Paragenetic Mode 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals
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In spite of their affinity to other mafic/ultramafic igneous rocks, we consider layered igneous intrusions to be a separate paragenetic environment because of their unusual homogeneous aerial extent, their predominantly Precambrian ages, and the common occurrence of metal-enriched layers.
Stage
Minerals
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| Mineral | Formula | Crystal System |
|---|
| Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 | Triclinic |
| Arsenopyrite | FeAsS | Monoclinic |
| Atheneite | Pd2As0.75Hg0.25 | Hexagonal |
| Atokite | (Pd,Pt)3Sn | Isometric |
| Bornite | Cu5FeS4 | Orthorhombic |
| Bowieite | Rh2S3 | Orthorhombic |
| Bowlesite | PtSnS | Orthorhombic |
| Braggite | PdPt3S4 | Tetragonal |
| Cabriite | Pd2CuSn | Orthorhombic |
| Cadmium | Cd | Hexagonal |
| Carrollite | CuCo2S4 | Isometric |
| Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 | Tetragonal |
| Chengdeite | Ir3Fe | Isometric |
| Cherepanovite | RhAs | Orthorhombic |
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Isometric |
| Cobaltite | CoAsS | Orthorhombic |
| Cooperite | PtS | Tetragonal |
| Crerarite | Pt2-x(Bi,Pb)11(S,Se)11 | Triclinic |
| Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Isometric |
| Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 | Monoclinic |
| Erlichmanite | OsS2 | Isometric |
| Ferro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Ferro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Ferronickelplatinum | Pt2FeNi | Tetragonal |
| Froodite | α-PdBi2 | Monoclinic |
| Galena | PbS | Isometric |
| Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 | Isometric |
| Garutiite | (Ni,Fe,Ir) | Hexagonal |
| Genkinite | Pt4Sb3 | Tetragonal |
| Gersdorffite | NiAsS | Isometric |
| Geversite | PtSb2 | Isometric |
| Gold | Au | Isometric |
| Hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Haycockite | Cu4Fe5S8 | Orthorhombic |
| Heazlewoodite | Ni3S2 | Trigonal |
| Hexaferrum | (Fe,Os,Ru,Ir) | Hexagonal |
| Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS | Isometric |
| Hongshiite | PtCu | Trigonal |
| Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 | Isometric |
| Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS | Isometric |
| Iridium | (Ir,Os,Ru) | Isometric |
| Isoferroplatinum | Pt3Fe | Isometric |
| Isomertieite | Pd11Sb2As2 | Isometric |
| Kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2 | Monoclinic |
| Keithconnite | Pd20Te7 | Trigonal |
| Kingstonite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4 | Monoclinic |
| Kojonenite | Pd7-xSnTe2 (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) | Tetragonal |
| Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) | Hexagonal |
| Laflammeite | Pd3Pb2S2 | Monoclinic |
| Laurite | RuS2 | Isometric |
| Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Lukkulaisvaaraite | Pd14Ag2Te9 | Tetragonal |
| Mackinawite | FeS | Tetragonal |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Isometric |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Isometric |
| Majakite | PdNiAs | Hexagonal |
| Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 | Isometric |
| Marathonite | Pd25Ge9 | Trigonal |
| Maslovite | PtBiTe | Isometric |
| Melonite | NiTe2 | Trigonal |
| Menshikovite | Pd3Ni2As3 | Hexagonal |
| Merenskyite | PdTe2 | Trigonal |
| Mertieite | Pd8Sb2.5As0.5 | Trigonal |
| Miassite | Rh17S15 | Isometric |
| Michenerite | PdBiTe | Isometric |
| Miessiite | Pd11Te2Se2 | Isometric |
| Millerite | NiS | Trigonal |
| Mitrofanovite | Pt3Te4 | Trigonal |
| Molybdenite | MoS2 | Hexagonal |
| Moncheite | Pt(Te,Bi)2 | Trigonal |
| Mooihoekite | Cu9Fe9S16 | Tetragonal |
| Muskoxite | Mg7Fe4O13·10H2O | Trigonal |
| Naldrettite | Pd2Sb | Orthorhombic |
| Nickeline | NiAs | Hexagonal |
| Nielsenite | PdCu3 | Tetragonal |
| Niggliite | PtSn | Hexagonal |
| Ognitite | NiBiTe | Trigonal |
| Orthogersdorffite | NiAsS | Orthorhombic |
| Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS | Monoclinic |
| Osmium | (Os,Ir,Ru) | Hexagonal |
| Oulankaite | (Pd,Pt)5(Cu,Fe)4SnTe2S2 | Tetragonal |
| Palarstanide | Pd5(Sn,As)2 | Hexagonal |
| Palladium | (Pd,Pt) | Isometric |
| Palladoarsenide | Pd2As | Monoclinic |
| Palladobismutharsenide | Pd2(As,Bi) | Orthorhombic |
| Palladodymite | (Pd,Rh)2As | Orthorhombic |
| Palladogermanide | Pd2Ge | Hexagonal |
| Palladosilicide | Pd2Si | Hexagonal |
| Paolovite | Pd2Sn | Orthorhombic |
| Paragersdorffite | Ni(As,S)2 | Isometric |
| Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 | Isometric |
| Percleveite-(Ce) | Ce2Si2O7 | Tetragonal |
| Percleveite-(La) | La2Si2O7 | Tetragonal |
| Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 | Monoclinic |
| Platarsite | Pt(As,S)2 | Isometric |
| Platinum | Pt | Isometric |
| Plumbopalladinite | Pd3Pb2 | Hexagonal |
| Polarite | Pd(Bi,Pb) | Orthorhombic |
| Potarite | PdHg | Tetragonal |
| Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Pseudomertieite | Pd11(Sb,As)4 | Hexagonal |
| Putoranite | Cu1.1Fe1.2S2 | Isometric |
| Pyrite | FeS2 | Isometric |
| Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS | Monoclinic |
| Rhodarsenide | (Rh,Pd)2As | Orthorhombic |
| Rhodium | (Rh,Pt) | Isometric |
| Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS | Monoclinic |
| Rustenburgite | (Pt,Pd)3Sn | Isometric |
| Ruthenarsenite | (Ru,Ni)As | Orthorhombic |
| Rutheniridosmine | (Ir,Os,Ru) | Hexagonal |
| Ruthenium | (Ru,Ir) | Hexagonal |
| Skaergaardite | PdCu | Isometric |
| Sobolevskite | PdBi | Hexagonal |
| Sopcheite | Ag4Pd3Te4 | Orthorhombic |
| Sperrylite | PtAs2 | Isometric |
| Sphalerite | ZnS | Isometric |
| Stannopalladinite | (Pd,Cu)3Sn | Orthorhombic |
| Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 | Hexagonal |
| Stibnite | Sb2S3 | Orthorhombic |
| Stillwaterite | Pd8As3 | Trigonal |
| Stumpflite | PtSb | Hexagonal |
| Sudburyite | PdSb | Hexagonal |
| Taimyrite | (Pd,Cu,Pt)3Sn | Orthorhombic |
| Talnakhite | Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16 | Isometric |
| Tarkianite | (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 | Isometric |
| Telargpalite | (Pd,Ag)3(Te,Bi) | Isometric |
| Telluropalladinite | Pd9Te4 | Monoclinic |
| Temagamite | Pd3HgTe3 | Trigonal |
| Tennantite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)As4S12S | Isometric |
| Tetra-auricupride | AuCu | Tetragonal |
| Tetraferroplatinum | PtFe | Tetragonal |
| Tolovkite | IrSbS | Isometric |
| Törnroosite | Pd11As2Te2 | Isometric |
| Tulameenite | Pt2CuFe | Tetragonal |
| Ungavaite | Pd4Sb3 | Tetragonal |
| Vasilite | (Pd,Cu)16(S,Te)7 | Isometric |
| Vincentite | Pd3As | Monoclinic |
| Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Vysotskite | PdS | Tetragonal |
| Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 | Monoclinic |
| Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 | Isometric |
| Zaccariniite | RhNiAs | Tetragonal |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Isometric |
| Zirkelite | (Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x | Isometric |
| Zvyagintsevite | Pd3Pb | Isometric |
| Element | Count | Percent |
|---|
| H | Hydrogen | 7 | 4.76% |
| O | Oxygen | 17 | 11.56% |
| F | Fluorine | 1 | 0.68% |
| Na | Sodium | 5 | 3.40% |
| Mg | Magnesium | 8 | 5.44% |
| Al | Aluminium | 6 | 4.08% |
| Si | Silicon | 12 | 8.16% |
| S | Sulfur | 49 | 33.33% |
| K | Potassium | 1 | 0.68% |
| Ca | Calcium | 8 | 5.44% |
| Ti | Titanium | 2 | 1.36% |
| Cr | Chromium | 3 | 2.04% |
| Fe | Iron | 33 | 22.45% |
| Co | Cobalt | 3 | 2.04% |
| Ni | Nickel | 17 | 11.56% |
| Cu | Copper | 22 | 14.97% |
| Zn | Zinc | 2 | 1.36% |
| Ge | Germanium | 2 | 1.36% |
| As | Arsenic | 31 | 21.09% |
| Se | Selenium | 2 | 1.36% |
| Zr | Zirconium | 1 | 0.68% |
| Mo | Molybdenum | 2 | 1.36% |
| Ru | Ruthenium | 10 | 6.80% |
| Rh | Rhodium | 11 | 7.48% |
| Pd | Palladium | 54 | 36.73% |
| Ag | Silver | 3 | 2.04% |
| Cd | Cadmium | 1 | 0.68% |
| Sn | Tin | 11 | 7.48% |
| Sb | Antimony | 14 | 9.52% |
| Te | Tellurium | 20 | 13.61% |
| La | Lanthanum | 1 | 0.68% |
| Ce | Cerium | 1 | 0.68% |
| Re | Rhenium | 1 | 0.68% |
| Os | Osmium | 7 | 4.76% |
| Ir | Iridium | 14 | 9.52% |
| Pt | Platinum | 29 | 19.73% |
| Au | Gold | 2 | 1.36% |
| Hg | Mercury | 3 | 2.04% |
| Pb | Lead | 7 | 4.76% |
| Bi | Bismuth | 12 | 8.16% |
References
Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
