Bismutite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Bismutite
Formula:
(BiO)2CO3
Colour:
Yellow to brown, greenish, green-grey, grey or black; colourless or tinted in shades of faint yellow, green, etc. in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2½ - 3½
Specific Gravity:
6.7 - 7.4
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
In allusion to its bismuth-rich composition.
A common secondary Bismuth carbonate. Platy forms are visually indistinguishable from the Ca-Bi carbonates Beyerite and Kettnerite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
687
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:687:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
58928c3d-e5a3-4b56-a18c-f08a4394cc9a
IMA Classification of Bismutite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Bi2O2(CO3)
Classification of Bismutite
5.BE.25
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
16a.3.5.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
3 : (AB)2(XO3)Zq
11.10.1
11 : Carbonates
10 : Carbonates of Bi
11 : Carbonates
10 : Carbonates of Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Bit | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Bismutite
Vitreous, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre grades to pearly in coarse, fibrous, and scaly material.
Colour:
Yellow to brown, greenish, green-grey, grey or black; colourless or tinted in shades of faint yellow, green, etc. in transmitted light.
Streak:
Grey
Hardness:
2½ - 3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {001} (observed only in microscopic grains).
On {001} (observed only in microscopic grains).
Density:
6.7 - 7.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.15 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bismutite
Type:
Uniaxial
RI values:
nα = 2.120 - 2.150 nβ = 2.120 - 2.300
Max Birefringence:
δ = 2.120
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Chemistry of Bismutite
Mindat Formula:
(BiO)2CO3
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Bismutite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
Imm2
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.865 Å, b = 3.862 Å, c = 13.675 Å
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.001 : 1 : 3.541
Unit Cell V:
204.1 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Prismatic structure at times. Pulverulent to dense earthy masses; opaline crusts; radially-fibrous crusts or spheroidal aggregates; scaly to lamellar aggregates rare.
Comment:
Pseudo-I4/mmm.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0005770 | Bismutite | Grice J D (2002) A solution to the crystal structures of bismutite and beyerite The Canadian Mineralogist 40 693-698 | 2002 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.724 Å | (30) |
2.953 Å | (100) |
2.737 Å | (41) |
2.137 Å | (25) |
1.9354 Å | (20) |
1.7502 Å | (22b) |
1.6184 Å | (30b) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Oxidation zones of Bi-bearing ore deposits such as hydrothermal veins and in pegmatites containing bismuthinite and native bismuth.
Type Occurrence of Bismutite
Synonyms of Bismutite
Other Language Names for Bismutite
Varieties of Bismutite
Hydrobismutite | Proven identical with Bismutite. Occurred at Schorl Mountain, Transbaikalia, Russia. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
118 photos of Bismutite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
100 photos of Bismutite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
29 photos of Bismutite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
27 photos of Bismutite associated with Bismuth | Bi |
22 photos of Bismutite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
20 photos of Bismutite associated with Atelestite | Bi2(AsO4)O(OH) |
14 photos of Bismutite associated with Mixite | BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 · 3H2O |
10 photos of Bismutite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
9 photos of Bismutite associated with Emplectite | CuBiS2 |
9 photos of Bismutite associated with Bismite | Bi2O3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
5.BE.X | Abellaite | NaPb2(CO3)2(OH) |
5.BE.05 | Shannonite | Pb2O(CO3) |
5.BE.10 | Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
5.BE.15 | Plumbonacrite | Pb5O(OH)2(CO3)3 |
5.BE.20 | Phosgenite | Pb2CO3Cl2 |
5.BE.30 | Kettnerite | CaBiCO3OF |
5.BE.35 | Beyerite | Ca(BiO)2(CO3)2 |
5.BE.40 | Grootfonteinite | Pb3O(CO3)2 |
5.BE.45 | Somersetite | Pb8O2(OH)2(CO3)5 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Bismutite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-687.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Bismutite
Reference List:
Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1817) Letztes Mineral-System - Aus dessen Nachlasse auf oberbergamtliche Anordnung herausgegeben und mit Erläuterungen versehen.p.56 - as Arsenikwismuth
Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel, Paris. p.1-624. pp.297-297 - Raoult analysis
Frondel, Clifford (1943) The mineralogy of the oxides and carbonates of bismuth. American Mineralogist, 28 (9-10) 521-535
Localities for Bismutite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Mutti et al. (2007) |
| Sureda et al. (2010) |
| Colombo et al. (2006) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection (obtained from Argentine field collector) |
| Bardelli et al. (2018) |
| DE BRODTKORB |
| Galliski (1983) +1 other reference |
Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2012) | |
| Lapis 8 (4) |
| Collection of Juan Carlos Lodovichi |
| Oyarzábal et al. (2016) |
| Ribacki et al. (2023) |
Ribacki et al. (2023) | |
Roquet et al. (2011) +2 other references | |
Armenia | |
| Kovalenker et al. (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| McKinnon et al. (2005) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Rankin et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
Clissold (2007) | |
Henley et al. (2001) | |
Sharpe et al. (2004) | |
Clissold (2007) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
Leverett et al. (2005) | |
Leverett et al. (2003) | |
| Dieter Mylius collection |
| Australian Museum specimen |
Ryan (1961) | |
Ryan (1961) | |
Ryan (1961) | |
Ryan (1961) | |
Ryan (1961) | |
| Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference |
Warne et al. (1991) | |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference | |
Ivanac (1954) +1 other reference | |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database | |
Modat Mineral Occurrence database +1 other reference | |
| Costas Constantinides collection |
Brooks et al. (1960) | |
| Lawrence et al (1998) |
| Wheeler (2017) |
E. Stevens & R. Bottrill | |
| |
| R Bottrill |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| Noble |
| SARIG Mine Record Sheets |
| Noble R.J et al. (1983) |
| S.A. Museum collection |
| Brown et al. (1899) |
| |
| Jennings (1979) |
www.crocoite.com (2002) | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Museum Victoria collections |
| Birch et al. (2007) |
| Henry et al. (2022) |
| Grguric et al. (2008) |
| Bridge et al. (1974) |
| Hodge (1970) |
| Simpson (1948) |
The Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Grguric et al. (2006) |
Grguric et al. (2006) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
The Sun newspaper (Kalgoorlie) +1 other reference | |
| Simpson (1928) |
| Simpson (1928) +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references |
Pegmatites of Western Australia +3 other references | |
Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references | |
Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
| Calderwood +2 other references |
| Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references |
Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references | |
Pegmatites of Western Australia +2 other references | |
Jacobson et al. (2007) | |
Austria | |
| |
| Paar et al. (1998) |
| Walter et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Löffler et al. (2018) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2006) |
| Paar et al. (1993) |
| Putz (2004) |
| Lapis 25 (12) |
Niedermayr (1997) | |
| Niedermayr (2008) |
| Postl (1990) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2019) |
| Leitner (2015) |
Bolivia | |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 474. +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| GEOBOL |
Brazil | |
| Tony Nikischer |
| Pires et al. (2020) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1955) |
| e Souza et al. (2020) |
| Färber et al. (2011) |
| Fernando Brederodes Collection |
Burundi | |
| Lehmann et al. (1992) |
Canada | |
| Badham (1975) |
| |
| Ercit et al. (2003) |
| MDI Number: MDI31C14SE00151 |
| Hugh S. Spence (1930) +1 other reference |
| Reiner Mielke 2013 |
Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| MDI Number: MDI41P08NW00008 |
| by Ann P. Sabina 1974 +1 other reference |
| Miles et al. (1971) |
| Traill (1970) |
| Yukon Minfile Assessment File 93723 |
Chile | |
| Sernageomin database 2006 +1 other reference |
| Sernageomin database 2005 +1 other reference |
China | |
| Yang |
| Huan Hu et al. (2001) |
| Zhifu Sun et al. (1994) |
| Jiajing Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Chunlian Xiao (2008) |
| Lin Niu (1994) |
| Shiwei Liu et al. (1998) |
| Gonggao Song (1987) |
| Zhao et al. (2022) |
| Jensen (2009) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Yingchen Ren et al. (1986) |
| Shaofeng Wang (1991) |
| Gengyan Chen (1990) +1 other reference |
| Shangquan Wu (1986) |
| Yanping Cai et al. (2011) |
| Ming-Song et al. (2021) |
| Guibing Dan et al. (2007) |
| Fleischer et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Chunhong Wang et al. (2006) |
| Xiaoxu et al. (2023) |
| Guangming Li et al. (2006) |
| Jianxun Bai (1987) |
| Pinlong Du (1984) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2003) |
| Mineralog. Zhurnal (1983) |
| Chen et al. (1992) |
| Bugao Xue (2003) |
| Daxian Zhao and Guangting Tang (1991) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Černý |
| Plášil J. et al. (Giant) +2 other references |
| Malý |
| Mineralogical Record: 29: 64. +2 other references |
Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Bulletin mineralogicko-petrologického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze (2015) |
| Sejkora et al. (1994) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| geological prospecting |
| Klomínský |
| Fengl +3 other references |
Bradna | |
| Kruťa T. et al. (1968) |
| Procházka (1969) |
| |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| P.Fuchs |
J.Sejkora | |
Sejkora (1998) | |
Slavíček | |
| Sejkora (1998) |
Sejkora (1998) | |
| Sejkora (1994) |
DR Congo | |
| Van Wambeke (1975) |
| |
Ethiopia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
Ilkka Mikkola data | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... |
| Finder Joel Dyer |
France | |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) |
| Belot (1978) |
| |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des ... |
| Lheur et al. (2011) |
| confirmed by Nicolas Meisser (Lausanne, Switzerland) |
| Thierry Brunsperger. |
Wittern et al. (Cologne) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| ESCANDE et al. (1973) +6 other references |
ESCANDE et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Ansermet et al. (2010) | |
| Queneau P. (2001) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Leconte J. et al. (2016) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Ref: Boisson J.M. |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Boisson J.M. |
| Chollet Pascal collection |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) | |
| Wittern (1995) |
| |
| Wendel et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Schrenk (2000) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
American Mineralogist +1 other reference | |
| Information from Carsten Slotta. |
Aufschluss 1981 (5) | |
| [Lapis 1992 |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Gröbner (2003) |
| |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
Aufschluss 1986 (11) | |
Erzgräber 1987 (2) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
Walenta (1992) | |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| PETITJEAN collection |
Belendorff (2021) | |
| Habel (2009) |
| ... |
| Schmitt (1993) |
| Lorenz et al. (2007) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Krause et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
Lapis 2002 (2) | |
Lapis 25 (2) | |
Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Belendorff (2021) |
Belendorff (2021) | |
| Klaus Petitjean collection |
| Sáez et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Johannes Markus Henrich +2 other references |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| H.P. Schroeder Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Breithaupt (1841) |
M Adelt collection | |
King (n.d.) | |
| Gröbner J. +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Breithaupt (1841) |
Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
Jambor et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
Wittern (2001) | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
Schlegel et al. (1996) | |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Schlegel (2002) +1 other reference |
Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Witzke et al. (2007) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
| Tröger (2006) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner (2003) |
Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Breithaupt (1841) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
Solomos et al. (2004) | |
Rieck et al. (2018) | |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2002) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Triantafyllidis (2019) |
Hungary | |
| Geoda |
India | |
| Rao (1972) |
| Amer Min (1969) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| AA. VV. |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) |
Ambrino et al. (2009) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
U. Kolitsch PXRD (10/07) +1 other reference | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) |
Guastoni A. et al. (2006) | |
Collected by Frank de Wit (1989-2000) +2 other references | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Cuchet et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Cuchet et al. (2016) | |
| Eugenio Cadoni collection. +1 other reference |
| Billows (1941) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Moroni et al. (2019) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Caboni et al. (2018) |
| AA. VV. |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references |
| De Michele (1974) |
| G. Marinelli (Isola d'Elba) +1 other reference |
| Biagioni et al. (2008) |
• Biagioni et al. (2008) | |
Japan | |
| Uehara et al. (2013) |
| 浜地忠男 (1961) |
| Hori Mineralogy |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Shirose et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
geo.web.ru (2007) | |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Arliguie Michel photo and collection ... +1 other reference |
| Behier (1963) |
Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1963) |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-268 | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Besaire (1966) |
Arliguie Michel collection and photo (Photo ID: 882110) | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
Larsen (2003) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2189 |
Larsen (2003) | |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection (#M-673) | |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5549 | |
| Besaire (1966) |
Ranorosoa (1986) | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2042 |
Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1957) +1 other reference |
| Michel Arliguie specimen |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Lapis 2001 (1) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Ilmen et al. (2015) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Aires Barros (1966) |
Wilson et al. (2000) | |
Wilson et al. (2000) | |
Gomes et al. (2022) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Aires Barros (1966) +1 other reference | |
Wilson et al. (2000) | |
Neiva et al. (2005) | |
| Aires Barros (1966) |
| Moiana (2010) |
Moiana (2010) | |
Moiana (2010) | |
| Schappmann (2005) |
Schappmann (2005) | |
Namibia | |
| Desor (10/2023) |
| P. Keller and O. von Knorring |
| Bezing et al. (2007) |
| Niedermayr (2001) +1 other reference |
| Schnaitmann et al. (2010) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Baldwin (1994) | |
Norway | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Frigstad (1968) +1 other reference |
| Pedersen (2007) |
Neumann (1985) | |
| Neumann (1985) |
Neumann (1985) | |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) |
| Peter Andresen collection. |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Peter Andresen collection. |
| Pedersen (1976) |
| Husdal (2020) |
Husdal (2008) | |
Husdal (2019) | |
| Kristiansen et al. (1972) +2 other references |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Ellingsen et al. (2000) |
| Kristiansen (2014) |
| Kristiansen (2008) |
| Dons (1961) +1 other reference |
| Atle Michalsen photo & specimen |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Espi et al. (2005) |
Peru | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Alfonso et al. (2023) |
Poland | |
| Szełęg E. et al. (Dolnośląskie Surowce Skalne S.A.) +1 other reference |
Szuszkiewicz et al. (2013) | |
| Parafiniuk J. 2003: Secondary bismuth and tellurium minerals from Rędziny (SW Poland) |
| Pieczka A. +2 other references |
| Wiewióra A. |
| Madziarz (2006) |
Muszer A. et al. (PbSe) +1 other reference | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| LNEG - Museu de Jazigos Minerais ... |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and/or ... |
Alves (n.d.) | |
Romania | |
| Stefan Nicolescu (1996) |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Potseluev et al. (2006) |
| D’yachkov et al. (2022) |
| Cherkasova et al. (2015) |
| Vakh et al. (2016) |
| Damdinova et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| E. Kaigorodova analytical data |
| P.M. Kartashov and V.V. Strekopytov data |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
Seltmann et al. (2010) | |
Dicken et al. (2016) | |
| Goryachev (2001) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Voloshin A.V. et al. (1986) |
| Kalinin (2021) |
| Svetlitskaya +2 other references |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2021) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) | |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| [[1]]Kondratieva et al. (2023) |
| Bortnikov et al. (2011) |
| So et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
Yarosh et al. (1955) | |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2022) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2022) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2023) |
| Tauson et al. (2017) |
Kovalev et al. (2019) | |
| - (1998) |
| [Lapis 1993:1 p13-15] |
Kasatkin et al. (2020) | |
Fialova et al. (2013) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Eremin et al. (2023) |
| Eremin et al. (2014) |
| Efremov et al. (2021) |
| А M Spiridonov (2014) |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Krivitskaya et al. (2008, June) | |
Rwanda | |
| Daltry et al. (1998) |
Slovakia | |
| Martin Števko |
Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Števko M. et al. (2012) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| NHM Collection (2010) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| P. G. Sonhnge (1950) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| José Miguel Sola |
MINDAT Sierra de Baza (Mineralogist Group of Granada) | |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Calvo (2003) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Mata Perelló (1991) |
M. Ruiz Montes +1 other reference | |
| Garcia G. et al. (2004) |
| Ref: Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Angel Ortiz Maellas specimem |
| Ruiz Garcia (1976) |
| Calvo (2003) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Torstensson (2002) |
| Aksel Osterlof specimen +1 other reference |
| Öhman et al. (2004) |
Switzerland | |
| Schweizer Strahler |
| Roth (2007) |
| Cuchet et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2017) |
van der Burgt et al. (2005) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Cuchet et al. (2005) |
Cuchet et al. (2014) | |
| |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
| Yatimov et al. (2022) |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
Badalov et al. (1975) | |
| Turlychkin et al. (1972) |
Lur'ye et al. (1971) | |
UK | |
| |
| Rust (1995) |
| Weiß et al. (2017) |
| Clark et al. (1986) |
| Hogg (1825) +1 other reference |
| Hogg (1825) +3 other references |
| Rust (1998) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
Rust (1995) | |
Reid et al. (1907) | |
| Collection Elmar Lackner and well known ... |
Le Neve Foster (1879) +1 other reference | |
| Henwood (1843) +1 other reference |
| Stanley et al. (1991) |
| BMS Collection +1 other reference |
| Goodchild (1882) +4 other references |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Steve Rust Collection & NHM Collection |
| Moles et al. (2012) |
Moles et al. (2012) | |
Tindle (2008) | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) |
| R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1993) |
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Williams (1981) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| HANSON et al. (2007) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10096063 |
| Frondel (1943) +2 other references |
MRDS database Dep. ID #10056479 | |
MRDS database Dep. ID #10027881 | |
Jahns (1952) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1952) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10027573 |
Jahns (1952) +2 other references | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Larsen (1921) +1 other reference |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Margerum (2004) |
Margerum (2004) | |
Gail E. Dunning et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 125 +2 other references |
| Adams (2010) |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Mineralogical Record (1998) |
Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Tucker (1921) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 234. +3 other references |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 126. +3 other references |
| illus. +4 other references |
| Morton et al. (2019) |
| Foord et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Rogers (1910) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
- (2005) | |
Heinrich (1948) +2 other references | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
- (2005) | |
Pearl | |
Pearl | |
| Am Min 35:173-184 |
Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| AMERICAN MINERALOGIST 50:96-104 +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
- (2005) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6:1090. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| microprobe ID by Bart Cannon |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| David Busha collection |
| Rocks and Minerals (1999) |
Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Januzzi |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| David Busha collection |
Eric Quinter collection | |
| Shepard (1837) |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
Tom Benedict collection | |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references |
Schooner (1961) | |
Wells (1887) | |
| Weber et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Wells (1887) | |
| Ream (2004) |
Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) |
Ream (2004) | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Cliff Trebilcock |
Thompson et al. (1998) | |
| - (2005) |
| Geology and Ore Deposits of the Elkhorn ... +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Prof Paper 798D |
| Williams (1988) +1 other reference |
| Vandall King |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Richter (1957) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Foor et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
Foor et al. (1988) | |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 26 (1988) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [Rocks & Minerals Vol 68 March/April ... |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Gillerman (1964) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Gillerman (1964) +1 other reference |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
- (2005) | |
| Gillerman (1964) +1 other reference |
Gillerman (1964) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
- (2005) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Lasky (1947) | |
Lasky (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| - (1965) |
| - (2005) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
Northrop et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) +3 other references | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
Jahns (1946) +2 other references | |
Jahns (1946) | |
- (2005) +1 other reference | |
Bingler (1968) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference |
Jahns (1946) +2 other references | |
Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| - (1965) |
| Lasky (1932) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
- (2005) | |
Jahns et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6:1076 +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Min.: 59:109-120 & 62:176-178. |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
Alminas +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Dana 7:II:62. +4 other references |
| Dana 6:1092. |
Thorne (n.d.) | |
Thorne (n.d.) | |
Waldemar Lindgren and G. F. Loughlin with a historical review by V. Conrad Heikes (1919) | |
Means +2 other references | |
Means +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Kearns et al. (2000) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Rocks & Minerals 76:382 |
| - (2005) |
Rocks&Min 76:23-241 | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Walsh et al. (1997) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Hornung. G. PhD thesis. Pegmatites of ... |
Gallagher (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Cairncross (2004) | |
| Frei (2005) |
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