The mineralogy of Cerium
General Properties | |
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Symbol: | Ce |
Atomic Number: | 58 |
Standard atomic weight (Ar): | 140.116(1) |
Electron configuration: | [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 |
Photos | ||
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< | Cerium under Argon in a vial | > |
Atomic Properties | |
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Electronegativity (Pauling scale): | 1.12 |
Atomic Radius: | 181.8 pm |
Ionic Radius: | 102 pm (+3) |
1st Ionization energy: | 534 kJ/mol |
1st Electron affinity: | -50 kJ/mol |
Oxidation States: | 2,3,4 |
Physical Properties | |
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Standard State: | solid |
Bonding Type: | metallic |
Melting Point: | 1071 K |
Boiling Point: | 3633 K |
Density: | 6.69 g/cm3 |
Metal/Non-Metal: | lanthanoid |
Main isotopes of Cerium | ||||
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Isotope | % in Nature | Half Life | Decay type | Decay product |
134Ce | synthetic | 3.16d | ε | 134La |
136Ce | 0.185% | >3.8×1016y | β+β+ ? | 136Ba |
138Ce | 0.251% | >1.5×1014y | β+β+ ? | 138Ba |
140Ce | 88.450% | - | Spontaneous fission ? | |
141Ce | synthetic | 32.501d | β− | 141Pr |
142Ce | 11.114% | >5×1016y | β-β- ? | 142Nd |
α ? | 138Ba | |||
144Ce | synthetic | 284.893d | β− | 144Pr |
Main ions of Cerium | ||||
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Name | Ion | Example minerals | ||
cerium(III) | Ce3+ | |||
cerium(IV) | Ce4+ |
Other Information | |
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Year Discovered: | 1803 |
Discovered By: | Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger |
Year Isolated: | 1839 |
Isolated By: | |
Named For: | |
CPK color coding: | #FFFFC7 |
External Links: | WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com |
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nitrides | cerium nitride | CeN | +3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sulfides | cerium sulphide | CeS | +2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dicerium trisulphide | Ce2S3 | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hydrides | cerium dihydride | CeH2 | +2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fluorides | cerium difluoride | CeF2 | +2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cerium trifluoride | CeF3 | +3 | Fluocerite-(Ce) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cerium tetrafluoride CeF^4 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chlorides | cerium trichloride | CeCl3 | +3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cerium trichloride trihydrate | CeCl3 · 3H2O | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cerium trichloride heptahydrate | CeCl3 · 7H2O | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iodides | cerium diiodide | CeI2 | +2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
cerium triiodide | CeI3 | +3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxides | cerium dioxide | CeO2 | +4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dicerium trioxide | Ce2O3 | +3 |
Mineral Diversity of Cerium | |
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3. Halides | 4 valid mineral species |
4. Oxides | 12 valid mineral species |
5. Carbonates | 26 valid mineral species |
6. Borates | 2 valid mineral species |
7. Sulfates | 3 valid mineral species |
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates | 17 valid mineral species |
9. Silicates | 83 valid mineral species |
10. Organic Compounds | 3 valid mineral species |
Total: | 150 valid species containing essential Cerium |
Geochemistry of Cerium | |
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Goldschmidt classification: | Lithophile |
Ce4+ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust. | |
Ce3+ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust. | |
Ce4+ is enriched in Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites relative to the composition of the solar system. | |
Ce3+ is enriched in Ca-Al-rich inclusions in meteorites relative to the composition of the solar system. | |
Ce4+ is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.) | |
Ce3+ is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.) |
Elemental Abundance for Cerium | ||
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Crust (CRC Handbook) | 6.65 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Kaye & Laby) | 8.3 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Greenwood) | 6.6 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 3.3000 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke) | 5.4200 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Crust (Ahrens/Weaver) | 5.7000 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor) | 6.4000 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw) | 6.5000 x 10-5 | mass fraction, kg/kg |
Sea Water (CRC Handbook) | 1.2 x 10-12 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby) | 1.2 x 10-12 | mass per volume fraction, kg/L |
The Sun (Kaye & Laby) | 1.0 x 10-6 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Kaye & Laby) | 1.1 x 10-6 | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 |
Solar System (Ahrens) | 1.136 x 10-6 (1.7%) | atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty) |
Element association of Cerium in the Mineral World | |||
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This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Cerium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Cerium and the element listed for that row. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Cerium. The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row. Click on a heading to sort. |
Periodic Table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lanthanum << Cerium >> Praseodymium |
Most widespread minerals containing Cerium | |||
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This list of minerals containing Cerium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Cerium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species. |
Name | Formula | Crystal System | Mindat Localities |
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Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) | Monoclinic | 1251 |
Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) | Monoclinic | 895 |
Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F | Hexagonal | 418 |
Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F | Monoclinic | 317 |
Parisite-(Ce) | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 | Monoclinic | 156 |
Britholite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)5(SiO4)3OH | Hexagonal | 150 |
Cerianite-(Ce) | (Ce4+,Th)O2 | Isometric | 137 |
Ancylite-(Ce) | CeSr(CO3)2(OH) · H2O | Orthorhombic | 133 |
Chevkinite-(Ce) | Ce4(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2 | Monoclinic | 128 |
Florencite-(Ce) | CeAl3(PO4)2(OH)6 | Trigonal | 95 |
Photos |
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Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.
Constants and physical property data from:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)