Coalgate Bentonite Quarry (Wright's quarry), Coalgate, Selwyn District, Canterbury Region, New Zealandi
Regional Level Types | |
---|---|
Coalgate Bentonite Quarry (Wright's quarry) | Quarry |
Coalgate | - not defined - |
Selwyn District | District |
Canterbury Region | Region |
New Zealand | Country |
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Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
43° 30' 15'' South , 171° 54' 16'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Locality type:
Age:
23.03 to 0.01143 Ma
Geologic Time:
Reference for age:
Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172.
Köppen climate type:
New Zealand's largest bentonite quarry. Worked in the summer months, and processed at a plant in Coalgate.
Bentonite in the area in its natural state is non swelling, but is processed with soda ash, to change it to a swelling variety. The clay is sold as a number of products, including as a fine powder for a growth medium and fertilizer, skin care and cosmetics, inhibiting the ingress of water into bore holes, grouting, civil and geotechnical applications such as clay liners in tunnels, land capping, land fill cell construction, and liners to dams, underground slurry walls, and barriers, paper making, and the treatment of waste effluent.
Canterbury Bentonite Ltd began mining here in 1967 at the quarry in the Harper Hills. The operation was later owned by Omya New Zealand Ltd, before being acquired by Transform Minerals in 2006. They went into receivership in 2014, and mid 2015 the company and operations was taken over by Victory Lime 2000 Ltd, a subsidiary of Dunedin based Palmer MR Ltd.
Resources amount to over 10 million tonnes, in the Harper Hills, south-west of Coalgate, and Homebush Ridge, the latter just north-east of Coalgate.
The bentonite is regarded as representing a violent explosive volcanic phase, closing the history of basalt volcanism in the Coalgate area. The Coalgate Bentonite Member is part of the Harper Hills Formation, formed during a marine freshwater environment. The main bed is 62 metres thick, with a lower carbonaceous bed 15 metres thick. It was formed when glassy basalt ash was deposited in a freshwater lake.
The clay minerals in the bentonite have been identified as kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite, with chlorite, as a calcite-magnesium
ferriferous beidellite deposit. Quartz and feldspar is under 3%.
From the surface is barite concretions to 10 cms in diameter, sand, grit, gravel; then green-fawn coloured bentonite with limonite staining and nodules; a quartz sand layer; black pyritic carbonaceous bentonite; three vesicular tholeiitic labradorite basalt flows; tuff, tuff breccia and brown bentonite. The bentonite tends to change to brown on exposure, but is poorly outcropping, indicated by its late discovery. The beds dip 20-70 degrees south-east.
Bentonite in particular is found as green coloured with limonite nodules; green bentonite without nodules but with wavy limonite bands; fawn bentonite containing abundant calcite, and some manganese nodules; black/grey bentonite, highly carbonaceous and woody to the point of almost brown coal, with partly altered pyrite nodules. Silicified wood is sometimes found near the surface.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.Mineral List
10 valid minerals. 1 erroneous literature entry.
Rock Types Recorded
Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
ⓘ Anorthite Formula: Ca(Al2Si2O8) Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite Formula: (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Beidellite Formula: (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group' Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Jarosite Formula: KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Kaolinite Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ 'Limonite' Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ ' Formula: Mn Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Montmorillonite Formula: (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite Formula: K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172. |
ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 Reference: Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A Ferriferrous-Beidellite Deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals: 10: 153-172.
|
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
Group 1 - Elements | |||
---|---|---|---|
ⓘ | 'Manganese' ? | 1.AE.30 | Mn |
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
ⓘ | Jarosite | 7.BC.10 | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
Group 9 - Silicates | |||
ⓘ | Anorthite | 9.FA.35 | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
ⓘ | var. Labradorite | 9.FA.35 | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
ⓘ | Beidellite | 9.EC.40 | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
ⓘ | Montmorillonite | 9.EC.40 | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
ⓘ | var. Illite | 9.EC.15 | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc. | |||
ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
ⓘ | 'Feldspar Group' | - | |
ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - |
List of minerals for each chemical element
H | Hydrogen | |
---|---|---|
H | ⓘ Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
H | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
H | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
C | Carbon | |
C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
O | Oxygen | |
O | ⓘ Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
O | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
O | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
Na | Sodium | |
Na | ⓘ Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Na | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Na | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
Mg | Magnesium | |
Mg | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Al | Aluminium | |
Al | ⓘ Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
Al | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Al | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Al | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
Si | Silicon | |
Si | ⓘ Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
Si | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
Si | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Si | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
S | Sulfur | |
S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
S | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
K | Potassium | |
K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 |
K | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Ca | Calcium | |
Ca | ⓘ Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Ca | ⓘ Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
Ca | ⓘ Anorthite var. Labradorite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)Si2O8] |
Ca | ⓘ Anorthite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
Mn | Manganese | |
Mn | ⓘ Manganese | Mn |
Fe | Iron | |
Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
Fe | ⓘ Jarosite | KFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
Ba | Barium | |
Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
References
Sort by
Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1974) The Coalgate Bentonite. A ferriferrous-beidellite deposit from Canterbury, New Zealand. Clay Minerals, 10(3),153-172.
Christie, T., Thompson, B., Brathwaite, B. (2000) Mineral Commodity Report 20-Clays. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences.
Carlson, J.R., Grant-Mackie, J.A., Rodgers, K.A. (1980) Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Coalgate Area Canterbury. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 23:2, 179-192.
Carlson, J.R. (1971) Geology of the Coalgate Bentonite, Canterbury. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Geology Department, University of Auckland, 166 pages.
Carlson, J.R., Rodgers, K.A. (1975) The Petrology and Alteration of Tertiary Basalts of the Coalgate Area North west Canterbury. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 5:2, 195-208.
External Links
https://sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1771-what-is-clay
http://palmerminerals.co.nz/products/bentonite/
http://www.oceanpatners.co.nz/news/2015/7/23/palmer-group-acquires-transform-minerals
http://palmerminerals.co.nz/products/bentonite/
http://www.oceanpatners.co.nz/news/2015/7/23/palmer-group-acquires-transform-minerals
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
New Zealand
- Canterbury Region
- Selwyn District
- Coalgate
- Harper Hills VolcanicsLava Flow
- Coalgate
- Selwyn District
- South IslandIsland
Pacific PlateTectonic Plate
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