Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africai
| Regional Level Types | |
|---|---|
| Okiep Copper District | Mining District |
| Namakwa | District Municipality |
| Northern Cape | Province |
| South Africa | Country |
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Key
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
29° 35' 44'' South , 17° 52' 50'' East
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Locality type:
Köppen climate type:
See under References, especially Cairncross (2004).
Okiep is a small town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, and was in the 1870s ranked as having the richest copper mine in the world. The town is on the site of a spring that was known in the Khoekhoe language of the Nama people as U-gieb (large brackish place) and was originally spelled as O'okiep.
Early settlers in the Cape Colony heard rumours of mountains in the north-west that were fabulously rich in copper. Governor Simon van der Stel was inclined to believe these tales when, in 1681, a group of Namas visited the Castle in Cape Town and brought along some pure copper. Van der Stel himself led a major expedition in 1685 and reached the fabled mountains on 21 October. Three shafts were sunk and revealed a rich lode of copper ore - the shafts exist to this day. For almost 200 years nothing was done about the discovery, largely because of its remote location. The explorer James Alexander was the first to follow up on van der Stel's discovery. In 1852 he examined the old shafts, discovered some other copper outcrops and started mining operations. Prospectors, miners and speculators rushed to the area, but many companies collapsed when the logistical difficulties became apparent.
The first miners were Cornish, and brought with them the expertise of centuries of tin-mining in Cornwall. The ruins of the buildings they constructed as well as the stonework of the bridges and culverts of the railway built to transport the ore to Port Nolloth, can still be seen. The Namaqualand Railway started operating in 1876 and lasted for 68 years, carrying ore to Port Nolloth and returning with equipment and provisions. The carriages were initially pulled by mules and horses, which were later replaced by steam locomotives - the last of these, the Clara, stands at Nababeep. Nowadays road transport is used to convey the ore to the railhead at Bitterfontein. The other principal mines of the area are at Carolusberg and Nababeep.
Okiep’s mine saw action on 4 April 1902 during the Anglo-Boer war when some 700 officers and men of the 3rd Battalion Queen's Royal Regiment, 5th Royal Warwickshire Regiment, Namaqualand Border Scouts, the Town Guard and the Cape Garrison Artillery, withstood a 30-day siege by Jan Smuts’ forces. The village of Concordia with a garrison of 100 men, surrendered a day after the siege started. On 4 May 1902 a British relief column arrived from Port Nolloth and ended the siege. A ruined blockhouse is still visible on a hill north-east of the town.
As with most metals copper suffered mixed fortunes, and in the early 20th century the copper price dropped below the profitable level, so that mining operations ceased, but were resumed when prices rose.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Dana Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.Mineral List
Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities78 valid minerals.
Detailed Mineral List:
| ⓘ 'Albite-Anorthite Series' Reference: Maier, W.D. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 422-429. |
| ⓘ 'Allanite Group' Formula: {A12+REE3+}{M3+2M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Allophane Formula: (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Almandine Formula: Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 Localities: Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Anhydrite Formula: CaSO4 Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317; Mclver, J. R., McCarthy, T. S., & Packham, B. D. V. (1983). The copper-bearing basic rocks of Namaqualand, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, 18(2), 135-160. |
| ⓘ 'Apatite' Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) Localities: Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753.; Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) Formula: Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Azurite Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Localities: Description: Azurite is a rare accessory mineral in the copper mines in this area. Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004) Field Guide To Rocks & Minerals Of Southern Africa: 43.
Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 Localities: Description: As attractive orange crystals up to 2cm, studded on quartz crystals. Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317
Cairncross, B. and Dixon, R., (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa.. The Geological Society of South Africa: 187. |
| ⓘ 'Biotite' Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region. Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
| ⓘ Bismuth Formula: Bi Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753.; P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Bismuthinite Formula: Bi2S3 Localities: Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
| ⓘ Bismutite Formula: (BiO)2CO3 Reference: P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Bornite Formula: Cu5FeS4 Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region. Reference: Rocks & Min.: 21:89. |
| ⓘ Brochantite Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Cassiterite ? Formula: SnO2 Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Chalcanthite Formula: CuSO4 · 5H2O Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
ⓘ Chalcocite Formula: Cu2S Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region. Habit: To 4 cm. Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317; P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
ⓘ Chalcopyrite Formula: CuFeS2 Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region. Reference: Rocks & Min.: 21:89. |
ⓘ 'Chlorite Group' Localities: Okiep Mine (O'Okiep Mine), Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Jan Coetzee Copper Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Nababeep West Mine (Nababeep Near West mine), Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Nababeep mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Chrysocolla Formula: Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Clinochlore Formula: Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
| ⓘ Clinozoisite Formula: {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
| ⓘ Coloradoite Formula: HgTe Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Connellite Formula: Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O Reference: Bannister, F.A., Hey, M.H., and Claringbull, G.F. (1950) Connellite, buttgenbachite, and tallingite. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 29, n° 211, 280-286. |
| ⓘ Copper Formula: Cu Localities: Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Spektakel Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Hoits Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Homeep East Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Hester Marie mine, Concordia, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Cordierite Formula: (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Cornetite Formula: Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 Reference: Windisch, W. (2014) An introduction to micromounting.;
Thomas Kleser collection.;
Leon Hupperichs collection. |
| ⓘ Corundum Formula: Al2O3 Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Covellite Formula: CuS Localities: Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Kliphoog Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Tweedam Mine, Springbok, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Nababeep West Mine (Nababeep Near West mine), Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
| ⓘ 'Cualstibite-1M' Formula: (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Cubanite Formula: CuFe2S3 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Cuprite Formula: Cu2O Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Cyanotrichite Formula: Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O Localities: Reference: Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 579; Mason, B. (1961): The identity of namaqualite with cyanotrichite. Mineralogical Magazine 32, 737-738. |
| ⓘ Dolomite Formula: CaMg(CO3)2 Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Enstatite Formula: Mg2Si2O6 Reference: Maier, W.D. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 422-429. |
| ⓘ Epidote Formula: {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Ferberite Formula: FeWO4 Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa.; P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Fluorapatite Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Fluorite Formula: CaF2 Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Galena Formula: PbS Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
| ⓘ 'Garnet Group' Formula: X3Z2(SiO4)3 Localities: Kliphoog Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Narrap Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Tweedam Mine, Springbok, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Okiep Mine (O'Okiep Mine), Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
| ⓘ Goethite Formula: α-Fe3+O(OH) Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Gypsum Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Rocks & Min.: 21:89. |
| ⓘ Hessite Formula: Ag2Te Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ 'Hornblende' Reference: Ronaldson, J. H. (1905) Notes on the Copper Deposits of Little Namaqualand. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 8:158-166. |
| ⓘ Hübnerite Formula: MnWO4 Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
| ⓘ 'Hypersthene' Formula: (Mg,Fe)SiO3 Reference: Ronaldson, J. H. (1905) Notes on the Copper Deposits of Little Namaqualand. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 8:158-166. |
| ⓘ Ilmenite Formula: Fe2+TiO3 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Econ Geol (1993) 88:590-605 |
| ⓘ Jacobsite ? Formula: Mn2+Fe3+2O4 Reference: P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Kaolinite Formula: Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 Reference: P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Libethenite Formula: Cu2(PO4)(OH) Reference: Leon Hupperichs collection |
| ⓘ 'Limonite' Formula: (Fe,O,OH,H2O) Reference: P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Linnaeite Formula: Co2+Co3+2S4 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Mackinawite Formula: (Fe,Ni)9S8 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Magnetite Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4 Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region. Reference: Rocks & Min.: 21:89. |
| ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Melonite Formula: NiTe2 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Microcline Formula: K(AlSi3O8) Reference: P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Millerite Formula: NiS Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Molybdenite Formula: MoS2 Localities: Reported from at least 9 localities in this region. Reference: Rocks & Min.: 21:89. |
| ⓘ 'Monazite' Localities: Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
| ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Orthoclase Formula: K(AlSi3O8) Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Pentlandite Formula: (FexNiy)Σ9S8 Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Phlogopite Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 Reference: Maier, W.D. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 422-429. |
| ⓘ Plancheite Formula: Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
| ⓘ Prehnite Formula: Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ 'Pumpellyite' Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Pyrite Formula: FeS2 Localities: Jan Coetzee Copper Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Kliphoog Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Nababeep West Mine (Nababeep Near West mine), Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Pyrrhotite Formula: Fe1-xS Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Rocks & Min.: 21:89. |
| ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 Localities: Reported from at least 15 localities in this region. Reference: Ronaldson, J. H. (1905) Notes on the Copper Deposits of Little Namaqualand. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 8:158-166. |
| ⓘ Quartz var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz Formula: SiO2 Habit: biterminated (doubly terminated) Colour: water-clear Description: Small crystals that occasionally have small fluid hydrocarbon inclusions which fluoresce bright yellow are found in the Springbok area. Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004) Field Guide To Rocks & Minerals Of Southern Africa. Struik Nature Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. |
| ⓘ Reichenbachite Formula: Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 Reference: Leon Hupperichs collection |
| ⓘ Rickardite Formula: Cu7Te5 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Rutile Formula: TiO2 Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
| ⓘ Scheelite Formula: Ca(WO4) Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa.; P. G. Sonhnge (1950) The Nababeep Near West Tungsten Mine, South Africa. American Mineralogist 35:931-940 |
| ⓘ Sillimanite Formula: Al2(SiO4)O Localities: Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Kliphoog Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Narrap Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Nababeep West Mine (Nababeep Near West mine), Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
| ⓘ Smithsonite Formula: ZnCO3 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
ⓘ Sphalerite Formula: ZnS Localities: Jan Coetzee Copper Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa East Okiep Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Nababeep West Mine (Nababeep Near West mine), Nababeep tungsten mines, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Kliphoog Mine, Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Spinel Formula: MgAl2O4 Localities: Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
ⓘ 'Stilbite subgroup' Formula: M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O Localities: Reference: Min Rec 35:4 pp289-317 |
| ⓘ Sylvanite Formula: (Au,Ag)2Te4 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ Tenorite Formula: CuO Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317.; Ronaldson, J. H. (1905) Notes on the Copper Deposits of Little Namaqualand. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 8:158-166. |
| ⓘ Tetradymite Formula: Bi2Te2S Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' Formula: Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S Reference: Ronaldson, J. H. (1905) Notes on the Copper Deposits of Little Namaqualand. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 8:158-166. |
| ⓘ Thorite Formula: Th(SiO4) Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite Formula: (Th,U)SiO4 Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Titanite Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O Reference: Tony Peterson specimen - minID 5TU-G69. |
| ⓘ Valleriite Formula: (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 Reference: Cairncross, B. (2004): History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record 35(4) 289-317. |
| ⓘ 'Wolframite' Formula: (Fe2+)WO4 to (Mn2+)WO4 Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region. Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753.; Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) Formula: Y(PO4) Reference: Econ Geol. (1995) 90:1934-1954 |
| ⓘ Zircon Formula: Zr(SiO4) Localities: Reference: Raith, J.G., and Stein, H.J. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 741-753. |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
| Group 1 - Elements | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⓘ | Bismuth | 1.CA.05 | Bi |
| ⓘ | Copper | 1.AA.05 | Cu |
| Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
| ⓘ | Bismuthinite | 2.DB.05 | Bi2S3 |
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.BA.15 | Cu5FeS4 |
| ⓘ | Chalcocite | 2.BA.05 | Cu2S |
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.CB.10a | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Coloradoite | 2.CB.05a | HgTe |
| ⓘ | Covellite | 2.CA.05a | CuS |
| ⓘ | Cubanite | 2.CB.55a | CuFe2S3 |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Hessite | 2.BA.60 | Ag2Te |
| ⓘ | Linnaeite | 2.DA.05 | Co2+Co3+2S4 |
| ⓘ | Mackinawite | 2.CC.25 | (Fe,Ni)9S8 |
| ⓘ | Melonite | 2.EA.20 | NiTe2 |
| ⓘ | Millerite | 2.CC.20 | NiS |
| ⓘ | Molybdenite | 2.EA.30 | MoS2 |
| ⓘ | Pentlandite | 2.BB.15 | (FexNiy)Σ9S8 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.EB.05a | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.CC.10 | Fe1-xS |
| ⓘ | Rickardite | 2.BA.30 | Cu7Te5 |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.CB.05a | ZnS |
| ⓘ | Sylvanite | 2.EA.05 | (Au,Ag)2Te4 |
| ⓘ | Tetradymite | 2.DC.05 | Bi2Te2S |
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 2.GB.05 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| ⓘ | Valleriite | 2.FD.30 | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Group 3 - Halides | |||
| ⓘ | Connellite | 3.DA.25 | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| ⓘ | Fluorite | 3.AB.25 | CaF2 |
| Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
| ⓘ | Cassiterite ? | 4.DB.05 | SnO2 |
| ⓘ | Corundum | 4.CB.05 | Al2O3 |
| ⓘ | Cuprite | 4.AA.10 | Cu2O |
| ⓘ | Ferberite | 4.DB.30 | FeWO4 |
| ⓘ | Goethite | 4.00. | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Hübnerite | 4.DB.30 | MnWO4 |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| ⓘ | Jacobsite ? | 4.BB.05 | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 4.BB.05 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | Rutile | 4.DB.05 | TiO2 |
| ⓘ | Spinel | 4.BB.05 | MgAl2O4 |
| ⓘ | Tenorite | 4.AB.10 | CuO |
| Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
| ⓘ | Azurite | 5.BA.05 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Bismutite | 5.BE.25 | (BiO)2CO3 |
| ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 5.AB.10 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Smithsonite | 5.AB.05 | ZnCO3 |
| Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
| ⓘ | Anhydrite | 7.AD.30 | CaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Brochantite | 7.BB.25 | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| ⓘ | Chalcanthite | 7.CB.20 | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Cyanotrichite | 7.DE.10 | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| ⓘ | Scheelite | 7.GA.05 | Ca(WO4) |
| Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
| ⓘ | Cornetite | 8.BE.15 | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| ⓘ | Fluorapatite | 8.BN.05 | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| ⓘ | Libethenite | 8.BB.30 | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| ⓘ | Reichenbachite | 8.BD.05 | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Xenotime-(Y) | 8.AD.35 | Y(PO4) |
| Group 9 - Silicates | |||
| ⓘ | Allophane | 9.ED.20 | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| ⓘ | Almandine | 9.AD.25 | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | Axinite-(Fe) | 9.BD.20 | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| ⓘ | Chrysocolla | 9.ED.20 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| ⓘ | Clinochlore | 9.EC.55 | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| ⓘ | Clinozoisite | 9.BG.05a | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Cordierite | 9.CJ.10 | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| ⓘ | Enstatite | 9.DA.05 | Mg2Si2O6 |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 9.BG.05a | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | 9.ED.05 | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | Microcline | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | var. Sericite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Orthoclase | 9.FA.30 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Phlogopite | 9.EC.20 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Plancheite | 9.DB.35 | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| ⓘ | Prehnite | 9.DP.20 | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Sillimanite | 9.AF.05 | Al2(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Thorite | 9.AD.30 | Th(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | var. Uranothorite | 9.AD.30 | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| ⓘ | Titanite | 9.AG.15 | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| ⓘ | Zircon | 9.AD.30 | Zr(SiO4) |
| Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc. | |||
| ⓘ | 'Albite-Anorthite Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Allanite Group' | - | {A12+REE3+}{M3+2M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Cualstibite-1M' | - | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| ⓘ | 'Garnet Group' | - | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | 'Hornblende' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Hypersthene' | - | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | (Fe,O,OH,H2O) |
| ⓘ | 'Monazite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Pumpellyite' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Stilbite subgroup' | - | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| ⓘ | 'Wolframite' | - | (Fe2+)WO4to (Mn2+)WO4 |
List of minerals arranged by Dana 8th Edition classification
| Group 1 - NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Metals, other than the Platinum Group | |||
| ⓘ | Copper | 1.1.1.3 | Cu |
| Semi-metals and non-metals | |||
| ⓘ | Bismuth | 1.3.1.4 | Bi |
| Group 2 - SULFIDES | |||
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcocite | 2.4.7.1 | Cu2S |
| ⓘ | Hessite | 2.4.2.1 | Ag2Te |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:2 | |||
| ⓘ | Bornite | 2.5.2.1 | Cu5FeS4 |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 9:8 | |||
| ⓘ | Mackinawite | 2.7.2.1 | (Fe,Ni)9S8 |
| ⓘ | Pentlandite | 2.7.1.1 | (FexNiy)Σ9S8 |
| AmXp, with m:p = 1:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Coloradoite | 2.8.2.5 | HgTe |
| ⓘ | Covellite | 2.8.12.1 | CuS |
| ⓘ | Galena | 2.8.1.1 | PbS |
| ⓘ | Millerite | 2.8.16.1 | NiS |
| ⓘ | Pyrrhotite | 2.8.10.1 | Fe1-xS |
| ⓘ | Sphalerite | 2.8.2.1 | ZnS |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcopyrite | 2.9.1.1 | CuFeS2 |
| ⓘ | Cubanite | 2.9.13.1 | CuFe2S3 |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4 | |||
| ⓘ | Linnaeite | 2.10.1.1 | Co2+Co3+2S4 |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:3 | |||
| ⓘ | Bismuthinite | 2.11.2.3 | Bi2S3 |
| ⓘ | Tetradymite | 2.11.7.1 | Bi2Te2S |
| AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2 | |||
| ⓘ | Melonite | 2.12.14.1 | NiTe2 |
| ⓘ | Molybdenite | 2.12.10.1 | MoS2 |
| ⓘ | Pyrite | 2.12.1.1 | FeS2 |
| ⓘ | Sylvanite | 2.12.13.3 | (Au,Ag)2Te4 |
| Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides | |||
| ⓘ | Valleriite | 2.14.1.1 | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Miscellaneous | |||
| ⓘ | Rickardite | 2.16.15.1 | Cu7Te5 |
| Group 3 - SULFOSALTS | |||
| 3 <ø < 4 | |||
| ⓘ | 'Tetrahedrite Subgroup' | 3.3.6.1 | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| Group 4 - SIMPLE OXIDES | |||
| A2X | |||
| ⓘ | Cuprite | 4.1.1.1 | Cu2O |
| AX | |||
| ⓘ | Tenorite | 4.2.3.1 | CuO |
| A2X3 | |||
| ⓘ | Corundum | 4.3.1.1 | Al2O3 |
| ⓘ | Hematite | 4.3.1.2 | Fe2O3 |
| ⓘ | Ilmenite | 4.3.5.1 | Fe2+TiO3 |
| AX2 | |||
| ⓘ | Cassiterite ? | 4.4.1.5 | SnO2 |
| ⓘ | Rutile | 4.4.1.1 | TiO2 |
| Group 6 - HYDROXIDES AND OXIDES CONTAINING HYDROXYL | |||
| XO(OH) | |||
| ⓘ | Goethite | 6.1.1.2 | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| Group 7 - MULTIPLE OXIDES | |||
| AB2X4 | |||
| ⓘ | Jacobsite ? | 7.2.2.2 | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Magnetite | 7.2.2.3 | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| ⓘ | Spinel | 7.2.1.1 | MgAl2O4 |
| Group 9 - NORMAL HALIDES | |||
| AX2 | |||
| ⓘ | Fluorite | 9.2.1.1 | CaF2 |
| Group 14 - ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES | |||
| A(XO3) | |||
| ⓘ | Calcite | 14.1.1.1 | CaCO3 |
| ⓘ | Smithsonite | 14.1.1.6 | ZnCO3 |
| AB(XO3)2 | |||
| ⓘ | Dolomite | 14.2.1.1 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Group 16a - ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN | |||
| ⓘ | Azurite | 16a.2.1.1 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Bismutite | 16a.3.5.1 | (BiO)2CO3 |
| ⓘ | Malachite | 16a.3.1.1 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Group 28 - ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES | |||
| AXO4 | |||
| ⓘ | Anhydrite | 28.3.2.1 | CaSO4 |
| ⓘ | Baryte | 28.3.1.1 | BaSO4 |
| Group 29 - HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES | |||
| AXO4·xH2O | |||
| ⓘ | Chalcanthite | 29.6.7.1 | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| ⓘ | Gypsum | 29.6.3.1 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Group 30 - ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN | |||
| (AB)m(XO4)pZq, where m:p>2:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Brochantite | 30.1.3.1 | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Group 31 - HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN | |||
| (AB)m(XO4)pZq·xH2O, where m:p > 6:1 | |||
| ⓘ | Connellite | 31.1.1.1 | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| (AB)6(XO4)Zq·xH2O | |||
| ⓘ | Cyanotrichite | 31.2.1.1 | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| Group 41 - ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN | |||
| (AB)3(XO4)Zq | |||
| ⓘ | Cornetite | 41.3.2.1 | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| (AB)5(XO4)2Zq | |||
| ⓘ | Reichenbachite | 41.4.3.2 | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| A2(XO4)Zq | |||
| ⓘ | Libethenite | 41.6.6.2 | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| A5(XO4)3Zq | |||
| ⓘ | Fluorapatite | 41.8.1.1 | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| Group 48 - ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES | |||
| AXO4 | |||
| ⓘ | Ferberite | 48.1.1.2 | FeWO4 |
| ⓘ | Hübnerite | 48.1.1.1 | MnWO4 |
| ⓘ | Scheelite | 48.1.2.1 | Ca(WO4) |
| Group 51 - NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only | |||
| Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [6] and >[6] coordination | |||
| ⓘ | Almandine | 51.4.3a.2 | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in >[6] coordination | |||
| ⓘ | Thorite | 51.5.2.3 | Th(SiO4) |
| ⓘ | Zircon | 51.5.2.1 | Zr(SiO4) |
| Group 52 - NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O | |||
| Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination | |||
| ⓘ | Sillimanite | 52.2.2a.1 | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] and/or >[6] coordination | |||
| ⓘ | Titanite | 52.4.3.1 | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Group 56 - SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O | |||
| Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination | |||
| ⓘ | Axinite-(Fe) | 56.2.2.1 | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Group 58 - SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups | |||
| Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2) | |||
| ⓘ | Clinozoisite | 58.2.1a.4 | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | Epidote | 58.2.1a.7 | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Group 61 - CYCLOSILICATES Six-Membered Rings | |||
| Six-Membered Rings with Al substituted rings | |||
| ⓘ | Cordierite | 61.2.1.1 | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Group 65 - INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1) | |||
| Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2 | |||
| ⓘ | Enstatite | 65.1.2.1 | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Group 66 - INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2) | |||
| Amphiboles - Ca subgroup | |||
| ⓘ | Plancheite | 66.2.1.1 | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| Group 71 - PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings | |||
| Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers | |||
| ⓘ | Allophane | 71.1.5.1 | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers | |||
| ⓘ | Muscovite | 71.2.2a.1 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | Phlogopite | 71.2.2b.1 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Sheets of 6-membered rings interlayered 1:1, 2:1, and octahedra | |||
| ⓘ | Clinochlore | 71.4.1.4 | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Group 72 - PHYLLOSILICATES Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings | |||
| Two-Dimensional Infinite Sheets with Other Than Six-Membered Rings with 4-membered rings | |||
| ⓘ | Prehnite | 72.1.3.1 | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Group 74 - PHYLLOSILICATES Modulated Layers | |||
| Modulated Layers with joined strips | |||
| ⓘ | Chrysocolla | 74.3.2.1 | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Group 75 - TECTOSILICATES Si Tetrahedral Frameworks | |||
| Si Tetrahedral Frameworks - SiO2 with [4] coordinated Si | |||
| ⓘ | Quartz | 75.1.3.1 | SiO2 |
| Group 76 - TECTOSILICATES Al-Si Framework | |||
| Al-Si Framework with Al-Si frameworks | |||
| ⓘ | Microcline | 76.1.1.5 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| ⓘ | Orthoclase | 76.1.1.1 | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Unclassified Minerals, Mixtures, etc. | |||
| ⓘ | 'Albite-Anorthite Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Allanite Group' | - | {A12+REE3+}{M3+2M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Apatite' | - | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| ⓘ | 'Biotite' | - | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Chlorite Group' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Cualstibite-1M' | - | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| ⓘ | 'Garnet Group' | - | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| ⓘ | 'Hornblende' | - | |
| ⓘ | 'Hypersthene' | - | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| ⓘ | Kaolinite | - | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | (Fe,O,OH,H2O) |
| ⓘ | 'Monazite' | - | |
| ⓘ | Muscovite var. Sericite | - | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| ⓘ | 'Pumpellyite' | - | |
| ⓘ | Quartz var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz | - | SiO2 |
| ⓘ | 'Stilbite subgroup' | - | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| ⓘ | Thorite var. Uranothorite | - | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| ⓘ | 'Wolframite' | - | (Fe2+)WO4 to (Mn2+)WO4 |
| ⓘ | Xenotime-(Y) | - | Y(PO4) |
List of minerals for each chemical element
| H | Hydrogen | |
|---|---|---|
| H | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| H | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| H | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| H | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| H | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| H | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| H | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| H | ⓘ Stilbite subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| H | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| H | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| H | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| H | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| H | ⓘ Allanite Group | {A12+REE3+}{M23+M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| H | ⓘ Limonite | (Fe,O,OH,H2O) |
| H | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| H | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| B | Boron | |
| B | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| C | Carbon | |
| C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| C | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| C | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| C | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| O | Oxygen | |
| O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| O | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| O | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| O | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| O | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| O | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| O | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| O | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| O | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| O | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| O | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| O | ⓘ Tenorite | CuO |
| O | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| O | ⓘ Stilbite subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| O | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| O | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| O | ⓘ Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| O | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| O | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| O | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| O | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| O | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Wolframite | (Fe2+)WO4 to (Mn2+)WO4 |
| O | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| O | ⓘ Allanite Group | {A12+REE3+}{M23+M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| O | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| O | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| O | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| O | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| O | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| O | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| O | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| O | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| O | ⓘ Limonite | (Fe,O,OH,H2O) |
| O | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| O | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| O | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| O | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| O | ⓘ Quartz var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz | SiO2 |
| O | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| O | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| F | Fluorine | |
| F | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| F | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| F | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| F | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| Mg | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| Mg | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Mg | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Mg | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Mg | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Mg | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Al | Aluminium | |
| Al | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Al | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| Al | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Al | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| Al | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| Al | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Al | ⓘ Stilbite subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| Al | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Al | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Al | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Al | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Al | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Al | ⓘ Corundum | Al2O3 |
| Al | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Al | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | Silicon | |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
| Si | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Si | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Si | ⓘ Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Stilbite subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
| Si | ⓘ Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| Si | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| Si | ⓘ Sillimanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
| Si | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Allanite Group | {A12+REE3+}{M23+M32+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Si | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| Si | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| Si | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Si | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Si | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Si | ⓘ Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| Si | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Si | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Si | ⓘ Quartz var. "Herkimer-style" Quartz | SiO2 |
| P | Phosphorus | |
| P | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| P | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| P | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| P | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| P | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| P | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| S | Sulfur | |
| S | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| S | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| S | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| S | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| S | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| S | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| S | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| S | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| S | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| S | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Linnaeite | Co2+Co23+S4 |
| S | ⓘ Mackinawite | (Fe,Ni)9S8 |
| S | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| S | ⓘ Pentlandite | (FexNiy)Σ9S8 |
| S | ⓘ Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
| S | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| S | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| S | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| S | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| S | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Cl | Chlorine | |
| Cl | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Cl | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| K | Potassium | |
| K | ⓘ Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
| K | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| K | ⓘ Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
| Ca | ⓘ Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| Ca | ⓘ Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| Ca | ⓘ Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| Ca | ⓘ Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| Ca | ⓘ Clinozoisite | {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| Ca | ⓘ Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| Ca | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Ti | Titanium | |
| Ti | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Ti | ⓘ Rutile | TiO2 |
| Ti | ⓘ Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| Mn | Manganese | |
| Mn | ⓘ Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Wolframite | (Fe2+)WO4 to (Mn2+)WO4 |
| Mn | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | Iron | |
| Fe | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Magnetite | Fe2+Fe23+O4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| Fe | ⓘ Epidote | {Ca2}{Al2Fe3+}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Pyrite | FeS2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Axinite-(Fe) | Ca2Fe2+Al2BSi4O15OH |
| Fe | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| Fe | ⓘ Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10(OH)2 |
| Fe | ⓘ Mackinawite | (Fe,Ni)9S8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Pentlandite | (FexNiy)Σ9S8 |
| Fe | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Wolframite | (Fe2+)WO4 to (Mn2+)WO4 |
| Fe | ⓘ Cordierite | (Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18) |
| Fe | ⓘ Almandine | Fe32+Al2(SiO4)3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Limonite | (Fe,O,OH,H2O) |
| Fe | ⓘ Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
| Fe | ⓘ Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe23+O4 |
| Co | Cobalt | |
| Co | ⓘ Linnaeite | Co2+Co23+S4 |
| Ni | Nickel | |
| Ni | ⓘ Mackinawite | (Fe,Ni)9S8 |
| Ni | ⓘ Melonite | NiTe2 |
| Ni | ⓘ Millerite | NiS |
| Ni | ⓘ Pentlandite | (FexNiy)Σ9S8 |
| Cu | Copper | |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| Cu | ⓘ Cyanotrichite | Cu4Al2(SO4)(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| Cu | ⓘ Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| Cu | ⓘ Copper | Cu |
| Cu | ⓘ Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Cuprite | Cu2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Cu | ⓘ Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
| Cu | ⓘ Tenorite | CuO |
| Cu | ⓘ Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
| Cu | ⓘ Plancheite | Cu8(Si8O22)(OH)4 · H2O |
| Cu | ⓘ Cornetite | Cu3(PO4)(OH)3 |
| Cu | ⓘ Reichenbachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| Cu | ⓘ Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| Cu | ⓘ Covellite | CuS |
| Cu | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Cu | ⓘ Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| Zn | Zinc | |
| Zn | ⓘ Sphalerite | ZnS |
| Zn | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| Y | Yttrium | |
| Y | ⓘ Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) |
| Zr | Zirconium | |
| Zr | ⓘ Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| Mo | Molybdenum | |
| Mo | ⓘ Molybdenite | MoS2 |
| Ag | Silver | |
| Ag | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Ag | ⓘ Sylvanite | (Au,Ag)2Te4 |
| Sn | Tin | |
| Sn | ⓘ Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| Sb | Antimony | |
| Sb | ⓘ Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] |
| Sb | ⓘ Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C22+)Sb4S12S |
| Te | Tellurium | |
| Te | ⓘ Coloradoite | HgTe |
| Te | ⓘ Hessite | Ag2Te |
| Te | ⓘ Melonite | NiTe2 |
| Te | ⓘ Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
| Te | ⓘ Sylvanite | (Au,Ag)2Te4 |
| Te | ⓘ Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
| Ba | Barium | |
| Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
| W | Tungsten | |
| W | ⓘ Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| W | ⓘ Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| W | ⓘ Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| W | ⓘ Wolframite | (Fe2+)WO4 to (Mn2+)WO4 |
| Au | Gold | |
| Au | ⓘ Sylvanite | (Au,Ag)2Te4 |
| Hg | Mercury | |
| Hg | ⓘ Coloradoite | HgTe |
| Pb | Lead | |
| Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
| Bi | Bismuth | |
| Bi | ⓘ Tetradymite | Bi2Te2S |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismuth | Bi |
| Bi | ⓘ Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
| Th | Thorium | |
| Th | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
| Th | ⓘ Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| U | Uranium | |
| U | ⓘ Thorite var. Uranothorite | (Th,U)SiO4 |
Geochronology
Mineralization age: Proterozoic : 1031 Ma to 950 MaImportant note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.
| Geologic Time | Rocks, Minerals and Events | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Precambrian | |||||||
| Proterozoic | |||||||
| Neoproterozoic | |||||||
| Tonian |
| ||||||
| Mesoproterozoic | |||||||
| Stenian |
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References
Sort by
Year (asc) Year (desc) Author (A-Z) Author (Z-A)Ronaldson, J. H. (1905) Notes on the Copper Deposits of Little Namaqualand. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa: 8:158-166.
Lombaard, A.F., the Exploration Staff Of The Okiep Copper Company Limited (1986): The copper deposits of the Okiep district, Namaqualand. In: Anhaeusser, C.R., Maske, S. (Editors) Mineral Deposits of Southern Africa: Volume II: 1421-1445.
Wilson, M.G.C. (1998) Copper. In: Wilson, M.G.C., Anhaeusser, C.R. (Editors) The Mineral Resources of South Africa (6th Edition). Handbook 16. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa: 209-227.
Maier, W.D. (2000) Platinum-group elements in Cu-sulphide ores at Carolusberg and East Okiep, Namaqualand, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita: 35: 422-429.
Raith, J.G., Stein, H.J. (2000) Re-Os dating and sulphur isotope composition of molybdenite from tungsten deposits in western Namaqualand, South Africa: implications for ore genesis and the timing of metamorphism. Mineralium Deposita: 35: 741-753.
Cairncross, B. (2004) History of The Okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Mineralogical Record: 35(4): 289-317.
Maier, W.D., Andreoli, M.A.G., Groves, D.I., Barnes, S-L. (2012) Petrogenesis of Cu-Ni sulphide ores from O'Okiep and Kliprand, Namaqualand, South Africa: Constraints from chalcophile metal contents. South African Journal of Geology: 115: 499-514.
Other Databases
| Wikipedia: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okiep |
|---|---|
| Wikidata ID: | Q1003356 |
External Links
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257331111_The_O%27okiep_Copper_District_Namaqualand_South_Africa_A_review_of_the_geology_with_emphasis_on_the_petrogenesis_of_the_cupriferous_Koperberg_Suite
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287922000_History_of_the_Okiep_copper_district_Namaqualand_Northern_Cape_Province_South_Africa
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00203094
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0892687513002173
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287922000_History_of_the_Okiep_copper_district_Namaqualand_Northern_Cape_Province_South_Africa
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00203094
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0892687513002173
Localities in this Region
- Northern Cape
- Namakwa
- Okiep Copper District
- Biesies Mine
- Brandkloof Mine
- Carolusberg No. 1 Mine
- Carolusberg No. 2 Mine
- Concordia
- Divide Mine
- East Okiep Mine
- Ezelsfontein Mine (Eezelsfontein Mine)
- Flat Mine
- Flat South Mine
- Hoits Mine
- Homeep East Mine
- Homeep West Mine
- Jan Coetzee Copper Mine
- Jan Coetzee Southwest Mine
- Jubilee mine
- Kilduncan Mine
- Kliphoog Mine
- Klondyke Central mine
- Kloof mine
- Koeelkop mine
- Koperberg mine
- Okiep Copper District
- Namakwa
- Northern Cape
- Namakwa
- Okiep Copper District
- Nababeep mine
- Nababeep tungsten mines
- Narrap Mine
- Nigramoep mine
- Okiep Mine (O'Okiep Mine)
- Rietberg Mine
- Schaaprivier mine
- Schaaprivier West mine
- Spektakel Mine
- Spektakel Northwest mine
- ⭔Springbok
- T'kodas
- Valentine mine
- Van Der Stel's copper mine
- Wheal Flat mine
- Wheal Heath mine
- Wheal Julia mine
- Wheal Julia North mine
- Whytes West mine
- Okiep Copper District
- Namakwa
Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
African PlateTectonic Plate
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Okiep Copper District, Namakwa, Northern Cape, South Africa