tsoukala E. (2016) The diverse chelonians from Milia (Late Pliocene, Grevena, Greece) with a new species of Testudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudines, Testudinidae), Papers in Palaeontology 2 1, 71-86 doi:doi: 10.1002/spp2.1031

Vlachos E. (2018) A Review of the Fossil Record of North American Turtles of the Clade Pan-Testudinoidea, Bulletin of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History 59 1, 3-94

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P. P., J. Iverson, A. Rhodin, H. Shaffer, and R. Bour], 2014: Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with maps, and Conservation Status. Chelonian Research Monographs, no. 5, v. 7. 329-479. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Iverson, John B., 1992: null. A Revised Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. xiii + 363. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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