Chalcanthite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Chalcanthite
Formula:
CuSO4 · 5H2O
Colour:
Green, green blue, light blue, or dark blue; colourless to pale blue in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
2.286
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek chalkos, "copper" and anthos, "flower."
Chalcanthite Group.
Copper analogue of siderotil and pentahydrite.
Chalcanthite is natural, water-soluble copper sulphate pentahydrate. It is a secondary mineral that is formed in arid climates or in rapidly oxidizing copper deposits. It is usually of post-mining formation, forming on mine walls and by the action of acidic surface waters on veins of copper ore.
CAUTION: Many, usually well-crystallised chalcanthite specimens offered for sale (e.g. on-line auctions), are artificially grown.
Copper analogue of siderotil and pentahydrite.
Chalcanthite is natural, water-soluble copper sulphate pentahydrate. It is a secondary mineral that is formed in arid climates or in rapidly oxidizing copper deposits. It is usually of post-mining formation, forming on mine walls and by the action of acidic surface waters on veins of copper ore.
CAUTION: Many, usually well-crystallised chalcanthite specimens offered for sale (e.g. on-line auctions), are artificially grown.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
959
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:959:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
9e69dcbf-9b83-42ef-910c-1abae1183b41
IMA Classification of Chalcanthite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Cu(SO4) · 5H2O
Classification of Chalcanthite
7.CB.20
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.6.7.1
29.6.7.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.2.3
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cct | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Chalcanthite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Chalcanthite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Green, green blue, light blue, or dark blue; colourless to pale blue in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Imperfect on {110}, Indistinct on {111}; and, {110} in traces.
Imperfect on {110}, Indistinct on {111}; and, {110} in traces.
Parting:
None reported.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.286 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.282 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Measured on artificial material.
Optical Data of Chalcanthite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.514 nβ = 1.537 nγ = 1.543
2V:
Measured: 56° , Calculated: 56°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.029
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
r < v
Chemistry of Chalcanthite
Mindat Formula:
CuSO4 · 5H2O
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mg,Co
Crystallography of Chalcanthite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.11 Å, b = 10.673 Å, c = 5.95 Å
α = 97.58°, β = 107.17°, γ = 77.55°
α = 97.58°, β = 107.17°, γ = 77.55°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.572 : 1 : 0.557
Unit Cell V:
361.03 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystal short prismatic {001} or less commonly tabular {111}. Natural crystals rather rare. Commonly found as stalactic material, massive, granular filling veins (cross-fiber veinlets) and as crusts.
Twinning:
Rarely forms cruciform twins, with the edges [001] and [100] on one crystal respectively parallel to [100] and [001] on the other, and with {010} in common.
Comment:
Non-standard unit cell.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010779 | Chalcanthite | Bacon G E, Titterton D H (1975) Neutron-diffraction studies of CuSO4*5(H2O) and CuSO4*5(D2O) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 141 330-341 |  | 1975 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010780 | Chalcanthite | Bacon G E, Titterton D H (1975) Neutron-diffraction studies of CuSO4*5(H2O) and CuSO4*5(D2O) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 141 330-341 | | 1975 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017438 | Chalcanthite | Beevers C, Lipson H (1934) The crystal structure of copper sulfate pentahydrate CuSO4(H2O)5 _cod_database_code 1010527 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A146 570-582 | 1934 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.48 Å | (60) |
| 4.73 Å | (100) |
| 3.99 Å | (60) |
| 3.71 Å | (90) |
| 3.30 Å | (60) |
| 2.82 Å | (40) |
| 2.75 Å | (50) |
| 2.66 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits, usually in arid regions where it is not dissolved by ground water. Commonly associated with other hydrated sulphates of Cu or Fe.
Type Occurrence of Chalcanthite
Synonyms of Chalcanthite
Other Language Names for Chalcanthite
Basque:Kalkantita
Catalan:Calcantita
Czech:Chalkantit
Dutch:Chalcanthiet
Galician:Calcantita
Hungarian:Kalkantit
Italian:Calcantite
Vitriolo di Rame
Vitriolo di Rame
Japanese:胆礬
Polish:Chalkantyt
Portuguese:Calcantite
Russian:Халькантит
Simplified Chinese:胆矾
Slovak:Chalkantit
Ukrainian:Халькантит
Varieties of Chalcanthite
| Phillipite | Probably an impure Fe-bearing chalcanthite. |
Relationship of Chalcanthite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O | Tric. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 40 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 31 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 29 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 23 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Johannite | Cu(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 21 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 20 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Amarantite | Fe3+2(SO4)2O · 7H2O |
| 20 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 19 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 17 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 16 photos of Chalcanthite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | (Zn,Mg)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | (Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in water. Dehydrates in dry air forming lighter powder.
Health Risks:
Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 300 mg/kg [Rat.].
Industrial Uses:
On occasion, it is found in sufficient volume to be mined as an ore of copper.
Internet Links for Chalcanthite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-959.html
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Chalcanthite
Localities for Chalcanthite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Antarctica | |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| Dina (1993) |
| 4 Congreso Nacional y 1 Congreso ... +1 other reference |
| Brotkorb (2002) |
| American Mineralogist: 51: 1-13 |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2023) |
| Meng et al. (2021) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Chapman et al. (2005) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Slansky (1983) +1 other reference |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Henley et al. (2001) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Keith Compton collection (self collected) |
| Leverett et al. (2007) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| JR Chapman - Geological Survey of NSW ... |
| Leverett et al. (2005) |
| Leverett et al. (2005) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Warren (1980) |
| Thienenkamp (2004) |
| Sielecki (1988) +1 other reference |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Queensland Government Department of ... |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Coats et al. (1971) |
| Beyer et al. (1996) |
| Pring et al. (1994) |
| Francis et al. (self published) |
| Minerals from Bundaleer and the ... |
| Record of Mines-Summary Card No:7 |
| National Museum of Australia Collection ... |
| |
| |
| |
| Pring (1988) |
| |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| www.crocoite.com (2004) |
| www.crocoite.com (2004) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| crocoite.com |
| WILKINSON et al. (ed.) |
| Judy Rowe collection |
| |
| Marshall (2001) |
| P. Downes (1998) +1 other reference |
| Marston (1979) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +1 other reference |
| Sharon Cisneros collection | |
Austria | |
| C.Auer (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
| C.Auer (2017) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Meixner (1976) |
| Pichler (2003) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G.Blaß |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 187./107.:174 (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Stütz (1807) +2 other references |
| Meixner (1976) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Lewandowski et al. (2006) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Landesmuseum Joanneum (Graz, Styria) |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Collection Daniel Lunau +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2018) |
| Taucher et al. (1995) |
| Postl (1977) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| Meixner (1976) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) | |
Azerbaijan | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Collections of Alfredo Petrov and Dr. ... |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Brian Kosnar specimen |
| Alfredo Petrov field collected specimens (visual ID) +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 474. +1 other reference |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
Bulgaria | |
| Lips (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Atanassova et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| the world's largest besshi-type ... +1 other reference | |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| SABINA (1976) | |
| Transactions of the Canadian Institute ... +1 other reference |
| Gait et al. (1990) |
| Rainer Mielke collection (SXRD-analysis Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1991) |
| 157-158. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Chile | |
| Cameron et al. (2007) |
| Collected by myself +1 other reference |
| samples analysed by Dr. Tony Kampf | |
| Malcherek et al. (2010) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Werthessen (2016) |
| Sernageomin database 2006 +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Dana 6 & 7. | |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| maurizio dini - analysed material | |
| " Geología de los distritos mineros Checo de Cobre (provincia de Atacama) +2 other references |
| "Geología de los distritos mineros de ... +3 other references |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn |
| Economic Geology 86 (5) | |
| Sernageomin database 2006 +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Samples in the I. Domeyko Museum |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) | |
| samples analysed by Jochen Schlüter |
| Chouinard et al. (2005) |
| "Informe preliminar sobre las minas del ... +3 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Rob Lavinsky specimen |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Saric (1978) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Sulphides analysed by geology dep. of ... +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
China | |
| Jianqing Lai et al. (2004) |
| Safaa Yu collection |
| Bingbin Yang (1979) |
| Bingbin Yang (1979) | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Jianguo Yang et al. (2005) |
| Bingbin Yang (1979) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Guoqiang Tian et al. (2006) |
| Yi Li (2001) |
| Qian Wang et al. (2002) |
| Zaihong Yang (2003) |
| DING et al. (2000) |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Wenliang Gao et al. (2006) |
| Zhongyou Yao et al. (1992) |
| Kuanglin Yan (1978) |
| Junliang Li et al. (2009) |
| Lixia Kang et al. (2008) |
| Guangyu Zhou (1983) |
| Duan Guolian (1991) |
| Peng Wu et al. (2012) |
| Zhaolong Li and Lianying Zhang (1999) +1 other reference |
| Peters (2002) |
| Wei Liang et al. (2014) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2009) |
| Yingxia Xu et al. (2007) |
| Han et al. (2010) |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) | |
| Jingchun Wang and Nan Fang (2005) |
| Mingxing Peng et al. (2006) |
| Han et al. (2014) |
| Guanghai Liu et al. (2000) +2 other references | |
| Bingbin Yang (1979) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2007) |
| Renmin Hua (1989) |
| Hercule Shen | |
Colombia | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
Costa Rica | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Cuba | |
| Zwahr et al. (1999) |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:169. |
Cyprus | |
| various added photos |
| DT personal data |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev |
| Ng +1 other reference | |
| D.E.Tonkacheev |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev collection | |
Czech Republic | |
| Velebil (Dě) +4 other references |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
| Dobešová (2012) |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Velebil |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Fengl +3 other references |
| Fojt |
| Kruťa |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Fengl (2.) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Colomer et al. (2013) |
DR Congo | |
| Lapis (1992) +1 other reference |
| Kampunzu et al. (2009) |
| Wilson (2018) |
| Deleins (1975) +1 other reference |
Ecuador | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Egypt | |
| Gatto Rotondo et al. (2012) |
| |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
El Salvador | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Europe | |
| Lapis 17 (2) |
France | |
| Gol D. (2009) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| |
| Rapport BRGM n°08354X4001 (02/1985) +1 other reference | |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Michel Arliguie collection |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Chollet Pascal collection - gift from ... | |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Patrice Raillard find & collection |
| Cédrick Gineste 10.09.2004 |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Pélisson et al. (1987) |
| Berbain et al. (2019) |
| Gol (2015) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Favreau G. (1999) |
| Robert PECORINI (2016) |
| J. Chervet Collection |
| Berbain +2 other references |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Rob Lavinsky |
| Laurent J-M. (2003) |
| Pitorre (1998) |
| Heinz Fürnkranz collection (seen and visually inspected by Uwe Kolitsch) | |
| PIERROT R. et al. (1976) | |
| Leydet (1998) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +2 other references |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hahn (1991) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Mangold et al. (11/21) |
| Mangold et al. (11/21) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (2) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Mücke et al. (1989) |
| Rank (1985) |
| Jahn (2013) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis (10) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (1) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) +1 other reference |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection | |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Hucko et al. (2009) |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Heckmann et al. (2005) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Lapis (5) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol. 60 |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Lapis 17 (12) |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| |
| Mineralien-Welt (2) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| NIEDERMAYR (1982) |
| |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| |
| Gröbner (2003) | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Lapis et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| Lapis 24 (1999) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysed) |
| Hanke (1994) | |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
| Ko Jansen |
Guatemala | |
| Econ Geol (1980) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| GEODA 2013/2 |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
India | |
| S. G. Tenainkai et al. (1991) |
Indonesia | |
| Dana et al. (2022) |
Iran | |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
| |
| Moreton et al. (1993) |
| Moreton et al. (1995) |
| |
| Moreton (1991) | |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Russo +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) | |
| Scacchetti et al. (2023) | |
| ADORNI F. (1997) |
| Ciuffardi et al. (2008) |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... |
| Antofilli M. et al. (1983) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Orlandi et al. (1) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2008) |
| Girolami (2006) |
| Girolami (2006) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Roggiani (1975) +1 other reference |
| Jervis G. (1873) +1 other reference |
| Scaini G. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Cadoni et al. (1) +1 other reference | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Antonio Gamboni collection +1 other reference | |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Pietracaprina et al. (1987) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| |
| GARAVELLI A. et al. (1996) |
| P.Forti (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Nannoni R. |
| Biagioni et al. (2018) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2007) | |
| "Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ... |
| Pipino G. (1985) |
| Am Min 67:385-393 |
| C.L. Garavelli (1957) |
| N. Calanchi et al. (1976) | |
| Rögner et al. (2000) | |
| Bonifazi (2021) |
| Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek |
| |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (Pb-Ag) |
| Gregorio et al. (1979) |
| · Betti et al. (2017) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) |
| Orlandi (2013) |
Japan | |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) +1 other reference |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| 島倉広至 et al. (2015) |
| National Science Museum |
| Brandon et al. (2009) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection - ... |
| Nagashima et al. (2016) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Bissengaliyeva +3 other references |
| Jeremolenko (2002) |
| - (2005) |
| Seltmann et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) |
Laos | |
| Georgzén (2011) |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo et al. (2007) |
| Philippo Simon (éditeur) | |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Wilson et al. (1986) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| de la Garza +1 other reference |
| Megaw (2023) |
Morocco | |
| Tristan Mantoy's collection |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Jahn et al. (2003) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Gebhard (1999) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
New Zealand | |
| Moore et al. (1985) |
| Collection of Rod Martin |
| Cody et al. (1979) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Simpson et al. (2001) |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Fraser (1910) |
| Hauraki goldfield | |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
North Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
Norway | |
| Collected by Peter Andresen 2009. +1 other reference |
| Liessman (1994) |
| Oppenländer et al. (2003) |
| Garmo (2013) |
| Husdal (2019) |
| Kristiansen (1989) |
| Raade (1989) |
| Vogt (1917) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1989) |
| Atle Michaelsen collection & photo (From Torgeir Garmo) |
| Garmo (1974) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1989) |
| Ellingsen (1989) |
| N.-H. Kolderup (1929) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Hyršl (2010) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Lewis Jr (1964) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Philippines | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Poland | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski collection |
| |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (W. Sierny specimen) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Silva et al. (2021) |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| The Mineralogical Record et al. (Carlos Curto Milà and Jordi Fabre, pages 11-55) |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Rui Nunes collection |
| J. Brandao & Joao Matos: Memórias do cobre. Nota sobre a criaçao de um parque arqueo-industrial na mina da Herdade de Mostardeira (Extremos, Portugal) |
| Rui Nunes collection. |
| In the collection of Pierre Rosseel |
| Alves (2017) |
Romania | |
| Canadian Mineralogist 40:1693-1703. | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40 (2002) +1 other reference |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Arliguie M | |
| Szakáll (2002) | |
| Acta Mineralogica Petrographica |
| Onac (2009) |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) | |
| Huber et al. (1996) |
| 1-Rădulescu Dan |
| Ł. Kruszewski visual identification +1 other reference |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Ł. Kruszewski visual identification |
Russia | |
| Vakh et al. (2009, March) +1 other reference |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Savva et al. (2012) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov et al. (2013) |
| Bortnikova et al. (2017) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| E. Shcherbakova et al. : "The rarest ... | |
| Belogub et al. (2008) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) |
| D. Krinov data |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Eremin et al. (2014) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Bakhsh (2018) |
| Bakhsh (2018) | |
Serbia | |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
Slovakia | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Pauliš +4 other references |
| Koděra (1986) |
| |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Miškovic J. (1990) | |
| Grecula |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Grecula et al. (1995) |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Pauliš P. |
| Pauliš P. | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš P. |
| Sottnik et al. (1998) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda |
| Duda et. all. |
Slovenia | |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 410-421 |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Malcolm Southwood (2002) | |
| Paul Meulenbeld photo ID 1179785 |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Meulenbeld et al. (2014) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Schoch et al. (1985) |
| Cairncross (2004) | |
| Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
Spain | |
| P Rhodes collection |
| Rewitzer et al. (2023) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| G. Leal et al. (2005) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (part 2) |
| Calvo et al. (1999) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Romero Silva et al. (2013) |
| |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Joan Rosell 2023 |
| Pedro Mingueza et al. (2022) |
| Jiménez R. et al. (2004) |
| Jordá (2008) |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Casanova Honrubia |
| Casanova Honrubia |
Sweden | |
| |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
| Persson (2006) |
Switzerland | |
| Philipp R. (1983) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Gröbner J. (2018) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Perroud et al. (1987) +2 other references |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| Kautz et al. (1966) |
| Demir (2009) |
UK | |
| Hogg (1825) +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:II:490 +1 other reference |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +1 other reference |
| Phillips (1823) |
| Phillips (1823) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Smyth (1882) |
| T.B. Wilson Collection |
| Ansermet (2007) |
| Hall (1868) |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references |
| Collins (1871) |
| Richard de Nul collection | |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| A.Rowan Collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Norman Wilson collection. |
| Kingsbury (xxxx) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Livingstone |
| |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| USGS OFR 2004-1200 (Hawley,2004) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 2003-404 (Hudson,2003) +1 other reference | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Galbraith et al. (1959) +1 other reference |
| Mitchell (1921) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Merwin et al. (1937) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10037134 |
| Leicht (1971) +1 other reference |
| Granger (1962) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10026861 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (1951, July) +2 other references |
| Eastlick |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Peterson et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Olmstead et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Granger (1969) +1 other reference |
| Granger (1969) +1 other reference |
| Granger (1959) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10039447 +1 other reference |
| Besse (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10026888 |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10048292 |
| Dana 6: 945 | |
| Lindgren (1905) +4 other references | |
| Lindgren (1905) +4 other references | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10088902 |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10282444 +1 other reference | |
| Collection Elmar Lackner |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Thomas (1949) +2 other references |
| Granger et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| MRDS file #10186198. |
| Witkind (1963) +1 other reference |
| Schrader (1915) +2 other references |
| Creasey (1955) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Schrader (1915) | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039683 | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
| Simons (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Simons (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| C.R. Williams (1970) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Barnes et al. (1983) |
| Wilson (1934) +3 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10103747 | |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Schrader (1915) | |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Schrader & Hill (1915) |
| Schrader (1917) +1 other reference |
| - (1915) |
| Dana 6: 1094 +5 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Brian Beck Collected |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Anderson et al. (1955) | |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10026927 | |
| Anderson et al. (1955) | |
| Anderson et al. (1955) |
| Guild (1917) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 296. +4 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 16: 411. +5 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 296-297. +3 other references |
| Silliman et al. (1867a) +1 other reference |
| Gail E. Dunning and Joseph F. Cooper (2002) |
| Jay Buscio +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297. +4 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| - (2005) |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297 +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297. +4 other references |
| Adams (2010) |
| California Division of Mines and ... |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297. +2 other references |
| Bradley (1938) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Marty | |
| Mining and Scientific Press (1861) +2 other references |
| Silliman et al. (1867a) +2 other references |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297. +2 other references |
| |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297. +2 other references |
| "The Blue Bell Claims San Bernardaino ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... +2 other references | |
| Hanks (1884) +1 other reference |
| Nordstrom et al. (1999) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 297 +4 other references |
| - (1908, September) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hanson et al. (Rusty) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Moench et al. (1966) |
| Moench et al. (1966) | |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| Moench et al. (1966) |
| Moench et al. (1966) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| W. Cummings | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Shannon et al. (1985) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Kucera (2021) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Alexander Wong Collection |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Gray (1993) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| In the collection of Alex Earl |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS PP 223 (Lovering,1950) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Jeremy Zolan Collecton- Specimens ... |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1995) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Mineral Record (1981) |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:144-145 +1 other reference |
| Ostrander (1940) |
| Ostrander (1940) |
| Mines of the Washington D.C Area | |
| Rocks & Min.: 22:1023. |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:665. |
| Anderson (1982) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| C. DeGrave (pers.comm.) |
| Conroy (2023) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| Leonhard (1886) |
| Dana 6:1084. |
| Jensen et al. (2012) |
| - (2005) |
| Winchell (1914) +2 other references |
| Weed (1912) |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 243. +2 other references | |
| Weed (1912) |
| - (2005) |
| Schilling (1979) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Mineral News (1990) |
| Ranta (1967) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USGS Bull 997 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dana 7:II:490. |
| Copper Handbook 1911 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ... |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... |
| Rocks & Minerals (2010) |
| Cooper et al. (1991) |
| Ameican Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Jensen (1993) | |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1981) | |
| Bruce Kelley Collection |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 85 Geology and Mineral ... |
| NBMG Bull 85 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Maertens (2007) |
| McLemore et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Lasky et al. (1930) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| ... | |
| M Massis collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMMR OFR 166 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Charles Creekmur collection |
| All minerals were personally collected |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| R&M 67:6 p390-395 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMMR Bull 10 The Geology and Ore ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR Bull 10 The Geology and Ore ... | |
| Patrick E. Haynes |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Gibbs (1989) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| GF Loughlin (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Patrick Haynes collection +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 60: 83. +1 other reference |
| Genth et al. (1885) |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:113. |
| Rocks & Minerals 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| Lobell (1986) | |
| - (2005) | |
| R&M 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| Lisa19 | |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:229-234 |
| Sloto (1989) |
| Matrix +1 other reference |
| Min.Rec.:21:103 +2 other references |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Dana 6: 1069. |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Dana 6:945. |
| Dana 6:82 |
| www.gamineral.org. +2 other references | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Self-collected by David Aldridge |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| Butler (1913) |
| Butler (1913) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rosenzweig et al. (1955) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| James R. Wilson (1995) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Patrick Haynes. IDs by the late Howard ... | |
| Kampf et al. (2018) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Min News 5:10 p1-5 | |
| USGS Bull 1125 +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| USGS TEI #514 +5 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Trites et al. (1958) +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) |
| Jones +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
| Wyoming State Geological Survey +2 other references | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Frei (2005) |
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Planet Mine, Planet Mine group, Planet, Santa Maria Mining District, Buckskin Mountains, La Paz County, Arizona, USA