Montmorillonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Montmorillonite
Formula:
(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Colour:
White, buff, yellow, green, rarely pale pink to red
Lustre:
Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
1 - 2
Specific Gravity:
2 - 3
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
For the type locality at Montmorillon, Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France.
Type Locality:
Montmorillonite-Vermiculite Group; Beidellite-Montmorillonite Series.
A common clay mineral. Compare 'UM1979-21-SiO:AlHNaV'.
As halloysite, it may be a biomineral formed by the action of lichens (e.g., Lasallia spp., Parmelia spp., etc.) on cave deposits and on waters (see Burford et al., 2003).
A common clay mineral. Compare 'UM1979-21-SiO:AlHNaV'.
As halloysite, it may be a biomineral formed by the action of lichens (e.g., Lasallia spp., Parmelia spp., etc.) on cave deposits and on waters (see Burford et al., 2003).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2821
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2821:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
a8b3ef6f-7b41-4a51-b5b4-0b4312b36741
IMA Classification of Montmorillonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2 · nH2O
Classification of Montmorillonite
9.EC.40
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.3.1a.2
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
16.7.9
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
7 : Aluminosilicates of Mg
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
7 : Aluminosilicates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Mnt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Mnt | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Mnt | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Mnt | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Mnt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Mnt | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Montmorillonite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Montmorillonite
Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Low luster because of fine-grained nature of the mineral
Colour:
White, buff, yellow, green, rarely pale pink to red
Comment:
Pink to red coloration is due to high valance Mn
Streak:
white
Hardness:
1 - 2 on Mohs scale
Comment:
Soft because of fine-grained occurrence
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {001}
on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2 - 3 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Montmorillonite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.485 - 1.535 nβ = 1.504 - 1.550 nγ = 1.505 - 1.550
2V:
Measured: 5° to 30°
Birefringence:
0.02
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.020
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= colorless to pale brown, yellow green
Y= dark brown to yellow-green, olive-green, pale yellow
Z= brown to olive-green, pale yellow
Y= dark brown to yellow-green, olive-green, pale yellow
Z= brown to olive-green, pale yellow
Comments:
Usually not pleochroic; pleochroism dependent on chemical substitution
Chemistry of Montmorillonite
Mindat Formula:
(Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Common Impurities:
Fe,K
Crystallography of Montmorillonite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.17 Å, b = 8.94 Å, c = 9.95 Å
β = 99.54°
β = 99.54°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.578 : 1 : 1.113
Unit Cell V:
453.53 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Scaly crystals, clayey, compact, massive
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0002868 | Montmorillonite | Viani A, Gualtieri A, Artioli G (2002) The nature of disorder in montmorillonite by simulation of X-ray powder patterns American Mineralogist 87 966-975 | 2002 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009126 | Montmorillonite | Gournis D, Lappas A, Karakassides M A, Tobbens D, Moukarika A (2008) A neutron diffraction study of alkali cation migration in montmorillonites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 35 49-58 | 2008 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009127 | Montmorillonite | Gournis D, Lappas A, Karakassides M A, Tobbens D, Moukarika A (2008) A neutron diffraction study of alkali cation migration in montmorillonites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 35 49-58 | 2008 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009128 | Montmorillonite | Gournis D, Lappas A, Karakassides M A, Tobbens D, Moukarika A (2008) A neutron diffraction study of alkali cation migration in montmorillonites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 35 49-58 | 2008 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009129 | Montmorillonite | Gournis D, Lappas A, Karakassides M A, Tobbens D, Moukarika A (2008) A neutron diffraction study of alkali cation migration in montmorillonites Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 35 49-58 | 2008 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
15.0 Å | (100) |
5.01 Å | (60) |
4.50 Å | (80) |
3.77 Å | (20) |
3.02 Å | (60) |
1.70 Å | (30) |
1.50 Å | (50) |
1.49 Å | (50) |
Comments:
Basal spacings sensitive to interlayer hydration. Dehydrated montmorillonite may have a 13.6 Angstrom spacing.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
16 : Low-𝑇 aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
Near-surface Processes | |
22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Alteration product of volcanic tuffs and ash. Late-hydrothermal formation in various rocks.
Type Occurrence of Montmorillonite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Compact earthy massive mineral.
Synonyms of Montmorillonite
Other Language Names for Montmorillonite
Catalan:Montmorillonita
Dutch:Montmorilloniet
Esperanto:Montmorijonito
French:Montmorillonite
Hebrew:מונטמורילוניט
Hungarian:Montmorillonit
Italian:Montmorillonite
Japanese:モンモリロン石
Polish:Montmorillonit
Portuguese:Montmorillonita
Russian:Монтмориллонит
Simplified Chinese:蒙脱石
Slovak:Montmorillonit
Spanish:Montmorillonita
Traditional Chinese:蒙脫石
Ukrainian:Монтморилоніт
Varieties of Montmorillonite
Alumodeweylite | An intermediate between montmorillonite and sepiolite. |
Askanite | A variety of Montmorillonite - a decomposition product of volcanic ash. Originally described from Askana, Ozurgety District, Georgia. |
Batrachite | A pale greenish-grey variety of Montmorillonite. Originally reported from Toal de Rizzoni, Monzoni Mts, Fassa Valley, Trento Province, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy. |
Calcium-Montmorillonite | A calcian montmorillonite |
Delanovite | A manganiferous variety of Montmorillonite. Originally reported from Dordogne, Aquitaine, France. |
Ferrimontmorillonite | An Fe-bearing variety of montmorillonite. |
Relationship of Montmorillonite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O | Hex. |
Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. |
Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O | Mon. |
Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) | Mon. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
70 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
27 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Chabazite | |
27 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Phillipsite Subgroup | |
23 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O |
20 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
13 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
11 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Elbaite | Na(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH) |
10 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Manganese Oxides | |
10 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Lepidolite | |
9 photos of Montmorillonite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Montdorite | (K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | K(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.15 | Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | (K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Chloroferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.22 | Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.30 | Chlorophaeite | (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O |
9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
9.EC.52 | Tarasovite | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | (Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Chamosite | (Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | (Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Orthochamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Fluorescence of Montmorillonite
Usually not fluorescent, except by mixtures with autunite, etc.
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Basal spacings collapse to lower values with dehydration
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Montmorillonite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Montmorillonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2821.html
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Mineral Dealers:
References for Montmorillonite
Localities for Montmorillonite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Betts (n.d.) |
Jessica D. DeWitt et al. (2020) | |
Antarctica | |
| Gyollai et al. (2016) |
| Browne |
Kammerer (2011) | |
Argentina | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| RUBINSTEIN |
| Musso et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Mas et al. (1994) |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
Paz et al. (2016) | |
| Zubía et al. (2008) |
| www.mineralatlas.com (n.d.) |
Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
Armenia | |
| Bowell et al. (2021) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
Martos-Villa +5 other references | |
| Milinovic +6 other references |
Australia | |
| Wilde (1988) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| England (1994) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Markham et al. (1975) |
| Dodds (1969) |
| Graham et al. (2002) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Adamson (1962) |
| England (1984) |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| Segnit (1973) |
| Graham et al. (2002) |
Podgson RE | |
| O'Toole (1973) |
| Magirian (1998) |
| Rix (1964/94) |
| Lindner (1983) |
| Zeissink (1969) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| www.smedg.org.au (2011) |
| |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Sahlström et al. (2016) |
| Georgina Gordon (2014) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Collection of Mark Willoughby |
Eggleton (1959) | |
| |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| M Latham & R Bottrill +1 other reference |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Patterson |
| |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| W.D.Birch & A. and S. Johnson 1979. ... |
| |
| Birch (1989) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Carr et al. (2021) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Huston (2001) |
| Cook et al. (2023) |
Murrin Murrin Nickel Laterite Deposit +2 other references | |
| Graham (2003) |
| Nickel (1982) |
| Lintern (1998) |
| Francesco et al. (2019) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Recent Investigations of the Mitchell ... +3 other references |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Huber et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Zirkl (1961) |
| Knobloch (1982) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Holzer et al. (1963) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
- (n.d.) | |
| Strasser (1989) +2 other references |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Taucher (1998) +1 other reference |
| Postl (1978) |
| Taucher et al. (1992) |
| Hollerer (1999) |
Freyn (1902) | |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
Postl et al. (1996) | |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher (1989) |
| Reiter (1999) |
Belarus | |
| E.P. Shpanov et al. (1989) |
Belgium | |
| Thorez (1973) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Breithaupt (1832) +2 other references |
| BLONDIEAU M. et al. (2017) |
Bolivia | |
| Biagioni et al. (2022) |
| Cacho et al. (2019) |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Bevandić et al. (2018) |
Brazil | |
Queiroz (2016) | |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) |
Atencio et al. (2004) | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| [Mineralogical Record - Vol 25 No.3] |
| Waber (1991) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1980) |
| SALLUN FILHO (orgs.) +1 other reference |
| e Souza et al. (2020) |
| Manfred Bergmann (2009) |
Manfred Bergmann (2009) | |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Aleksiev (1967) +1 other reference |
| Kunov et al. (2001) |
| Georgiev et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Georgiev et al. (2002) |
Cambodia | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) |
| Piilonen et al. (2022) |
Cameroon | |
| Lambert et al. (2008) |
Canada | |
| British Columbia Ministry of Energy |
| Tschernich et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Lypaczewski et al. (2020) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Duuring et al. (2009) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Bannatyne (1985) |
153-155. +2 other references | |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection (Specimen 40536) |
| Schindler et al. (2012) |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Robinson et al. (1996) |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
| CLÉMENT |
| Horváth & Spertini (2008 & 2009) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| Horváth et al. (1998) |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
Sabina (1983) | |
| Sabina (1987) |
| Knipping (1974) |
| Watson et al. (1996) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Chile | |
| Camus et al. (1991) |
The Mineralogical Record: 32: 209. +2 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Cortecci et al. (2005) | |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| Guo et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| " Geología de los distritos mineros Checo de Cobre (provincia de Atacama) +2 other references |
| Sernageomin database 2005 +1 other reference |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| YAMANA GOLD INC. ANNUAL INFORMATION ... |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
- (2003) | |
- (2003) +1 other reference | |
China | |
| Yanhua Wang and Hanzhu Wang (1998) |
| LIU et al. (2021) |
Qingtao Huang (1984) | |
| Zhangru Zhu (1993) |
| Duan et al. (2022) |
| Songmao Chen (1984) |
| Shufeng Huang et al. (1999) |
| Yunhuai Lin (1982) +2 other references |
| Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 11 (2) |
| Peters (2002) |
| Hewei Zhang (1982) +2 other references |
| Mao Jingwen et al. (2000) |
Mingzuan Xu et al. (2011) | |
| Jinzhong Qi et al. (2008) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Lin Niu (1994) |
| Dajing Chen et al. (2001) |
| Zhangling Liu (1980) +2 other references |
| Shuhui Cai et al. (2012) |
| Dairong Yan et al. (2006) |
| Shouquan Zhu (2001) |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) |
| Shihua Qi et al. (2000) |
| Dajing Chen et al. (2001) |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) |
Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Dajing Chen and Mingshou Yang (2000) +1 other reference |
Sun et al. (2021) | |
| Liu et al. (2015) |
| Yaojian Xu and Tieping Wu (2008) |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Surong Ji et al. (1987) |
| Jiuming Li et al. (2006) |
Qianwen Cao and Yaowu Ren (1990) | |
| 成嘉伟 et al. (2023) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference |
| Zhiguo Zhang et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Jinzhong Qi et al. (2000) |
| Zhaojun Meng et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Zhai et al. (2015) |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) |
| Li et al. (2019) |
| Shouting Zhang et al. (2004) |
| Meng et al. (2022) |
| Senpo Wen (2009) |
Senpo Wen et al. (2008) | |
| Qinghai Ji et al. (2013) |
| Li (2008) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
Jingqu Yao (1992) | |
| Yanbing Tang (2005) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Chao Chen and Fapeng Xie (1986) |
| Linjiang Wang et al. (1999) |
| Liu (2017) |
| Wenguang Li (1997) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
Fushan Wang (1991) | |
Fushan Wang (1991) | |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Chen et al. (2022) |
| Manxiang Huang (1991) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| [var: Askanite] Zhenmi Liu (2000) |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Ding et al. (2024) |
| Luo et al. (2014) |
| Zhong Wang (2004) |
| Lei Ji et al. (1994) |
| Yingxia Xu et al. (2006) |
| Tian et al. (2023) |
| Yi Luo et al. (2012) |
| Li et al. (2021) |
| Jia Li et al. (1998) |
Jia Li et al. (1998) | |
| Kai Meng et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Yao +7 other references |
| Tianhu Chen et al. (2004) |
Ruishi Yang and Wenguang Li (2001) | |
| Sisong Chen et al. (1980) |
| Kecong Han and Shengyun Ma (1985) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Chen +4 other references |
| Wenle Zeng et al. (2010) |
| Xinkui Xiang (1992) +1 other reference |
| Shufang He and Jianping Lu (2001) |
| Desong Lin (1993) |
| Jie Yao et al. (2002) |
| Zhixian Liu (1985) |
| Renyi Chen and Zhongyao Rui (1993) |
| Jiangli Pang (1999) |
| www.sud-chemie.com.cn (n.d.) |
| Guangyu Zhou (1983) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference |
| Chang Xu (1985) |
| Chang Xu (1985) |
Chang Xu (1985) | |
Chang Xu (1985) | |
| Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference |
| Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference |
Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Xueming Wang et al. (2001) |
Wang et al. (2023) | |
| Zhongtang Yang et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Zilin Tang et al. (1988) |
| Dahlkamp et al. (2009) |
| Bingshe Zhang et al. (2013) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Jianchao Liu et al. (2010) |
| Yongtao Zhang and Guiqin Tang (1986) |
| Xiaoming Qu et al. (2001) |
| Peters (2002) |
| Zhaoying Liu and Wang Zufu Wang (1989) |
| Huang +4 other references |
| Chang Xu (1985) |
| Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference |
| Chang Xu (1985) |
Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference | |
Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Zhaoyan Gu et al. (1994) |
| Chang Xu (1985) +1 other reference |
Chang Xu (1985) | |
| Chang Xu (1985) |
| Chang Xu (1985) |
| Junxing Zhao et al. (2011) |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) |
| Qingsheng Xu et al. (2011) |
| Dongan Wang (1986) |
| Yang et al. (2020) |
| Mianping Zheng et al. (2007) |
Minghui Li et al. (2007) | |
| Zhian Qin (1999) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Yang et al. (2009) |
| Chunzeng Wang et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Yang et al. (2005) |
| Lianchang Zhang et al. (2004) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
IAEA Technical Document 1396 (2004) | |
| Yuan Feng et al. (2002) |
Yushe Zhao and Bin Zhang (2014) | |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Denghong Wang (1996) |
| Yang et al. (2009) |
| Maozhong Min et al. (2005) |
Guo Wang et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
Maozhong Min et al. (2005) | |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Wu Zhansheng et al. (2006) |
| Long Xiao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Zhu et al. (2022) |
| Zhusen Yang et al. (2000) |
| Hou Zengqian et al. (2003) |
| Baiyou Chen et al. (2002) |
| Ruijun Chen et al. (1993) |
| Huaning Qiu et al. (2000) |
| Dengfang Wang and Canfa Da (1995) |
| Yonghong Jiang and Shengrong Li (2004) |
| Dongmei Tang et al. (2006) |
| Peters et al. (2007) |
| Hanhe Liu (2007) |
| Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005) |
| Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005) |
| Shugen Zhang et al. (2006) |
| Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005) |
| Jishun Liu (1991) |
| Yaofu Zhang et al. (1991) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Obando-Acuña et al. (2019) |
Czech Republic | |
| Litochleb +4 other references |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Šmůla |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Jan Hloušek |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Fengl +3 other references |
| Pauliš et al. (podkrkonošská pánev, Česká republika) |
| Pauliš |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
Kuttna +1 other reference | |
| Fengl (2.) |
| Rychlý |
| Janouš +4 other references |
| Primas |
| Welser |
| Hrazdil |
| collection of Petr Fuchs |
| Sejkora (1998) |
| E.L. Clopton collection #ELC1482 and ... |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Petr Fuchs collection | |
| Pauliš |
| Trnka M (1982) |
| Staně +4 other references |
Staněk | |
Novák | |
Pauliš | |
Denmark | |
| Prior (1973) +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Egypt | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
| Wenle Zeng and Yuntao Zhang (2009) |
El Salvador | |
| Torio-Henríquez (2007) |
Ethiopia | |
| Baumann et al. (1975) |
| Jelenc (1966) |
Fiji | |
| Economic Geology +5 other references |
| Orovan (2016) |
| Orovan (2016) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka mikkol acollection |
| Sarapää +8 other references |
| Al-Ani et al. (2018) |
| Mäki (1997) |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Lahti |
| Alviola |
| Haapala (1966) |
France | |
| NICOLAS et al. (1963) |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| |
| P.G. Pelisson : "Etude Mineralogique et ... |
| |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Velde (1968) |
| Dudoignon et al. (1989) |
Dudoignon et al. (1989) | |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Belot (1978) |
| M.Deliens et al. (2004) |
| |
| Patureau et al. (2011) |
| [var: Delanovite] Dana's System of Mineralogy 5th ed. |
| Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France (1847) +1 other reference |
| Boutry et al. (1986) |
| Berbain. C |
| Manuel N. Bass (1971) |
| "Les minéralisations associées au volcanisme andésitique de Biot-Villeneuve Loubet (Alpes Maritimes) |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) |
Georgia | |
| [var: Askanite] Ralph E. Grim (2011) |
| Varentsov (1996) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Anthony Geneyton Collection |
| |
| |
| 50. (in German) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 1977 (6) +1 other reference |
| Stähle et al. (2008) |
| Habel (2009) |
| Habel (2011) |
| see locality page |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| Weiß (1990) |
54. +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Keck (2010) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 1980 (6) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 1980 (6) |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| |
| Ehrenberg et al. (1982) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Ko Jansen +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (2010) |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Zeolite collection of Volker Betz |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Collection of Walter Göttler |
| Dreizler (1962) |
| Füchtbauer et al. (1956) |
| |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Burns (2007) |
G.R. Osinski et al. | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Frechen (1976) |
| Rykart et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| collection of Ch.&H. Schäfer |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| 50. +1 other reference |
| Hentschel (1983) |
Hentschel (1987) | |
Hentschel (1987) | |
| Hentschel |
| Hentschel |
| Blass et al. (Eicher Sattel) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| [Hentschel et al. (5) |
| in the collection of Hermann Fuchs |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Schüller et al. (1986) |
Hentschel (1987) | |
| Hentschel (1993) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
Hentschel (1983) | |
| Hentschel |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schüller et al. (1950) |
Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Field collected by Alfredo Petrov |
| www.geologica-saxonica.de (n.d.) |
| Tröger (2012) |
| Leonhardt et al. (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Schüller (1953) |
Greece | |
| Sofia Kalatha et al. (2017) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| Godelitsas et al. (2010) |
| Kilias et al. (2001) |
Greenland | |
| Sørensen (2001) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Kovács et al. (2003) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| |
| Kovács-Pálffy et al. (2008) |
Kovács-Pálffy et al. (2008) | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Koch: Mierals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| |
| Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary |
| |
www.geomania.hu (2013) | |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
Szakáll (2002) | |
| Földessy et al. (2008) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian ... | |
| |
| |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi (1996) |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Iceland | |
| Sigurdur H. Markússon |
| Carson (2015) |
India | |
| Nayak et al. (2024) |
www.mpgovt.nic.in/mineralresources/ | |
| Banerjee |
Banerjee | |
| Raju +1 other reference |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| G. K. Kesar (2011) |
| Barber (1981) |
| Nayak et al. (1998) |
Indian Ocean | |
Bibhuranjan Nayak et al. (2011) | |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
| Suhendra et al. (2024) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Taixu Luo (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Al Hakim et al. (2017) |
| Milési et al. (1999) |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Abidin et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Ellahi et al. (2016) |
| Derakhshani et al. (2009) |
Khorasanipour (2015) | |
| Ghadimi et al. (2013) |
| Fazli et al. (2022) |
| Ali Sholeh et al. (2016) |
| Raeisi et al. (2023) |
| Fritz Ebner et al. (2018) |
| Sepidbar et al. (2021) |
| Mehrabi et al. (2016) |
| USGS database |
| Ghasemi Siani et al. (2022) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Israel | |
| Weiner et al. (1993) |
| Bartura et al. (1974) |
Italy | |
| Barbieri et al. (1984) |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Catalano et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Di Sabatino et al. (1979) |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
| Mattias et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| 415. +1 other reference |
| Redazione (2005) |
| Carbone et al. (2002) |
| Palenzona et al. (1988) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Vola (2020) |
| |
| Mattioli V. - La Vigezzite |
| Mattioli (1979 b) +3 other references |
Appiani et al. (1995) +2 other references | |
| Uras (1974) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Gamboni et al. (2012) |
S. Cuccuru (2011) | |
| Billows (1941) |
| Padalino et al. (2003) |
| MacLean et al. (1997) |
| Simeone et al. (1999) |
| Stara P. (1996) |
| Da Pelo et al. (2000) |
| Apollaro et al. (2023) |
Savelli et al. (1999) | |
Cardiano et al. (2008) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| [var: Batrachite] De Michele (1974) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| [var: Batrachite] |
| Dr. GIOVANNI MONTINI (GR) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Benvenuti et al. (2000) |
| Bardi et al. (2009) |
Cipriani et al. (1977) | |
| Eckhardt et al. (1997) |
Eckhardt et al. (1997) | |
| Pasquale Antonazzo collection - 2008 |
| 50 +1 other reference |
| Andreatta (1950) |
| Boscardin |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Boscardin et al. (1998) |
Japan | |
| Almeda (1985) |
| Shikazono et al. (1998) |
| Kagaya (1962) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
Hideo Kuroda (1978) | |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Kim (1994) |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| ... |
| Atsushi ISHIHARA |
Chunxie Pu (1978) | |
| Itwatsuki T. and H. Yoshida (1999) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Sakae and Sudo (1975) +1 other reference |
| Watanabe J and Hasegawa K (1986) |
| Nakamoto et al. (1969) |
| Myint (1996) |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens. |
| Iichiro Takahashi (1957) |
| Kimbara et al. (1982) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Fulin Zhang et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
Ibaraki et al. (1991) | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Nokleberg +2 other references |
| Narita (1963) |
Narita (1963) | |
Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) +1 other reference | |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Fujii et al. (1971) |
| Nokleberg et al. (2010) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| geopubs.wr.usgs.gov (2004) +1 other reference |
| Matsueda (1980) |
| Suzuki et al. (2008) |
Suzuki et al. (2008) | |
| Yeats et al. (2017) |
| Ishibashi (1974) |
| Nakatsugawa Mineral Museum (Gifu Prefecture, Japan) |
| Sudo et al. (1967) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Amer.Min. (1959) |
Jordan | |
| Techer et al. (2006) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| Saburov (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Yegorov et al. (1970) |
Kosovo | |
| Palinkaš +6 other references |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Soloviev (2011) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Madagascar | |
| Federico Pezzotta XRD analysis |
| Cecco (2013) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-538 (Similar specimen analyzed by XRD, pers. com. F.Pezzotta 21.04.2000) |
Malaysia | |
| Caisheng Zhao et al. (2004) |
Marshall Islands | |
Rex (1967) | |
Mexico | |
| Moore (1998) |
| Econ Geol (1991) |
Econ Geol (1991) | |
| Megaw |
| Sotelo (2016) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| |
| Am Min (1955) |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Ruiz |
| Espinosa Perea (1999) |
| Garcia y Barragan (1975) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Dilley (1993) |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| N.V. Vladykin data |
Hawthorne et al. (1986) | |
Davaasuren et al. (2016) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Gomes et al. (2022) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Namibia | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Wartha et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
[Mineralogical Record 28:124] | |
Nazca Plate | |
Zawadzki et al. (2022) +1 other reference | |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
New Zealand | |
| Carlson et al. (1974) |
| Mac Beggs (1978) |
| Lloyd et al. (1996) |
| Jones (1972) |
| Near Kakanui +1 other reference |
| Reay et al. (2002) |
| Mulliner (2006) |
| Mossman et al. (2000) |
Mossman et al. (2000) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1992) |
| Singh (2015) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Rabone et al. (1989) | |
Rabone | |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Moore (1979) |
New Zealand Journal of Geology and ... | |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Hynek et al. (2013) | |
Hynek et al. (2013) | |
Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference | |
Niger | |
| www.cnncintl.com (2015) |
North America | |
182-183. +1 other reference | |
North Korea | |
| Tsuda (1969) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Temovski (2016) |
| Radusinović (1966) |
| Radusinovic (1974) |
Norway | |
| Weibye (1848) |
| Breivik (2015) |
| Revheim (2006) |
| Nilssen et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Nordli et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Nordrum (2007) | |
| Ihlen (1986) |
Wel (1972) | |
| Raade et al. (1993) |
| Hjelle et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Kvamsdal (1999) |
| Kvamsdal (2018) |
| Kristiansen (2022) |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) |
Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Brøgger (1890, January) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Larsen et al. (1976) |
| Brøgger (1890, January) |
Åsheim et al. (2008) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Larsen (1993) |
| Salter et al. (1974) |
| Witsø (1994) |
| Andersen (2017) |
| Larsen (2004) |
| Nordrum et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Nordrum et al. (2006) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
Berge (1993) | |
| Larsen et al. (1992) |
Berge (n.d.) | |
Berge (n.d.) | |
Andersen (1993) | |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
Berge (n.d.) | |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (1993) |
| Berge (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Larsen (2015) |
Nordrum (2007) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
Berge (n.d.) | |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
Berge (n.d.) | |
| Berge et al. (2011) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
Berge (2013) | |
Larsen et al. (2010) | |
Åsheim et al. (2008) | |
Raade et al. (1980) | |
| Larsen et al. (2007) |
| Andersen et al. (1994) |
| Breivik (2018) |
| Berget (2006) |
| Rosenqvist (1957) |
| Nordrum (1999) |
| Nordrum et al. (2006) |
| Raade et al. (1982) |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Larsen (1978) |
Oman | |
| Rajendran et al. (2014) |
| |
Pacific Ocean | |
Escoube et al. (2015) | |
| Fengyou Chu et al. (2006) |
Pakistan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Canadian Mineralogist +1 other reference |
imported from Rondu District +1 other reference | |
Panama | |
| Byington |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Rinne et al. (2018) |
| Petersen et al. (2002) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Peru | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Rainbow et al. (2005) |
| Bin Wu et al. (2013) |
| Gibson (1992) |
| Lewis Jr (1964) |
| Pérez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| O'Connor et al. (2018) |
Philippines | |
| Jianmin Chen (2011) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Poland | |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski Collection |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski Collection |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski Collection |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Mochnacka K. 1975: Mineralizacja skał ... |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Pendias H. (1961) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Trippke P. (1878 a) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Sułkowski J. (1967) |
| Janeczek J. et al. (1991) |
| Szełęg E. & Szuszkiewicz A. 2010: ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Collected by Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski Collection |
| Szopa et al. (2015) |
| W. Szeliga |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Górniak et al. (2021) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Flahaut et al. (2018, September) |
Rui Nunes 23rd January 2009 | |
| Rui Nunes 2012 |
| Mineralien Atlas |
| International Geological Congress (2008) |
Romania | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Slavoaca |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
| Popa T. (2004) |
| A. Januszewska PXRD data / Januszewska et al. (in preparation) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Onac et al. (2003) |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Bailey |
| Talovina et al. (2008) |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| Mashkovtsev et al. (2010) |
| Nikolaev et al. (2013) |
Volkov et al. (2011) | |
| Gurbanov et al. (2008) |
| Anastasiya SERGEEVA (2023) |
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (1984) | |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
Okrugin (2004) | |
Takahashi et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Wanlie Ding (2005) |
[var: Askanite] Kuleshov et al. (2002) | |
| Burlakov (1995) |
Burlakov (1999) | |
| Dai et al. (2022) |
| Goryachev et al. (2008) |
| Filimonova et al. (2008) |
| Savva et al. (2011) |
| Зубрев И.Н |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Ivan Novikov analytical data |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) |
Pekov et al. (2004) | |
... | |
| Pekov et al. (2007) |
| Popov et al. (2014) |
| ... |
| Sharkov (2009) |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
Talovina et al. (2003) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Khetchikov +3 other references |
| Ivin et al. (2021) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| Sokol et al. (2021) |
| webcenter.ru (2002) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
| Zueva et al. (2023) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Saint Lucia | |
| A Mars Analogue Site. Masters Thesis +1 other reference |
Senegal | |
| www.uoguelph.ca (2003) |
Serbia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Zivanovic (2019) |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
| Malinko et al. (2004) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| |
| Kozák J. et al. (2017) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
Koděra (1986) | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Pauliš P. | |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš P. |
| Pauliš P. |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Rusinová P. & Bačík P. (2013) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Bačo | |
| Bacsó |
| Pauliš P. |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda eut al. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
| Bačo |
| Duda et all. |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
Duda et all. | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš |
Slovenia | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Glass (2006) |
| Pers. comm. of company geologist to ... |
| Heron (1992) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| David J. Barber (1985) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1943) |
Econ Geol (1994) +1 other reference | |
Spain | |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) |
| B. Onac et al (2009) |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Onac et al. (2005) |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Ruishi Yang and Wenguang Li (2001) |
| Weibel (1955) |
Sweden | |
| Bergström et al. (1980) |
| Bergström et al. (1982) |
| Bergström et al. (1982) |
Norin (1949) | |
| |
| Swedish Nat.Museum |
Swedish Nat.Museum | |
Swedish Nat.Museum | |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
| Swedish Nat.Musuem |
Swedish Nat.Museum | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| Nysten (2004) |
| Sandström (2008) |
| Sandtsröm (2002) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Wagner A. (1994) +1 other reference |
| M. Delaloye (1966) |
| |
| Lützenkirchen et al. (2011) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Taiwan | |
| Simmons et al. (2005) |
Yui et al. (1999) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Tanzania | |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci (1998) |
| Helvaci +2 other references |
Gultekin et al. (2016) | |
| Huseyin Yilmaz et al. (2010) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (2003) |
| Echle (1967) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Öztürk et al. (1995) |
| Aluc et al. (2020) |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +2 other references |
| Ersoy et al. (2023) |
| Masurenko et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Altay et al. (2010) |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Yahya Çiftçi et al. (2013) |
| USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161 |
Turkmenistan | |
| Vladimir A. Maltsev (1993) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Hall (1868) |
Hall (1868) | |
| Collins (1878) +1 other reference |
Dines (1956) | |
| Paul De Bondt collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
Ford et al. (1993) | |
| McLintock (1923) |
Day (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Hall (1868) |
| Hall (1868) |
Hall (1868) | |
| |
| Am Min 61:3-4 pp 299-302 |
Ukraine | |
| Arbuzov V.A. et al. (1967) |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Bobrov et al. (2006, August) |
| Popov et al. (1938) |
| Emetz et al. (2005) |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| Bailey (1980) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2005) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis ... | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| ... |
| - (2008) |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| - (2008) |
| Nokleberg et al. (1982) |
| - (2008) |
| Witkind (1963) +1 other reference |
| Kiersch (1955b) +1 other reference |
Kiersch (1955b) +1 other reference | |
Kiersch (1955b) +1 other reference | |
| Kiersch (1955b) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Galbraith (1959) | |
| Howell (1977) |
| Pipkin (1967) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Hinkley (1955) +1 other reference |
Bollin & Kerr (1958) +1 other reference | |
Hinkley (1955) +1 other reference | |
118 +3 other references | |
Bollin & Kerr (1958) +1 other reference | |
118 +3 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
University of Utah geology department ... | |
| Yedlin (1972) |
| . +2 other references |
| Peterson (1962) +1 other reference |
| Besse (1981) |
| Schwartz (1947) +3 other references |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Lowell (1956) +1 other reference |
| Witkind (1963) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Kerr (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bain et al. (2022) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Jones (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MRDS databaase Dep. ID #10037118 +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Norton (1965) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1933) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
Howard (2007) | |
| Rocks & Min. (1995) +1 other reference |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
Howard (2007) | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) +2 other references |
Howard (2007) | |
| Arkansas Geological Commission |
| - (2005) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Melhase (1926) +2 other references |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 439. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 439. +2 other references |
| J.W. Anthony et al. (2003) |
| Erd et al. (1979) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bradley (1941) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 69 +2 other references |
| Am Min 49:543-555 |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 439. +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 439. +2 other references |
| Kerr (1936) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 439. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 440. +2 other references |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... |
| - (2005) |
| Merrill (1919) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 440. +4 other references |
| Sherlock (1996) |
| San Diego Mining Company (1998) |
| Cal Div of Mines & Geo Bulletin 189 " ... |
Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Erd et al. (1993) |
| www.benitoitemine.com |
| - (2005) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Melhase (1926) +2 other references |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 442 +4 other references |
MarekC (2018) | |
| - (2005) |
Ames et al. (1958) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 440. +2 other references |
| Todd |
Todd (1987) | |
| Carnahan |
| Irelan et al. (1890a) +3 other references |
| Jeffrey E. Patterson analysis |
Overview of work including adit ... +1 other reference | |
| Hapeman (2011) |
| www.gemandmineral.com/stewartmine.html. |
personal communication with Scott L. Ritchie (SDMC) +1 other reference | |
personal communication with Scott L. Ritchie (SDMC) +1 other reference | |
San Diego Mining Company (1998) | |
San Diego Mining Company | |
| Kunz (1905) |
Foord et al. (1989) | |
Foord et al. (1989) | |
San Diego Mining Company | |
| Ritchie |
| Ernst (1975) |
| Pampeyan (2010) |
| Pampeyan (2010) |
Pampeyan (2010) | |
Pampeyan (2010) | |
Pampeyan (2010) | |
Pampeyan (2010) | |
| California Journal of Mines and Geology (Report 21) +1 other reference |
| Robert G. Lee et al. (2005) |
| Laizure (1927) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 441 +3 other references |
| Kerr (1931) +2 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 441. +3 other references | |
Kerr (1931) +1 other reference | |
| Dickinson +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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- (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
USGS Bull 1027E +1 other reference | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Bull 1082F |
USGS Bull 1082F | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Kucera (2021) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Prof Paper 320 |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
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| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Rocks & Minerals (July-August, 2002) | |
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| Carnein et al. (2005) |
Econ Geol (1985) | |
Econ Geol (1985) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Keller (1962) +2 other references | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Shepard (1837) |
| Schooner (1961) |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 164-167. |
| USGS Professional Paper 255: 333-338. +2 other references |
Zodac (1941) +2 other references | |
Rocks & Minerals (1970) | |
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- (2005) | |
Zeitner (1968) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
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- (2005) | |
minerals.er.usgs.gov (n.d.) | |
- (2005) | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
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| Econ Geol (1991) |
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- (2005) | |
Schlanger (1964) | |
| Hathaway et al. (1965) |
| Fujishima et al. (1977) |
| Gulbrandsen (1974) |
| USGS OFR 2000 - OF-00-239 |
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| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) |
| Andrew R. Thomas and Haydn H.Murray (1989) |
| www.indiana.edu |
| Hattin et al. (Upper Cretaceous) |
| Olive et al. (1969) |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
| |
| |
Wilson (1977) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| King (2000) |
King et al. (1994) | |
| Maine Pegmatite Workshop 2004 |
Cameron +1 other reference | |
Mineral News (1993) +1 other reference | |
| |
Thompson et al. (1998) | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
King (n.d.) | |
King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
King et al. (6) | |
| |
| |
King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
www.mindat.org (n.d.) +7 other references | |
| Dionne et al. (2014) |
| |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
Bastin (1911) | |
| |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Emerson (1895) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum |
| ... |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
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| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
... | |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
... | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
... | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
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Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich (1976) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
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| - (2005) |
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| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
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| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Yale Peabody Museum |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| minerals.usgs.gov (n.d.) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
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Gnanou (2018) | |
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- (2005) | |
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Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
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Castor et al. (2004) | |
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Leavitt et al. (2004) | |
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| Castor et al. (2004) |
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- (2005) | |
USGS Bull 1162B | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
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| - (2005) |
Econ Geol (1989) | |
Econ Geol (1989) | |
Econ Geol (1989) | |
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- (2005) | |
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J.B. Harlan et al. (2002) | |
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- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
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Ken Coleman Collection | |
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Castor et al. (2004) | |
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- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
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Castor et al. (2004) | |
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Johnson (1977) +1 other reference | |
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- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
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| Castor et al. (2004) |
Ken Coleman Collection | |
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Clays and Clay Minerals +1 other reference | |
S.Duncan Heron ( ) | |
S.Duncan Heron Jr. ( ) | |
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Wilson | |
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S.Duncan Heron ( ) | |
S. Duncan Heron ( ) | |
Malcolm et al. (1969) | |
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| Tschernich (1992) |
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- (2005) | |
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Altaner et al. (1990) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:229-234 |
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| Miller |
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S. Duncan Heron Jr. ( ) | |
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Roberts et al. (1965) | |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
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Smith et al. (2000) | |
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Nandi et al. (2009) | |
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Andrew R.Thomas and Haydn H. Murray (1989) | |
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Olive et al. (1969) | |
Nandi et al. (2009) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1979 43 : ... |
Morgan et al. (2008) | |
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cms.lanl.gov (n.d.) | |
| Smith (1991) |
BEG Min Res Circ 73 | |
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| Am Min 72:1122-1130 |
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BEG Min Res Circ 73 | |
BEG Min Res Circ 73 | |
Smith (1991) | |
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| Bullock (1981) |
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Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
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Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
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makalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.) | |
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gsa.confex.com (n.d.) | |
Wyant | |
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Finnell et al. (1963) | |
Finnell et al. (1963) | |
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Bullock (1981) | |
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- (2005) | |
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Bullock (1981) | |
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| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
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| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1985) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
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Dietrich (1990) | |
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Tschernich (1992) | |
Uzbekistan | |
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Vietnam | |
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Zambia | |
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