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Homa Bay County, Kenyai
Regional Level Types
Homa Bay CountyCounty
KenyaCountry

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PhotosMapsSearch
00748590015767446258759.jpg
Homa Mountain Carbonatite Complex from Lake Victoria

Homa Mountain complex, Homa Bay County, Kenya
00748590015767446258759.jpg
Homa Mountain Carbonatite Complex from Lake Victoria

Homa Mountain complex, Homa Bay County, Kenya
00748590015767446258759.jpg
Homa Mountain Carbonatite Complex from Lake Victoria

Homa Mountain complex, Homa Bay County, Kenya
Neighbouring regions:
Kericho County, Kenya
Kisii County, Kenya
Kisumu County, Kenya
Migori County, Kenya
Nyamira County, Kenya
Eastern Region, Uganda
Siaya County, Kenya
Locality type:
County
Largest Settlements:
PlacePopulation
Homa Bay40,319 (2013)
Oyugis10,116 (2018)
Kendu Bay434 (2018)
Other Languages:
View 11 more...
French:
Homa Bay , Kenya
German:
Homa Bay County, Kenia
Simplified Chinese:
霍馬灣郡, 肯尼亚
Spanish:
Condado de Homa Bay, Kenia
Swahili:
Wilaya ya Homa Bay, Kenya
Cebuano:
Homa Bay , Kenya
Dutch:
Homa Bay, Kenia
Farsi/Persian:
شهرستان خلیج هوما, کنیا
Japanese:
ホマ・ベイ , ケニア
Korean:
호마베이 현, 케냐
Minnan / Hokkien-Taiwanese:
Homa Bay Kūn, Kenya
Norwegian:
Homa Bay fylke, Kenya
Polish:
Wilaya ya Homa Bay, Kenia
Swedish:
Homa Bay , Kenya
Urdu:
ہوما بے کاؤنٹی, کینیا
Vietnamese:
Homa Bay, Kenya


One of the 47 counties of Kenya. This county was part of the former Nyanza province prior to 2013.

Select Mineral List Type

Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical Elements

Commodity List

This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded from this region.


Mineral List

Mineral list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

38 valid minerals. 1 (TL) - type locality of valid minerals.

Rock Types Recorded

Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!

Rock list contains entries from the region specified including sub-localities

Select Rock List Type

Alphabetical List Tree Diagram

Detailed Mineral List:

ⓘ Aegirine
Formula: NaFe3+Si2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region.
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969) Sodic Amphiboles and Pyroxenes from Fenites in East Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24:2, 114-135.
ⓘ Aegirine-augite
Formula: (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135. Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88.
ⓘ Albite
Formula: Na(AlSi3O8)
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.
ⓘ Albite var. Andesine
Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase
Formula: (Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ 'Alkali Feldspar'
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Le Bas, M. J. (1970). A combined central-and fissure-type phonolitic volcano in western Kenya. Bulletin Volcanologique, 34(2), 518-536. doi.org/10.1007/BF02596769
ⓘ 'Alkali pyroxene'
Reference: Clarke, M. G. C., & Roberts, B. (1986). Carbonated melilitites and calcitized alkalicarbonatites from Homa Mountain, western Kenya: a reinterpretation. Geological Magazine, 123(6), 683-692. doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800024195 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88. Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ 'Amphibole Supergroup'
Formula: AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ Analcime
Formula: Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Reference: Rosatelli, G., Wall, F., Le Bas, M.J. (2003) Potassic glass and calcite carbonatite in lapilli from extrusive carbonatites at Rangwa Caldera Complex, Kenya. Mineralogical Magazine, 67:5, 931-955.
ⓘ Andradite
Formula: Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
ⓘ Andradite var. Melanite
Formula: Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A Clarke, M. G. C., & Roberts, B. (1986). Carbonated melilitites and calcitized alkalicarbonatites from Homa Mountain, western Kenya: a reinterpretation. Geological Magazine, 123(6), 683-692. doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800024195 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88. Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ Ankerite
Formula: Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Reference: Onuonga, I. O. (1997). Geochemistry and mineralization of Buru and Kuge volcanic carbonatite centres, western Kenya. PhD thesis University of St. Andrews (United Kingdom).
ⓘ 'Apatite'
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Localities: Reported from at least 12 localities in this region.
ⓘ Arfvedsonite
Formula: [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.
ⓘ Augite
Formula: (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ 'Barkevikite'
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ Baryte
Formula: BaSO4
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages. Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88.
ⓘ 'Bastnäsite'
Formula: (Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages.
ⓘ 'Biotite'
Formula: K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.
ⓘ Calcite
Formula: CaCO3
Localities: Reported from at least 8 localities in this region.
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.; USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A Clarke, M. G. C., & Roberts, B. (1986). Carbonated melilitites and calcitized alkalicarbonatites from Homa Mountain, western Kenya: a reinterpretation. Geological Magazine, 123(6), 683-692. doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800024195 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88. Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ Cancrinite
Formula: (Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages.
ⓘ Diopside
Formula: CaMgSi2O6
Reference: Nyamai, C.M., Haapala, I. (2000) A Comparison of the uncompahgrite and turjaite mineralogy (phlogopite, melilite, etc.) of the south Nyanza district, western Kenya, with similar rock complexes in Asia, Australia and America. China & East Asia 2000 Symposium.
ⓘ Eudialyte
Formula: Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages.
ⓘ Eugsterite (TL)
Formula: Na4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O
Type Locality:
Reference: Vergouwen, L. (1981) Eugsterite, a new salt mineral. American Mineralogist, 66, 632-636.
ⓘ 'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ 'Feldspar Group'
Reference: Rosatelli, G., Wall, F., Le Bas, M.J. (2003) Potassic glass and calcite carbonatite in lapilli from extrusive carbonatites at Rangwa Caldera Complex, Kenya. Mineralogical Magazine, 67:5, 931-955.
ⓘ Fluorapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3F
ⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
ⓘ Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages. USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
ⓘ Forsterite
Formula: Mg2SiO4
Reference: Nyamai, C.M., Haapala, I. (2000) A Comparison of the uncompahgrite and turjaite mineralogy (phlogopite, melilite, etc.) of the south Nyanza district, western Kenya, with similar rock complexes in Asia, Australia and America. China & East Asia 2000 Symposium.
ⓘ 'Glass'
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ Götzenite
Formula: NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages. USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
ⓘ Hematite
Formula: Fe2O3
Reference: Onuonga, I. O. (1997). Geochemistry and mineralization of Buru and Kuge volcanic carbonatite centres, western Kenya. PhD thesis University of St. Andrews (United Kingdom).
ⓘ Hydroxylapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
ⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite
Formula: Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,O)
Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A Clarke, M. G. C., & Roberts, B. (1986). Carbonated melilitites and calcitized alkalicarbonatites from Homa Mountain, western Kenya: a reinterpretation. Geological Magazine, 123(6), 683-692. doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800024195 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88. Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ 'K Feldspar'
Formula: KAlSi3O8
Reference: Rosatelli, G., Wall, F., Le Bas, M.J. (2003) Potassic glass and calcite carbonatite in lapilli from extrusive carbonatites at Rangwa Caldera Complex, Kenya. Mineralogical Magazine, 67:5, 931-955.
ⓘ 'Limonite'
Reference: Clarke, M. G. C., & Roberts, B. (1986). Carbonated melilitites and calcitized alkalicarbonatites from Homa Mountain, western Kenya: a reinterpretation. Geological Magazine, 123(6), 683-692. doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800024195 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88. Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite
Formula: {Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.
ⓘ Magnetite
Formula: Fe2+Fe3+2O4
Localities: Reported from at least 11 localities in this region.
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages. USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
ⓘ 'Melilite Group'
Formula: Ca2M(XSiO7)
Reference: Nyamai, C.M., Haapala, I. (2000) A Comparison of the uncompahgrite and turjaite mineralogy (phlogopite, melilite, etc.) of the south Nyanza district, western Kenya, with similar rock complexes in Asia, Australia and America. China & East Asia 2000 Symposium.
ⓘ 'Mica Group'
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ Microcline
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.
ⓘ 'Monazite'
Formula: REE(PO4)
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages. USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A . Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88.
ⓘ Muscovite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Reference: Nyamai, C.M., Haapala, I. (2000) A Comparison of the uncompahgrite and turjaite mineralogy (phlogopite, melilite, etc.) of the south Nyanza district, western Kenya, with similar rock complexes in Asia, Australia and America. China & East Asia 2000 Symposium.
ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite
Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Reference: Nyamai, C.M., Haapala, I. (2000) A Comparison of the uncompahgrite and turjaite mineralogy (phlogopite, melilite, etc.) of the south Nyanza district, western Kenya, with similar rock complexes in Asia, Australia and America. China & East Asia 2000 Symposium.
ⓘ Natrolite
Formula: Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ Nepheline
Formula: Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
Localities: Reported from at least 10 localities in this region.
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135. Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88.
ⓘ Nosean
Formula: Na8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Le Bas, M. J. (1970). A combined central-and fissure-type phonolitic volcano in western Kenya. Bulletin Volcanologique, 34(2), 518-536. doi.org/10.1007/BF02596769
ⓘ Nyerereite
Formula: Na2Ca(CO3)2
Reference: Clarke, M. G. C., & Roberts, B. (1986). Carbonated melilitites and calcitized alkalicarbonatites from Homa Mountain, western Kenya: a reinterpretation. Geological Magazine, 123(6), 683-692. doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800024195 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 Kalt, A., Hegner, E., & Satir, M. (1997). Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence for diverse lithospheric mantle sources of East African Rift carbonatites. Tectonophysics, 278(1-4), 31-45. doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00093-0 Keller, J. (1989). Extrusive carbonatites and their significance. Carbonatites: genesis and evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, 70-88. Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ Orthoclase
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0
ⓘ Perovskite
Formula: CaTiO3
Reference: Nyamai, C.M., Haapala, I. (2000) A Comparison of the uncompahgrite and turjaite mineralogy (phlogopite, melilite, etc.) of the south Nyanza district, western Kenya, with similar rock complexes in Asia, Australia and America. China & East Asia 2000 Symposium.
ⓘ Phlogopite
Formula: KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
Reference: Nyamai, C.M., Haapala, I. (2000) A Comparison of the uncompahgrite and turjaite mineralogy (phlogopite, melilite, etc.) of the south Nyanza district, western Kenya, with similar rock complexes in Asia, Australia and America. China & East Asia 2000 Symposium.
ⓘ 'Plagioclase'
Formula: (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ 'Pyrochlore Group'
Formula: A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Localities: Reported from at least 7 localities in this region.
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.
ⓘ 'Pyroxene Group'
Formula: ADSi2O6
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ Quartz
Formula: SiO2
Reference: Onuonga, I. O. (1997). Geochemistry and mineralization of Buru and Kuge volcanic carbonatite centres, western Kenya. PhD thesis University of St. Andrews (United Kingdom).
ⓘ 'Rhombohedral Carbonate'
Formula: (Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ Richterite
Formula: {Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Reference: Sutherland, D.S. (1969): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 24, 114-135.
ⓘ Sanidine
Formula: K(AlSi3O8)
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ Siderite
Formula: FeCO3
Reference: Onuonga, I.O., Fallick, A.E., Bowden, P. (1997) The recognition of meteoric-hydrothermal and supergene processes in volcanic carbonatites, Nyanza Rift, western Kenya, using carbon and oxygen isotopes. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 25:1, 103-113. Onuonga, I. O. (1997). Geochemistry and mineralization of Buru and Kuge volcanic carbonatite centres, western Kenya. PhD thesis University of St. Andrews (United Kingdom).
ⓘ Sodalite
Formula: Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Reference: Bestland, E. A., & Krull, E. S. (1999). Palaeoenvironments of Early Miocene Kisingiri volcano Proconsul sites: evidence from carbon isotopes, palaeosols and hydromagmatic deposits. Journal of the Geological Society, 156(5), 965-976. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.0965 Bestland, E. A., Thackray, G. D., & Retallack, G. J. (1995). Cycles of doming and eruption of the Miocene Kisingiri Volcano, Southwest Kenya. The Journal of Geology, 103(5), 598-607. doi.org/10.1086/629779 Deines, P., & Gold, D. P. (1973). The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1709-1733. doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90158-0 DRAKE, R. E., VAN COUVERING, J. A., PICKFORD, M. H., CURTIS, G. H., & HARRIS, J. A. (1988). New chronology for the Early Miocene mammalian faunas of Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Journal of the Geological Society, 145(3), 479-491. doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.145.3.0479 Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Norry, M. J., Truckle, P. H., Lippard, S. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Weaver, S. D., & Marriner, G. F. (1980). Isotopic and trace element evidence from lavas, bearing on mantle heterogeneity beneath Kenya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 297(1431), 259-271. doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1980.0214 Rubie, D. C. (1982). Mass transfer and volume change during alkali metasomatism at Kisingiri, Western Kenya. Lithos, 15(2), 99-109. doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(82)90003-2 Rubie, D. C., & Gunter, W. D. (1983). The role of speciation in alkaline igneous fluids during fenite metasomatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82(2-3), 165-175. doi.org/10.1007/BF01166611
ⓘ 'Synchysite'
Formula: Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley.
ⓘ Titanite
Formula: CaTi(SiO4)O
Reference: USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A
ⓘ Wollastonite
Formula: Ca3(Si3O9)
Localities: Reported from at least 6 localities in this region.
Reference: Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., Orris, G.J. (2009) Carbonatites of the World, Explored Deposits of Nb and REE - Database and Grade and Tonnage Models. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 pages. USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A.
ⓘ 'Zeolite Group'
Reference: Le Bas, M. J. (1977). Carbonatite-nephelinite volcanism: an African case history. London: Wiley. Le Bas, M. J. (1970). A combined central-and fissure-type phonolitic volcano in western Kenya. Bulletin Volcanologique, 34(2), 518-536. doi.org/10.1007/BF02596769

Gallery:

List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification

Group 3 - Halides
ⓘFluorite3.AB.25CaF2
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides
ⓘHematite4.CB.05Fe2O3
ⓘMagnetite4.BB.05Fe2+Fe3+2O4
ⓘPerovskite4.CC.30CaTiO3
ⓘ'Pyrochlore Group'4.00.A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
ⓘQuartz4.DA.05SiO2
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates
ⓘAnkerite5.AB.10Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
ⓘCalcite5.AB.05CaCO3
ⓘNyerereite5.AC.10Na2Ca(CO3)2
ⓘSiderite5.AB.05FeCO3
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
ⓘBaryte7.AD.35BaSO4
ⓘEugsterite (TL)7.CD.25Na4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates
ⓘFluorapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3F
ⓘvar. Carbonate-rich Fluorapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
ⓘHydroxylapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
ⓘvar. Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite8.BN.05Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,O)
Group 9 - Silicates
ⓘAegirine9.DA.25NaFe3+Si2O6
ⓘAegirine-augite9.DA.20(NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6
ⓘAlbite9.FA.35Na(AlSi3O8)
ⓘvar. Andesine9.FA.35(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
ⓘvar. Oligoclase9.FA.35(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
ⓘAnalcime9.GB.05Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O
ⓘAndradite9.AD.25Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3
ⓘvar. Melanite9.AD.25Ca3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
ⓘArfvedsonite9.DE.25[Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
ⓘAugite9.DA.15(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
ⓘCancrinite9.FB.05(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
ⓘDiopside9.DA.15CaMgSi2O6
ⓘEudialyte9.CO.10Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
ⓘForsterite9.AC.05Mg2SiO4
ⓘGötzenite9.BE.22NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
ⓘMagnesio-arfvedsonite9.DE.25{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘMicrocline9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘMuscovite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘvar. Sericite9.EC.15KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘNatrolite9.GA.05Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
ⓘNepheline9.FA.05Na3K(Al4Si4O16)
ⓘNosean9.FB.10Na8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
ⓘOrthoclase9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘPhlogopite9.EC.20KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
ⓘRichterite9.DE.20{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
ⓘSanidine9.FA.30K(AlSi3O8)
ⓘSodalite9.FB.10Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
ⓘTitanite9.AG.15CaTi(SiO4)O
ⓘWollastonite9.DG.05Ca3(Si3O9)
ⓘ'Zeolite Group'9.G0.
Unclassified Minerals, Rocks, etc.
ⓘ'Alkali Feldspar'-
ⓘ'Alkali pyroxene'-
ⓘ'Amphibole Supergroup'-AB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
ⓘ'Apatite'-Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
ⓘ'Barkevikite'-
ⓘ'Bastnäsite'-(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
ⓘ'Biotite'-K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
ⓘ'Fayalite-Forsterite Series'-
ⓘ'Feldspar Group'-
ⓘ'Glass'-
ⓘ'K Feldspar'-KAlSi3O8
ⓘ'Limonite'-
ⓘ'Melilite Group'-Ca2M(XSiO7)
ⓘ'Mica Group'-
ⓘ'Monazite'-REE(PO4)
ⓘ'Plagioclase'-(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
ⓘ'Pyroxene Group'-ADSi2O6
ⓘ'Rhombohedral Carbonate'-(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
ⓘ'Synchysite'-Ca(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F

List of minerals for each chemical element

HHydrogen
Hⓘ EugsteriteNa4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O
Hⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Hⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Hⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Hⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Hⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Hⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Hⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Hⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,O)
Hⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Hⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Hⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Hⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Hⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Hⓘ NoseanNa8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
CCarbon
Cⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich FluorapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
Cⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Cⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Cⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Cⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Cⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,O)
Cⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
Cⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Cⓘ NyerereiteNa2Ca(CO3)2
Cⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
OOxygen
Oⓘ EugsteriteNa4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O
Oⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Oⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich FluorapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
Oⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Oⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Oⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Oⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Oⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Oⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
Oⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Oⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Oⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Oⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Oⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Oⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Oⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Oⓘ MonaziteREE(PO4)
Oⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Oⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Oⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Oⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Oⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Oⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Oⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Oⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Oⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Oⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,O)
Oⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Oⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Oⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Oⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Oⓘ K FeldsparKAlSi3O8
Oⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Oⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Oⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Oⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Oⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Oⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
Oⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Oⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Oⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Oⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Oⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Oⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Oⓘ NoseanNa8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
Oⓘ NyerereiteNa2Ca(CO3)2
Oⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Oⓘ HematiteFe2O3
Oⓘ QuartzSiO2
FFluorine
Fⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Fⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich FluorapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
Fⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Fⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Fⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Fⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Fⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Fⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Fⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
NaSodium
Naⓘ EugsteriteNa4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O
Naⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Naⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Naⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Naⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Naⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Naⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Naⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Naⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Naⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Naⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Naⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Naⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Naⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Naⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Naⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Naⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Naⓘ NoseanNa8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
Naⓘ NyerereiteNa2Ca(CO3)2
MgMagnesium
Mgⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Mgⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Mgⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Mgⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Mgⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Mgⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Mgⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
Mgⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Mgⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
AlAluminium
Alⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Alⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Alⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Alⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Alⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Alⓘ K FeldsparKAlSi3O8
Alⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Alⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Alⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Alⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Alⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Alⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Alⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Alⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Alⓘ NoseanNa8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
SiSilicon
Siⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Siⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Siⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ AlbiteNa(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Siⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Siⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Siⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Siⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Siⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Siⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Siⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Siⓘ ForsteriteMg2SiO4
Siⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Siⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Siⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Siⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Siⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Siⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Siⓘ K FeldsparKAlSi3O8
Siⓘ AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6) · H2O
Siⓘ Pyroxene GroupADSi2O6
Siⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Siⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Siⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Siⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Siⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
Siⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
Siⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Siⓘ NatroliteNa2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O
Siⓘ NoseanNa8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
Siⓘ QuartzSiO2
PPhosphorus
Pⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Pⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich FluorapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
Pⓘ MonaziteREE(PO4)
Pⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,O)
Pⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Pⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
SSulfur
Sⓘ EugsteriteNa4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O
Sⓘ BaryteBaSO4
Sⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Sⓘ NoseanNa8(Al6Si6O24)(SO4) · H2O
ClChlorine
Clⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Clⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Clⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
Clⓘ SodaliteNa4(Si3Al3)O12Cl
KPotassium
Kⓘ NephelineNa3K(Al4Si4O16)
Kⓘ MicroclineK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Kⓘ PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ Muscovite var. SericiteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Kⓘ K FeldsparKAlSi3O8
Kⓘ OrthoclaseK(AlSi3O8)
Kⓘ SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
CaCalcium
Caⓘ EugsteriteNa4Ca(SO4)3 · 2H2O
Caⓘ ApatiteCa5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH)
Caⓘ Fluorapatite var. Carbonate-rich FluorapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
Caⓘ CalciteCaCO3
Caⓘ Richterite{Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Caⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Caⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Caⓘ FluoriteCaF2
Caⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Caⓘ Cancrinite(Na,Ca,◻)8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3,SO4)2 · 2H2O
Caⓘ WollastoniteCa3(Si3O9)
Caⓘ DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
Caⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Caⓘ Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
Caⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Caⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Caⓘ Hydroxylapatite var. Carbonate-rich HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,O)
Caⓘ FluorapatiteCa5(PO4)3F
Caⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Caⓘ HydroxylapatiteCa5(PO4)3(OH)
Caⓘ Albite var. Oligoclase(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Caⓘ Albite var. Andesine(Na,Ca)[Al(Si,Al)Si2O8]
Caⓘ Plagioclase(Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8
Caⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
Caⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
Caⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Caⓘ NyerereiteNa2Ca(CO3)2
Caⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
TiTitanium
Tiⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Tiⓘ GötzeniteNaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Tiⓘ PerovskiteCaTiO3
Tiⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Tiⓘ TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O
Tiⓘ Amphibole SupergroupAB2C5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
MnManganese
Mnⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
FeIron
Feⓘ AegirineNaFe3+Si2O6
Feⓘ Arfvedsonite[Na][Na2][Fe42+Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2
Feⓘ Aegirine-augite(NaaCabFec2+Mgd)(Fee3+AlfFeg2+Mgh)Si2O6
Feⓘ BiotiteK(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 or Simplified: K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Feⓘ Magnesio-arfvedsonite{Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Feⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
Feⓘ MagnetiteFe2+Fe23+O4
Feⓘ SideriteFeCO3
Feⓘ Andradite var. MelaniteCa3(Fe3+,Ti)2(SiO4)3
Feⓘ AndraditeCa3Fe23+(SiO4)3
Feⓘ Rhombohedral Carbonate(Ca/Mg/Fe/Mn etc)CO3
Feⓘ Augite(CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6
Feⓘ AnkeriteCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
Feⓘ HematiteFe2O3
YYttrium
Yⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Yⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
ZrZirconium
Zrⓘ EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2
NbNiobium
Nbⓘ Pyrochlore GroupA2Nb2(O,OH)6Z
BaBarium
Baⓘ BaryteBaSO4
CeCerium
Ceⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ceⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F
NdNeodymium
Ndⓘ Bastnäsite(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)F
Ndⓘ SynchysiteCa(Ce/Nd/Y/REE)(CO3)2F

Geochronology

Mineralization age: Cenozoic : 18.3 ± 0.5 Ma to 1.3 Ma

Important note: This table is based only on rock and mineral ages recorded on mindat.org for this locality and is not necessarily a complete representation of the geochronology, but does give an indication of possible mineralization events relevant to this locality. As more age information is added this table may expand in the future. A break in the table simply indicates a lack of data entered here, not necessarily a break in the geologic sequence. Grey background entries are from different, related, localities.

Geologic TimeRocks, Minerals and Events
Phanerozoic
 Cenozoic
  Quaternary
   Pleistocene
ⓘ Biotite (youngest age)1.3 MaHoma Mountain complex, Homa Bay County, Kenya
    
   
  Neogene
   Miocene
ⓘ Phonolite (youngest age)10.6 ± 0.3 MaWasaki Peninsula and Ruri Hills Phonolites, Homa Bay County, Kenya
ⓘ Biotite (oldest age)12 MaHoma Mountain complex, Homa Bay County, Kenya
ⓘ Søvite12.7 ± 0.6 MaSokolo Point Carbonatite, Wasaki Peninsula Carbonatites, Homa Bay County, Kenya
ⓘ Phonolite (oldest age)18.3 ± 0.5 MaNyamaji Volcanic Complex, Homa Bay County, Kenya

Fossils

There are 12 fossil localities from the PaleoBioDB database within this region.

BETA TEST - These data are provided on an experimental basis and are taken from external databases. Mindat.org has no control currently over the accuracy of these data.

Occurrences47
Youngest Fossil Listed0.01 Ma (Pleistocene)
Oldest Fossil Listed23.0 Ma (Oligocene)
Stratigraphic Units
UnitNo. OccurrencesAge
Hiwegi220.44 - 15.97 Ma (Miocene)
Hiwegi - Fossil Bed1120.44 - 15.97 Ma (Miocene)
Rusinga - Hiwegi - Fossil Bed220.44 - 15.97 Ma (Miocene)
Fossils from RegionClick here to show the list.
Accepted NameHierarchy Age
Mammalia
class		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Testudinidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Crocodylus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Crocodylus23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Euthecodon
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Euthecodon23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Creodonta
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Creodonta23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Rodentia
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Anthracotheriidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Tragulidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Tragulidae23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Chalicotheriidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Chalicotheriidae23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Rhinocerotidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Proboscidea
order		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Pythonidae
family		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Pythonidae23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Pterodon africanus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Pterodon : Pterodon africanus20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Protopterus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Ceratodontiformes : Lepidosirenidae : Protopterus23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Metapterodon kaiseri
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Pterodon : Metapterodon kaiseri20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Isohyaenodon zadoki
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodonta : Hyainailouridae : Isohyaenodon : Isohyaenodon zadoki20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Kulutherium kenyensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Kulutherium : Kulutherium kenyensis23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Lates
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Perciformes : Latidae : Lates23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Polypterus
genus		Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Polypteriformes : Polypteridae : Polypterus23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Canthumeryx sirtensis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Giraffidae : Canthumeryx : Canthumeryx sirtensis20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Proconsul africanus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Proconsulidae : Proconsul : Proconsul africanus20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Brochuchus pigotti
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Crocodylidae : Brochuchus : Brochuchus pigotti23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Orycteropus crassidens
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : Orycteropus : Orycteropus crassidens2.588 - 0.0117 Ma
Pleistocene
Myorycteropus africanus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tubulidentata : Orycteropodidae : Orycteropus : Myorycteropus africanus23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Anachalcos mfwangani
species		Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Anachalcos : Anachalcos mfwangani20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Copris leakeyorum
species		Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Copris : Copris leakeyorum20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Metacatharsius rusingae
species		Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Metacatharsius : Metacatharsius rusingae20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Impregnochelys pachytectis
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae : Impregnochelys : Impregnochelys pachytectis20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Oecophylla leakeyi
species		Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Hymenoptera : Formicidae : Oecophylla : Oecophylla leakeyi20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Kelba quadeemae
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Odobenidae : Kelba : Kelba quadeemae20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Anasinopa leakeyi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Anasinopa : Anasinopa leakeyi20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Pterodon nyanzae
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Pterodon : Pterodon nyanzae20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Leakitherium hiwegi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Leakitherium : Leakitherium hiwegi20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Hyaenodon (Isohyaenodon) andrewsi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodonta : Hyaenodontidae : Hyaenodon : Hyaenodon (Isohyaenodon) andrewsi20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Hyaenodon (Isohyaenodon) matthewi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodonta : Hyaenodontidae : Hyaenodon : Hyaenodon (Isohyaenodon) matthewi20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Hyaenodon (Isohyaenodon) pilgrimi
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodonta : Hyaenodontidae : Hyaenodon : Hyaenodon (Isohyaenodon) pilgrimi20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Hecubides euryodon
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Amphicyonidae : Cynelos : Hecubides euryodon20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Hecubides macrodon
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Amphicyonidae : Cynelos : Hecubides macrodon20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Kichechia zamanae
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Herpestidae : Kichechia : Kichechia zamanae20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Pseudaelurus africanus
species		Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae : Pseudaelurus : Pseudaelurus africanus20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Eubelum rusingaense
species		Animalia : Arthropoda : Malacostraca : Isopoda : Eubelidae : Eubelum : Eubelum rusingaense20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Accipiter tachiro
species		Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Accipitriformes : Accipitridae : Accipiter : Accipiter tachiro20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Pelusios rusingae
species		Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Pelomedusidae : Pelusios : Pelusios rusingae20.44 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Etheria
genus		Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Etheriidae : Etheria23.03 - 15.97 Ma
Miocene
Fossil LocalitiesClick to show 12 fossil localities

Other Databases

Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_Bay_County
Wikidata ID:Q1625834
GeoNames ID:7667665

Localities in this Region

Kenya
Kenya

Other Regions, Features and Areas that Intersect

Africa
African Plate
Kenya
Somali PlateTectonic Plate
Tanzania

This page contains all mineral locality references listed on mindat.org. This does not claim to be a complete list. If you know of more minerals from this site, please register so you can add to our database. This locality information is for reference purposes only. You should never attempt to visit any sites listed in mindat.org without first ensuring that you have the permission of the land and/or mineral rights holders for access and that you are aware of all safety precautions necessary.
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