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Red Sandstone - Nsungwe - Songwe, Mbeya Region, Tanzania

Group	Red Sandstone
Formation	Nsungwe
Member	Songwe
Age:	28.4 - 23.0 Ma Cenozoic
Interval	Late Oligocene
Lithology	sandstone, "siliciclastic"
Number of Collections	5
Number of Occurrences	29

Recorded Sample Locations

Location	Region	Stratigraphic Name
TZ-07	Mbeya Region, Tanzania	Red Sandstone - Nsungwe - Songwe
Nsungwe 2B	Mbeya, Mbeya Region, Tanzania	Red Sandstone - Nsungwe - Songwe

Associated Units

Stratigraphic Name	Age	Lithology	Occurrence Records
Red Sandstone - Galula - Namba	101 - 72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	sandstone, sandstone/mudstone	18
Red Sandstone - Nsungwe	28.4 - 23.0 Ma Cenozoic		2

Recorded Fossils

Accepted Name	Type	Hierarchy	Age
Pakakali rukwaensis species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Teratodontidae : Pakakali : *Pakakali rukwaensis*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Rukwalorax jinokitana species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyracoidea : Rukwalorax : *Rukwalorax jinokitana*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Anthropoidea unranked clade	99	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Anthropoidea	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Nsungwepithecus gunnelli species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Cercopithecidae : Nsungwepithecus : *Nsungwepithecus gunnelli*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Rukwapithecus fleaglei species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Hominidae : Rukwapithecus : *Rukwapithecus fleaglei*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Kahawamys mbeyaensis species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Kahawamys : *Kahawamys mbeyaensis*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Metaphiomys beadnelli species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Diamantomyidae : Metaphiomys : *Metaphiomys beadnelli*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Xenopus sp. genus	6	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura : Pipidae : *Xenopus*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Ptychadenidae family	5	Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura : Ptychadenidae	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Alethinophidia infraorder	4.5	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Alethinophidia	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Booidea superfamily	4.7	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Booidea	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Colubroidea superfamily	4.7	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubroidea	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Gekkota infraorder	4.5	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Gekkota	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Rukwanyoka holmani species	7	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Boidae : Rukwanyoka : *Rukwanyoka holmani*	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic
Elapidae family	5	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Protropidonotus : Elapidae	28.4 - 23.03 Ma Cenozoic

References

Stevens N. J., O´Connor P. M., et al (2005) An Anthropoid Primate Humerus from the Rukwa Rift Basin, Paleogene of Southwestern Tanzania, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 4, 986-989 doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0986:AAPHFT]2.0.CO;2

Stevens N. J., O'Connor P. M., et al (2006) Metaphiomys (Rodentia: Phiomyidae) from the Paleogene of southwestern Tanzania, Journal of Paleontology 80 2, 407-409

Stevens N. J., Holroyd P. A., et al (2009) Kahawamys mbeyaensis (n. gen., n. sp.) (Rodentia: Thryonomyoidea) from the Late Oligocene Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 2, 631-634

Stevens N. J., O'Connor P. M., et al (2009) A hyracoid from the late Oligocene Red Sandstone Group of Tanzania, Rukwalorax jinokitana, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 3, 972-975

Stevens N. J., Seiffert E. R., et al (2013) Palaeontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes, Nature 497, 611-614

McCartney J. A., Stevens N. J., et al (2014) The Earliest Colubroid-Dominated Snake Fauna from Africa: Perspectives from the Late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Southwestern Tanzania, PLoS ONE 9 3, e90415 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090415

Blackburn D. C., Roberts E. M., et al (2015) The earliest record of the endemic African frog family Ptychadenidae from the Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 2, e907174:1-5

Borths M. R., Stevens N. J. (2017) The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition, PLoS ONE 12 10, e0185301:1-30

Müller J., Roberts E., et al (2018) A fossil Gekkotan (Squamata) from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation, Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania, Journal of Herpetology 52 2, 223-227 doi:10.1670/17-123

Blackburn D. C., Paluh D. J., et al (2019) The Earliest Fossil of the African Clawed Frog (Genus Xenopus) from Sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of Herpetology 53 2, 125-130 doi:10.1670/18-139

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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