Fayalite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Robert M. Hazen
About Fayalite
Formula:
Fe2+2SiO4
Colour:
Greenish-yellow, yellow or brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
7
Specific Gravity:
4.39
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Christian Gottlieb Gmelin in 1840 for the type locality, Faial Island (Fayal Island), Azores District (Azores Islands), Portugal.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Olivine Group. Fayalite-Forsterite Series, and the Fayalite-Tephroite Series. The Fe2+ analogue of Forsterite, Tephroite, and Calcio-Olivine.
Uncommon in nature, but common in man-made (metallurgy) iron slags.
See also laihunite.
Uncommon in nature, but common in man-made (metallurgy) iron slags.
See also laihunite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Fayalite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1458
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1458:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
62cc2922-7db2-4c95-8aa5-04e2c6a24ca4
IMA Classification of Fayalite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+2(SiO4)
Classification of Fayalite
9.AC.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
C : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
C : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] coordination
51.3.1.1
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with all cations in octahedral [6] coordination
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
3 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with all cations in octahedral [6] coordination
14.19.1
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
19 : Silicates of Fe
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
19 : Silicates of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Fa | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Fa | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Fa | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Fa | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Fa | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Fayalite
Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Greenish-yellow, yellow or brown
Streak:
Colourless
Hardness:
7 on Mohs scale
Density:
4.39 g/cm3 (Measured)
Comment:
measured on synthetic material
Optical Data of Fayalite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.731 - 1.824 nβ = 1.760 - 1.864 nγ = 1.773 - 1.875
2V:
Measured: 74° to 47°, Calculated: 54° to 66°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.042 - 0.051
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = pale yellow
Y = orange-yellow, reddish-brown
Z = pale yellow
Y = orange-yellow, reddish-brown
Z = pale yellow
Chemistry of Fayalite
Mindat Formula:
Fe2+2SiO4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Mg
Crystallography of Fayalite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.79 Å, b = 10.39 Å, c = 6.06 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.461 : 1 : 0.583
Unit Cell V:
301.59 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Comment:
Space group Pbnm (non-standard setting).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000173 | Fayalite | Birle J D, Gibbs G V, Moore P B, Smith J V (1968) Crystal structures of natural olivines American Mineralogist 53 807-824 | 1968 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000174 | Fayalite | Birle J D, Gibbs G V, Moore P B, Smith J V (1968) Crystal structures of natural olivines American Mineralogist 53 807-824 | 1968 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000332 | Fayalite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | 1973 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 298 | |
0000333 | Fayalite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | 1973 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 573 | |
0000334 | Fayalite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | 1973 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 873 | |
0000335 | Fayalite | Smyth J R, Hazen R M (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900 C American Mineralogist 58 588-593 | 1973 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 1173 | |
0000480 | Fayalite | Smyth J R (1975) High temperature crystal chemistry of fayalite olivine American Mineralogist 60 1092-1097 | 1975 | 0 | 293 | ||
0000481 | Fayalite | Smyth J R (1975) High temperature crystal chemistry of fayalite olivine American Mineralogist 60 1092-1097 | 1975 | 0 | 573 | ||
0000482 | Fayalite | Smyth J R (1975) High temperature crystal chemistry of fayalite olivine American Mineralogist 60 1092-1097 | 1975 | 0 | 873 | ||
0000483 | Fayalite | Smyth J R (1975) High temperature crystal chemistry of fayalite olivine American Mineralogist 60 1092-1097 | 1975 | 0 | 1173 | ||
0000565 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | synthetic | 0 | 77 | |
0000566 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0000567 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0000568 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0000569 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0000570 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 293 | |
0000571 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 573 | |
0000572 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 873 | |
0000573 | Fayalite | Hazen R M (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivine American Mineralogist 62 286-295 | 1977 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 1173 | |
0009731 | Fayalite | Fujino K, Sasaki S, Takeuchi Y, Sadanaga R (1981) X-ray determination of electron distributions in forsterite, fayalite and tephroite Acta Crystallographica B37 513-518 | 1981 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0019698 | Fayalite | Redfern S A T, Knight K S, Henderson C M B, Wood B J (1998) Fe-Mn cation ordering in fayalite-tephroite (FexMn1-x)2SiO4 olivines: A neutron diffraction study Mineralogical Magazine 62 607-615 | 1998 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0019699 | Fayalite | Redfern S A T, Knight K S, Henderson C M B, Wood B J (1998) Fe-Mn cation ordering in fayalite-tephroite (FexMn1-x)2SiO4 olivines: A neutron diffraction study Mineralogical Magazine 62 607-615 | 1998 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0014999 | Fayalite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H (1986) Single crystal X-ray diffraction study on the bond compressibility of fayalite, Fe2SiO4 and rutile, TiO2 under high pressure Physica B 140 333-336 | 1986 | 0.0001 | 293 | ||
0015000 | Fayalite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H (1986) Single crystal X-ray diffraction study on the bond compressibility of fayalite, Fe2SiO4 and rutile, TiO2 under high pressure Physica B 140 333-336 | 1986 | 4.9 | 293 | ||
0015001 | Fayalite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H (1986) Single crystal X-ray diffraction study on the bond compressibility of fayalite, Fe2SiO4 and rutile, TiO2 under high pressure Physica B 140 333-336 | 1986 | 6.7 | 293 | ||
0015002 | Fayalite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H (1986) Single crystal X-ray diffraction study on the bond compressibility of fayalite, Fe2SiO4 and rutile, TiO2 under high pressure Physica B 140 333-336 | 1986 | 9.3 | 293 | ||
0015003 | Fayalite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H (1986) Single crystal X-ray diffraction study on the bond compressibility of fayalite, Fe2SiO4 and rutile, TiO2 under high pressure Physica B 140 333-336 | 1986 | 11.7 | 293 | ||
0015004 | Fayalite | Kudoh Y, Takeda H (1986) Single crystal X-ray diffraction study on the bond compressibility of fayalite, Fe2SiO4 and rutile, TiO2 under high pressure Physica B 140 333-336 | 1986 | 14 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
5.21 Å | (20) |
3.945 Å | (20) |
3.762 Å | (10) |
3.535 Å | (30) |
3.045 Å | (5) |
3.027 Å | (10) |
2.810 Å | (100) |
2.616 Å | (20) |
2.599 Å | (10) |
2.549 Å | (60) |
2.489 Å | (70) |
2.400 Å | (5) |
2.389 Å | (20) |
2.340 Å | (5) |
2.297 Å | (20) |
2.286 Å | (30) |
2.184 Å | (10) |
2.062 Å | (5) |
1.974 Å | (5) |
1.908 Å | (10) |
1.834 Å | (5) |
1.820 Å | (10) |
1.769 Å | (40) |
1.761 Å | (10) |
1.753 Å | (5) |
1.693 Å | (10) |
1.665 Å | (20) |
1.640 Å | (10) |
1.615 Å | (10) |
1.595 Å | (10) |
1.531 Å | (5) |
1.525 Å | (5) |
1.515 Å | (20) |
1.504 Å | (20) |
1.419 Å | (5) |
1.414 Å | (5) |
1.403 Å | (5) |
1.367 Å | (10) |
1.333 Å | (10) |
1.275 Å | (5) |
Comments:
ICDD 31-633 magnesian fayalite; replaces ICDD 7-158, see also ICDD 12-220 manganoan fayalite; ICDD 34-178 fayalite (synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
Near-surface Processes | |
23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Type Occurrence of Fayalite
Synonyms of Fayalite
Other Language Names for Fayalite
Varieties of Fayalite
Ferrohortonolite | Variety of fayalite, Olivine group. An intermediate member of the forsterite-fayalite series with Fe/(Fe+Mg) from 70% to 90% . |
Roepperite (of Brush) | A manganoan, zincian fayalite. Black slightly rounded to very rounded crystals, also black cleavages. |
Relationship of Fayalite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Calcio-olivine | Ca2SiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Glaucochroite | CaMn2+SiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+SiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Laihunite | (Fe2+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+[SiO4] | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Liebenbergite | Ni2SiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Monticellite | CaMgSiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Tephroite | Mn2+2SiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
78 photos of Fayalite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
57 photos of Fayalite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
52 photos of Fayalite associated with Cristobalite | SiO2 |
18 photos of Fayalite associated with Obsidian | |
15 photos of Fayalite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
15 photos of Fayalite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
13 photos of Fayalite associated with Grunerite | ◻{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
10 photos of Fayalite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
9 photos of Fayalite associated with Mica Group | |
8 photos of Fayalite associated with Laihunite | (Fe2+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+[SiO4] |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.AC. | Ahrensite | SiFe2O4 |
9.AC. | Poirierite | Mg2SiO4 |
9.AC.05 | Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
9.AC.05 | Glaucochroite | CaMn2+SiO4 |
9.AC.05 | Kirschsteinite | CaFe2+SiO4 |
9.AC.05 | Laihunite | (Fe2+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+[SiO4] |
9.AC.05 | Liebenbergite | Ni2SiO4 |
9.AC.05 | Tephroite | Mn2+2SiO4 |
9.AC.10 | Monticellite | CaMgSiO4 |
9.AC.15 | Brunogeierite | Ge4+Fe2+2O4 |
9.AC.15 | Ringwoodite | (Mg,Fe2+)2SiO4 |
9.AC.20 | Chesnokovite | Na2[SiO2(OH)2] · 8H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Fayalite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Fayalite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1458.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Fayalite
Localities for Fayalite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Merkel et al. (2013) |
Algeria | |
| L. Latouche : "L'orthoferrosilite et les roches associées de la région des Gour Oumeladen (N.E. Ahaggar, Algérie) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (1992) |
| ... |
| apports des donnees radiometriques (K/Ar) +6 other references |
| M. Girod |
M. Girod | |
Bendaoud et al. (2003) | |
Angola | |
| Andrade (1954) +2 other references |
Andrade (note preliminaire) +2 other references | |
| Andrade (note preliminaire) +1 other reference |
| Sighinolfi et al. (1990) |
Antarctica | |
| Hartmetz et al. (1990) |
| Anand et al. (2005) +2 other references |
Corrigan et al. (2011) | |
Corrigan et al. (2011) | |
Corrigan et al. (2011) | |
| aaa.wustl.edu (2005) |
| Bucher et al. (2005) |
| curator.jsc.nasa.gov (2013) |
Krot et al. (2013) | |
Harris et al. (2002) | |
| Mikouchi et al. (1996) |
Ohtani et al. (2011) | |
| Fujimaki Hirokazu (1981) |
Proceedings of the VII International ... +1 other reference | |
Müller et al. (1991) | |
Gair (1967) +1 other reference | |
Armienti et al. (1991) | |
Wörner G and Viereck L (Victoria Land, Antarctica) +1 other reference | |
| Aramovich et al. (2001) |
| Woolley (2019) |
| LeMasurier (1990) |
Adie (Ed.) | |
Argentina | |
| Hwang et al. (2016, March) |
Australia | |
| Eggleton +3 other references |
| Wormald et al. (1988) |
| Brown (1930) +1 other reference |
| Morris et al. (2014) |
| R. Wally Johnson |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| R. Wally Johnson +3 other references |
| Vaughan (1986) +2 other references |
| |
| an example of Broken Hill-type mineralization in the eastern succession et al. (8) +2 other references |
| ROSS et al. (1987) |
| Stevens +3 other references |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Everard |
| McDougall (1961) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Parbhakar-Fox |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection | |
| Edwards (1938) +6 other references |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
| Viertler (2009) |
Viertler (2009) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| [Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30] |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Postl et al. (2011) |
| "Aus der Tiefe der Vulkane" (2011) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
Brazil | |
| Conceicao et al. (2009) |
| Berkley et al. (1980) |
| Steele et al. (1976) |
| Villas et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Keil (2015) |
| Vlach (2012) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
Cameroon | |
| Njonfang et al. (2000) |
| Cantagrel et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Marzoli et al. (Africa) +8 other references |
| Jérémine (1941) +6 other references |
Jérémine (1943) +2 other references | |
Canada | |
| Martin et al. (1988) |
| Ducharme (2020) |
Waard | |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Can. Mineral. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Schindler et al. (2012) |
| E. William Heinrich (1962) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| WOUSSEN et al. (1972) |
| CURRIE (1976) |
| Schilling et al. (2011) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
| Petrella (2013) |
Cape Verde | |
| Silva et al. (2019) |
Central African Republic | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1975) |
Chad | |
| Reynolds et al. (Tripoli) +4 other references |
Chile | |
| Woolley (1987) |
| Bailey et al. (1970) +4 other references |
China | |
| Am. Min. |
| Hong et al. (2013) |
| Porter (2016) |
| Wei et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Ogura +5 other references |
| Zhong et al. (2007) +4 other references |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
| Dalibor Matýsek |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Ettler et al. (2015) |
| Žáček V |
| Malec et al. (2013) |
Malec et al. (2013) | |
Djibouti | |
| Richard +3 other references |
DR Congo | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A +2 other references |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
| N.. Boutakoff. (1956) +3 other references |
Kanika et al. (1981) +3 other references | |
| Rumvegeri et al. (1985) |
Egypt | |
| Hashad et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Berkley et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Alekseev et al. (2023) |
Eritrea | |
| Journal of Petrology |
Estonia | |
| Marini et al. (2004) |
Ethiopia | |
| Fino. M.De et al. (Ethiopia and T.F.A.I.) +1 other reference |
| Barberi et al. (Ethiopia) +3 other references |
Black et al. (1972) | |
| Barberi et al. (Ethiopia) +4 other references |
| Mohr (1966) +2 other references |
Mohr (1966) +2 other references | |
Gibson +6 other references | |
Mohr (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Varet (1970) |
Finland | |
| Fröhlich et al. (2021) |
| Ahven (2012) +1 other reference |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
| Haapala et al. (2000) |
C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) | |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Kärkkäinen et al. (1999) |
| Mancini et al. (2000) |
France | |
| |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
| Designolle (1996) |
| l'exemple de l'association du Vieux Pont d'Ota. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (4) +5 other references |
Erwin Löffler collection | |
| Bonin et al. (1972) +3 other references |
| LEGENDRE et al. (2003) |
| Ch. Wagner et al. |
| Nougier (1972) +21 other references |
| publication date: November 2018 +1 other reference |
| Ambert et al. (2014) |
| Lheur et al. (1998) |
| Mari et al. (1979) |
| Mari et al. (1979) |
Germany | |
| Betz (2012) |
| Dill (2008) |
| |
| |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland" (Munich) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Hentschel |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Lapis 1988 (7+8) |
| Hentschel |
| Blaß et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Hentschel |
Hentschel | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel |
| Hentschel |
| Blaß et al. (2012) |
| Hohn et al. (2015) |
| Schüller |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Witzke et al. (2012) |
| Andreas Gerstenberg colelction |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schüller (1953) |
Greece | |
| Collection of RJ Martin inferred from ... |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (1995) |
Jones (1980) | |
Coulson (2003) | |
[Mineralogical Record - Vol 24 No 2] +1 other reference | |
| Hodson (1998) |
| Parsons et al. (1981) |
| Ulff-Møller (1985) |
| Hodson et al. (1997) |
Woolley (1987) | |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999) |
Mineralogical Magazine et al. (4) | |
Hungary | |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Brearley et al. (1998) +2 other references |
Iceland | |
| Blake (1966) +1 other reference |
Roobol (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Jørgensen (1980) +1 other reference |
| Ágústsdóttir et al. (1994) |
| Martin et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Reddy et al. (1998) |
Madhavan et al. (1981) +11 other references | |
| Treiman (1985) |
| Sukheswala et al. (1975) +2 other references |
| Nayak et al. (2024) |
| E.R.D. Scott et al. (1988) |
| Krot (2006) |
| Lauretta et al. (2001) +2 other references |
Indonesia | |
| Econ Geol (1977) |
Iran | |
| Mohamadi Nasab et al. (2022) |
| Mazhari et al. (2009) |
Ireland | |
| Ixer |
Italy | |
| Toffolo (2012-13) |
| Gordon (2004) +1 other reference |
| Russo (2010) |
| Scacchi (1882) |
| Imma Punzo find & collection |
| Domenico Preite Collection |
| Scacchi (1882) +1 other reference |
Scacchi (1882) +4 other references | |
| Scacchi (1882) |
| Krot et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Liotti L. and Tealdi E. (1983) |
| Fiori S. and Signoretti E. (2001) |
| Cresta et al. (2002) |
| Boscardin M. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Giovanni Fraccaro. +1 other reference |
- (as a monograph) +2 other references | |
| Biffi et al. (2004) |
| F. Bakos |
| Boriani A. (2003) |
| Grill (1935) |
la fayalite. Periodico di Mineralogia ... +2 other references | |
| Albertini (2000) |
| Gamboni et al. (1997) |
| Gamboni et al. (1998) |
| Naitza et al. (2015, April) |
| Di Franco (1942) |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
| Washington (1909) +12 other references |
Bagiński et al. (2018) | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Ferretti et al. (2008) |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Manasse et al. (2002) |
Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
Costagliola et al. (2008) | |
Manasse et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Costagliola et al. (2008) |
| Andrea MANASSE (2001) |
Mascaro et al. (1995) | |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +3 other references |
Japan | |
| Kuno (1960) +3 other references |
| Excalibur Mineral company specimens +1 other reference |
| SUENO et al. (2002) |
Yamada (2004) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Yasuko Okuyama-Kusunose analysis +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Petrov observations on ... |
Miyashiro (1956) | |
| Sueoka Y (2013) |
| Tomita (1936) +5 other references |
Kenya | |
Hackmann +3 other references | |
| Ridolfi et al. (2006) |
Hackmann +1 other reference | |
Webb +2 other references | |
| Bowen N L (1935) |
Johnshon (1969) +6 other references | |
| Gregory (1900) +6 other references |
| Davies et al. (1987) +4 other references |
Scott (1980) +4 other references | |
Thompson et al. (1963) +2 other references | |
| Shotton et al. (1974) +5 other references |
| Webb +1 other reference |
Shackleton (1946) +4 other references | |
Weaver et al. (1972) +1 other reference | |
McCall et al. (1972) +3 other references | |
Lithuania | |
| Zolensky et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Lacroix (1922) +2 other references |
Lacroix (1922) +5 other references | |
Malawi | |
| pdfs.semanticscholar.org (n.d.) +5 other references |
Wooley (2001) | |
Mali | |
| Black et al. (1979) +2 other references |
Mauritania | |
| - (n.d.) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Imai H. and Yurimoto H. (2000) |
| doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.9.1137 +3 other references |
Middle East | |
Vapnik et al. (2006) | |
Mongolia | |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| P. Kartashov et al. (2002) |
Kovalenko et al. (2004) | |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Peretyazhko et al. (2018) | |
Peretyazhko et al. (2018) | |
Myanmar | |
| |
Namibia | |
| Ettler et al. (2009) |
Netherlands | |
| De Wit et al. (2003) |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of Rod Martin |
| Martin Stolworthy Collection |
| Collection of RJ Martin inferred from ... |
| Sewell +7 other references |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Brown et al. (1994) |
| Personal collection of Rod Martin |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Collection of Rod Martin | |
Collection of RJ Martin +1 other reference | |
Thornton (Ed.) | |
Collection of Rod Martin | |
Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... | |
Essence of Microscope | |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... | |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
Rod Martin personal collection | |
| R. Martin. Tairua Essence of Microscope |
Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... | |
Niger | |
| consequences. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (6) +3 other references |
| Garde |
| consequences. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France (6) +2 other references |
Nigeria | |
| Bennett et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Bennett et al. (1984) |
| Bennett et al. (1984) +3 other references |
| T.J. McCoy +1 other reference |
| OMADA et al. (2003) |
| Wooley (2001) |
North Africa | |
| Floss et al. (2003) |
North Korea | |
| Abstracts of the Eighth International Conference on Geochronology and Isotope Geology (1994) |
Suzuki (1938) | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
Srinivasan et al. (2018) | |
Irving et al. (2003, March) | |
Barrat et al. (2001) | |
www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) | |
Jambon et al. (2010) | |
Jacquet et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
Houde et al. (2023) | |
Mikouchi et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
Leroux et al. (2006) | |
Norway | |
Prestvik et al. (1999) | |
Prestvik et al. (1999) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-3621 ( Ex Harald Folvik collection) |
| Griffin et al. (1974) |
| Grice et al. (2013) |
Grice et al. (2013) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Peter Andresen collection - 2011 |
Oman | |
| Binns (1968) |
| Taylor et al. (2001) |
Yukio et al. (2006) | |
The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2004) | |
Poland | |
| Włodyka et al. (2015) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Nowinska (2020) |
Portugal (TL) | |
| Gmelin (1840) |
von Fellenberg (1840) | |
| von Fellenberg (1840) |
von Fellenberg (1840) | |
| Cann (1967) |
Weston (1964) +6 other references | |
| Jeffery et al. (2016) |
Romania | |
| Delia Cristina Papp et al. (2005) |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
| Binns (1968) +1 other reference |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) +4 other references |
Russia | |
| |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
Sharygin et al. (2013) | |
| Chesnokov et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
Victor Grigorievich Korinevsky et al. (16) | |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (see https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-226-to-fkm-250/#FKM-226 for normalized analyses) |
| Krivolutskaya et al. (2021) |
| Sazonov et al. (2024) |
| Erokhin et al. (2017, December) |
| Sergeevna (2020) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2008) |
| European Journal of Mineralogy 19 (2007) |
Menshikov et al. (2015) | |
Konopleva et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
Konopleva et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
... | |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) |
| V.A. Gorelov (1997) |
| Коневин et al. (2020) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
Kostin (2020) +1 other reference | |
| Mikhailenko +5 other references |
| Trunilina et al. (2022) |
| Gamyanin et al. (1998) |
| Murzin et al. (2022) |
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
Bell +41 other references | |
C. Harris et al. (1982) | |
doi.org/10.1093/petrology/26.1.149 +5 other references | |
| Baker et al. (1964) +2 other references |
Saint Lucia | |
| M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. +1 other reference |
| M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. |
Saudi Arabia | |
| du Bray +2 other references |
| Baker et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
Seychelles | |
Baker +1 other reference | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Háber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts) |
Pauliš P. | |
South Africa | |
| Company web site +2 other references |
| Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa |
| Buchanan et al. (1981) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| S.M.C. Verryn et al (1991) |
| MacDougall et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
South Korea | |
| Kim +7 other references |
| Choi et al. (2024) |
Spain | |
| Calabrés +2 other references |
| Garcia G. et al. (2004) |
| Tanago et al. (2012) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Samarakoon et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| Dana 6:457. |
| |
| |
| S.Hjelmqvist: The titaniferous iron-ore ... |
| Sandström et al. (2011) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| Johan Söderhielm |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Wenk +4 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Sharygin et al. (2009) |
Turkey | |
| Pearce et al. (1990) +9 other references |
UK | |
| BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
| BMS Newsletter 14. British Micromount Society (June 1985) |
| Day (1999) |
| [var: Ferrohortonolite] Ryback et al. (1988) |
| Evans (1972) |
| Battey et al. (1962) |
| THOMPSON (1968) +2 other references |
Emeleus et al. (1992) | |
THOMPSON (1968) | |
| Emeleus et al. (1992) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| ... |
| Harris et al. (1954) |
| [var: Ferrohortonolite] Phemister (1942) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
Krivdik et al. (1988) | |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2021) |
USA | |
| Stephen P. Reidel and Martin E. Ross (2022) |
| Stearns (1944) +5 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
Galbraith (1959) +2 other references | |
| Parsons +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 457. +3 other references |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Rogers (1922) +1 other reference |
Rutley (1890) +5 other references | |
Grossman et al. (2000) +3 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 458. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +2 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 459. +2 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
- (2005) | |
[AmMin 84:196] | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
Hanson et al. (2013) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:185 +1 other reference |
| Lithos Volume 21 |
| Velde (1978) |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 +3 other references |
| Berkley et al. (1980) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| New York +4 other references |
| Wiebe et al. |
| Espenshade |
| Espenshade |
| Gilman |
| Gilman |
King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
Gilman | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Gleba (2008) |
P. Cristofono collection 2011 | |
Palache (1950) | |
Palache (1950) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Tutolo et al. (2019) |
| - (2005) |
| Kaplan (2016) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
MacDonald et al. (2019) | |
Noble et al. (1968) | |
| www.meteorites4sale.net/MET_B.HTM |
| ... |
| |
| Smith (2005) |
| Eby (1984) |
| Brush (1871) +3 other references |
Dana (1892) | |
www.fomsnj.org (n.d.) | |
| Burns et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
USGS GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS SERIES ... +1 other reference | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 15894 |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| U.S Department Of Commerce +1 other reference |
| U.S Department Of Commerce +1 other reference |
| C.W. Allen collection |
| Meteoritics |
| Olsen et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1991) |
| in the personal collection of Jennifer ... |
| Zhidong Xie et al. (2005) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| American Mineralogist 76:218-229 (1991) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Beard et al. (2002) |
| Can Mineral February 1998 v. 36 no. 1 ... +2 other references |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01 |
R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... | |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... |
| R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 Wisconsin ... |
| Frost et al. (eds.) |
| Izett et al. (1968) |
| Iddings et al. (1892) |
Handbook of Mineralogy (http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/fayalite.pdf) | |
Western Sahara | |
| Meteoritical Society Abstracts (2001) |
Yemen | |
| Cox et al. (1969) +2 other references |
Manasse (1908) +3 other references | |
The Moon | |
| El Goresy et al. (1971) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta: 34 (1) | |
Vol.2: Chemical Isotope Analyses +2 other references | |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
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Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany