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Hippopotamus amphibius

Description

The common hippopotamus (HIP-ə-POT-ə-məs; Hippopotamus amphibius), or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal and ungulate native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis). The name comes from the ancient Greek for "river horse" (ἱπποπόταμος). After the elephant and rhinoceros, the common hippopotamus is the third-largest type of land mammal and the heaviest extant artiodactyl. Despite their physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the Hippopotamidae are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc.) from which they diverged about 55 million years ago.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)2441247https://www.gbif.org/species/2441247
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)77338https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=77338
Rankspecies
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : Hippopotamus amphibius
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : Hippopotamus amphibius
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
orderUngulata
orderArtiodactylaOwen 1848
-CetancodontaArnason et al. 2000
superfamilyHippopotamoideaGray 1821
familyHippopotamidaeGray 1821
subfamilyHippopotaminaeGray 1821
genusHippopotamusLinnaeus 1758
speciesHippopotamus amphibiusLinnæus 1758
Generic NameHippopotamus
Common Namehippo
Scientific NameHippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758
Name Published InLinnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Hippopotamus amphibiusspeciesbelongs to Hippopotamusstated without evidenceLinnaeus, 1758
Hippopotamus amphibiusspeciesbelongs to Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon)stated without evidenceFalconer and Cautley, 1836
Hippopotamus amphibiusspeciesbelongs to Hippopotamusstated with evidenceThomas, 1911
Hippopotamus amphibiusspeciesbelongs to Hippopotamusstated without evidenceCoryndon, 1977
Hippopotamus amphibiusspeciesbelongs to Hippopotamusstated with evidencePeters, 1990
Hippopotamus amphibiusspeciesbelongs to Hippopotamusstated without evidenceGeraads et al., 2004
Hippopotamus amphibiusspeciesbelongs to Hippopotamusstated with evidenceWeston and Boisserie, 2010
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)1
Extant Size (PBDB)1 (100%)
First Recorded Appearance5.33 - 2.59 Ma
Cenozoic
Environmentterrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietgrazer, browser (based on Hippopotamidae)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824
Common Name(s) Common Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus, Flußpferd, Hippo
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus_amphibius

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Hippopotamus amphibius capensis
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Hippopotamus amphibius etrusquus
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Hippopotamus amphibius tschadensis
subspecies
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Hippopotamus incognitus Faure, 1984GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hippopotamus : Hippopotamus incognitus

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1758Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus
1836Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) amphibius Falconer and Cautley p. 51
1911Hippopotamus amphibius Thomas p. 155
1977Hippopotamus amphibius Coryndon p. 70 figs. Fig. 6
1984Hippopotamus incognitus Faure
1985Hippopotamus amphibius Geze p. 91
1990Hippopotamus amphibius Peters p. 86
2004Hippopotamus amphibius Geraads et al. p. 181
2008Hippopotamus amphibius Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. Fig. 5
2010Hippopotamus amphibius Weston and Boisserie p. 858

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542
Falconer H., Cautley P. T. Notes on the fossil hippopotamus of the sivalik hills, Asiatic Researches 19, 39-53
Thomas O. (1911) The Mammals of the Tenth Edition of Linnaeus; an Attempt to fix the Types of the Genera and the exact Bases and Localities of the Species, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 81 1, 120-158 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1911.tb06995.x
Coryndon S. C. (1977) The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and a description of two new fossil species I. The nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae, Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 80 2, 61-71
Geze R. (1985) Repartition paleoecologique et relations phylogenetiques des Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) du Neogene d'Afrique orientale, Environment des hominides au Plio-Pleistocene, 81-100
Peters J. (1990) Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers at Ishango (eastern Zaire): the faunal evidence, Revue de Paléobiologie 9 1, 73-112
Geraads D., Eisenmann V., et al (2004) The large mammal fauna of the Oldowan sites of Melka Kunture, in J. Chavaillon and M. Piperno, eds., Studies on the Early Paleolithic site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia (Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria), 169-192
Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985
Weston E., Boisserie J.-R. (2010) Hippopotamidae, Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, 853-871
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing - via Catalogue of Life
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2 - via Catalogue of Life
Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) Common Names of Mammals of the World - via Catalogue of Life
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Direction 22 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of (a) the specific names of fifty-seven species, each of which is the type species of a genus in the class Mammalia, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, and (B) of the specific names of two species belonging to the same class, each of which is currently regarded as the oldest available name for the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List in the same period.Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1C(C13), 179-200 (1955) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology
Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
(2011) Checklist of CITES Species Part 1 CITES species index - via Catalogue of Life
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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