Hollandite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hollandite
Sir Thomas H. Holland
Formula:
Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16
Formerly defined as Ba(Mn4+,Mn2+)8O16.
Colour:
Silvery-grey to greyish black, black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 6
Specific Gravity:
4.95
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Sir Thomas Henry Holland (22 November 1868, Helston, Cornwall, England – 15 May 1947, Surbiton, London), geologist and educational administrator. He was Director of the Geological Survey of India. He also held administrative positions at the Imperial College London and the University of Edinburgh.
Isostructural with:
In 2012, the IMA revised the nomenclature of the Hollandite Supergroup (Biagioni et al., 2013).
Hollandite is now redefined as the (more widespread) Ba-Mn3+ end-member of the coronadite group; concurrently, type hollandite is redefined as ferrihollandite, a new name to denote the Ba-Fe3+ end-member (Biagioni et al., 2013).
The original type locality for hollandite is now that of ferrihollandite; the neotype locality for hollandite is Gowari Wadhona (misspelt Gowani Wadhona in Biagioni et al., 2013).
Visually indistinguishable from cryptomelane and several other manganese oxide minerals.
Chemically similar to romanèchite.
Hollandite is now redefined as the (more widespread) Ba-Mn3+ end-member of the coronadite group; concurrently, type hollandite is redefined as ferrihollandite, a new name to denote the Ba-Fe3+ end-member (Biagioni et al., 2013).
The original type locality for hollandite is now that of ferrihollandite; the neotype locality for hollandite is Gowari Wadhona (misspelt Gowani Wadhona in Biagioni et al., 2013).
Visually indistinguishable from cryptomelane and several other manganese oxide minerals.
Chemically similar to romanèchite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1921
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1921:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
0524658a-e1b6-4295-a81e-7d05b95df83c
IMA Classification of Hollandite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Classification of Hollandite
4.DK.05a
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures
7.9.1.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
9 : AB8X16
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
9 : AB8X16
7.4.17
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hol | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hol | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Hol | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Hol | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Hollandite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Silvery-grey to greyish black, black
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
4 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Prismatic.
Prismatic.
Parting:
Crystals readily break parallel to [001] into striated chips or fibers.
Density:
4.95 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.93 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hollandite
Anisotropism:
Strong
Colour in reflected light:
White
Pleochroism:
Weak
Chemistry of Hollandite
Mindat Formula:
Ba(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16
Formerly defined as Ba(Mn4+,Mn2+)8O16.
Formerly defined as Ba(Mn4+,Mn2+)8O16.
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Pb,K,Na
Crystallography of Hollandite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.02 Å, b = 2.87 Å, c = 9.72 Å
β = 91.03°
β = 91.03°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.491 : 1 : 3.387
Unit Cell V:
279.48 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic, terminated by a flat pyramid. Massive, fibrous.
Twinning:
Reported (non-specific).
Comment:
Space Group: I2/m.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009759 | Hollandite | Post J E, Von Dreele R B, Buseck P R (1982) Symmetry and cation displacements in hollandites: structure refinements of hollandite, cryptomelane and priderite Acta Crystallographica B38 1056-1065 |  | 1982 | Stuor Njuoskes, Sweden | 0 | 293 |
| 0014428 | Hollandite | Miura H (1986) The crystal structure of hollandite Mineralogical Journal 13 119-129 |  | 1986 | Gowari Wadhona, India | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.864 Å | (5) |
| 3.522 Å | (35) |
| 3.460 Å | (35) |
| 3.178 Å | (58) |
| 3.143 Å | (100) |
| 3.101 Å | (98) |
| 3.069 Å | (58) |
| 2.760 Å | (11) |
| 2.506 Å | (4) |
| 2.412 Å | (73) |
| 2.244 Å | (11) |
| 2.212 Å | (17) |
| 2.204 Å | (25) |
| 2.181 Å | (32) |
| 2.173 Å | (24) |
| 2.153 Å | (29) |
| 1.9986 Å | (7) |
| 1.9865 Å | (2) |
| 1.9812 Å | (2) |
| 1.9706 Å | (14) |
| 1.9035 Å | (5) |
| 1.8601 Å | (18) |
| 1.8506 Å | (8) |
| 1.8310 Å | (6) |
| 1.8220 Å | (24) |
| 1.7611 Å | (6) |
| 1.7298 Å | (6) |
| 1.7191 Å | (2) |
| 1.6946 Å | (6) |
| 1.6917 Å | (6) |
| 1.6707 Å | (21) |
| 1.6212 Å | (20) |
| 1.6142 Å | (13) |
| 1.5654 Å | (5) |
| 1.5514 Å | (23) |
| 1.5411 Å | (20) |
Comments:
JCPDS 34-174
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Type Occurrence of Hollandite
Other Language Names for Hollandite
Relationship of Hollandite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Coronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 | Mon. 2/m |
| Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 | Mon. 2/m |
| Ferricoronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 | Tet. 4/m : I4/m |
| Ferrihollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 | Mon. 2/m |
| Manjiroite | Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 | Tet. 4/m : I4/m |
| Strontiomelane | Sr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Thalliomelane | Tl(Mn4+7.5Cu2+0.5)O16 | Tet. 4/m : I4/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 45 photos of Hollandite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 21 photos of Hollandite associated with Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 19 photos of Hollandite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 13 photos of Hollandite associated with Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| 12 photos of Hollandite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 8 photos of Hollandite associated with Braunite | Mn2+Mn3+6(SiO4)O8 |
| 8 photos of Hollandite associated with Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7 photos of Hollandite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 7 photos of Hollandite associated with Limonite | |
| 5 photos of Hollandite associated with Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DK. | Ferrihollandite | Ba(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.K | Thalliomelane | Tl(Mn4+7.5Cu2+0.5)O16 |
| 4.DK.4.DK. | Ferricoronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Fe3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05 | Akaganeite | (Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25 · nH2O |
| 4.DK.05a | Coronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Cryptomelane | K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Manjiroite | Na(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Mannardite | Ba(Ti4+6V3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Priderite | K(Ti4+7Fe3+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Redledgeite | Ba(Ti4+6Cr3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.05b | Henrymeyerite | Ba(Ti4+7Fe2+)O16 |
| 4.DK.05a | Strontiomelane | Sr(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 |
| 4.DK.10 | Romanèchite | (Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O10 |
| 4.DK.10 | Todorokite | (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12 · 3-4H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hollandite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1921.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Hollandite
Reference List:
Fermor, Lewis Leigh (1909) The manganese ore deposits of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Vol. 37. Geological Survey of India
Orcel, Jean, Pavlovitch, Stoyan (1931) Les caractères microscopiques des oxydes de manganèse et des manganites naturels (Détermination de leurs pouvoirs réflecteurs) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 54 (5) 108-179 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1931.4130
Frondel, Clifford, Heinrich, E. Wm. (1942) New data on hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, coronadite and hollandite. American Mineralogist, 27 (1) 48-56
BYSTRÖM, ANDERS, BYSTRÖM, ANN MARIE (1949) Crystal Structure of Hollandite. Nature, 164 (4183). 1128 doi:10.1038/1641128a0
Byström, A., Byström, A. M. (1950) The crystal structure of hollandite, the related manganese oxide minerals, and α-MnO2. Acta Crystallographica, 3 (2) 146-154 doi:10.1107/s0365110x5000032x
Byström, A., Byström, A. M. (1951) The positions of the barium atoms in hollandite. Acta Crystallographica, 4 (5) 469 doi:10.1107/s0365110x51001471
Frondel, C., Marvin, U. B., Ito, J. (1960) New data on birnessite and hollandite. American Mineralogist, 45 (7-8) 871-874
Mukherjee, B. (1960) Space group and cell dimensions of a specimen of hollandite. Acta Crystallographica, 13 (2) 164-165 doi:10.1107/s0365110x60000352
Post, J. E., Von Dreele, R. B., Buseck, P. R. (1982) Symmetry and cation displacements in hollandites: structure refinements of hollandite, cryptomelane and priderite. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 38 (4) 1056-1065 doi:10.1107/s0567740882004968
MIURA, Hiroyuki (1986) The crystal structure of hollandite. Mineralogical Journal, 13 (3) 119-129 doi:10.2465/minerj.13.119
Williams, P. A., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2012) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2012. CNMNC Newsletter No 13. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (3) 807-817 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.3.26
Biagioni, Cristian, Capalbo, Carmen, Pasero, Marco (2013) Nomenclature tunings in the hollandite supergroup. European Journal of Mineralogy, 25 (1) 85-90 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2013/0025-2255
Localities for Hollandite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Lapido-Loureiro +4 other references |
| Lapido-Loureiro +3 other references |
Argentina | |
| Bardelli et al. (2018) |
| Ronald G. Simpson (2017) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Birch (1999) |
| Jones (1955) +1 other reference |
| Jones (1955) +1 other reference | |
| Rey (2013) |
| Muller (1972) +1 other reference |
| P.-A. Wulser unpublished data |
| |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Jones et al. (2013) |
| Dunkan +4 other references |
| Le Gleuher M. (2008) |
Austria | |
| Ertl (2002) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| European Journal of Mineralogy 17 (1) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Reicht et al. (2016) |
| Reicht et al. (2016) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Uwe Kolitsch +1 other reference |
| Neinaveie (1979) |
Belgium | |
| Schreyer et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Josep Sanchez-Lafuente collection. |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Vujanovic (1962) |
Botswana | |
| Yonggang Zhu et al. (2013) |
Brazil | |
| Smithsonian National Museum of Natural ... |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Pires et al. (2020) |
| Cid et al. (2014) |
| Nascimento et al. (2019) |
| Silva et al. (2020) |
Bulgaria | |
| Banushev et al. (1994) |
| Vassileva et al. (2007) |
Burkina Faso | |
| www.mindat.org/show.php?id=43551&ld=1 |
Canada | |
| Don Doell specimens |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| Mineralogical Magazine 60 |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) |
Cape Verde | |
| De Ignacio et al. (2012) |
Chile | |
| biblioserver.sernageomin.cl (n.d.) |
China | |
| Fengjun Ma (1986) |
| Guicheng Huang et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Niu +1 other reference |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
| Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976) | |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
| Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007) | |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) | |
| Xie Xiande et al. (2001) |
| Jingqu Yao (1992) |
| Zhao |
| Zhao et al. (2024) |
| Du +6 other references |
Costa Rica | |
| Halbach +4 other references |
Czech Republic | |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Jirásek J. et al. (2016) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Jirásek |
| Dolníček et al. (2023) |
| Matýsek et al. (2014) |
| Exnar |
| Jirásek J et al. (2022) |
DR Congo | |
| Buttgenbach (1947) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Salama et al. (2012) |
| Ibrahim (2000) |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
Ethiopia | |
| Tadesse et al. (2003) |
| Rondeau et al. (2010) |
Fiji | |
| Skiba (1964) | |
Finland | |
| Hyvärineb |
| Hytönen (1999) |
France | |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) |
| R. Pierrot |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Weil et al. (1958) +2 other references |
| Boisson et al. (2020) |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
| Guy Bernadi collection; EDX analysis ... | |
| "Les minéralisations associées au volcanisme andésitique de Biot-Villeneuve Loubet (Alpes Maritimes) |
Germany | |
| Gehlen (1958) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Dill et al. (2010) |
| Magma 1984 (2) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| 54 +1 other reference |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Johannes Markus Henrich +2 other references |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| XRD and SEM-EDX analysis (T. Witzke) | |
| Burisch et al. (2021) |
| www.vogtlandkristall.de (2020) |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Hanke (1998) | |
| Hanke (1998) | |
| |
| Katerinopoulos et al. (1994) |
| |
| Φωτιάδης (2010) |
| Φωτιάδης (2010) |
| Reinecke et al. (1991) |
| Reinecke (1986) | |
| Kilias +8 other references |
| Tombros et al. (2023) |
| Altherr et al. (2013) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| GEODA |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
India | |
| Econ Geol (1980) |
| Econ Geol (1980) | |
| Rao +1 other reference | |
| Econ Geol (1980) | |
| Shukla +1 other reference |
| Sarkar (2015) | |
| Miura et al. (1987) |
| Roy et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Chemical abstracts | |
| Fermor et al. (1906) +2 other references |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE |
| S.P. Deshpande (1959) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1968 36 : ... +1 other reference | |
| Tom Loomis specimen | |
| Nicholson et al. (1997) |
| Bhushan (2015) |
| Rao +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Lotfi et al. (2017) |
Ireland | |
| |
Israel | |
| Hans Niedermeier (2000) | |
| Segev et al. (1992) |
Italy | |
| Brown P. et al. (1978) |
| Sinisi et al. (2018) |
| Adorni et al. (2009) |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Bernardini et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| AA. VV. |
| Di Lisi S. | |
| Guastoni A. |
| Guastoni et al. (2004) |
| Guastoni et al. (2004) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Cámara et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Matteo Giai et al. (2023) +5 other references |
| SEM-EDS + Raman identification (AMI SIUK) |
| Parola et al. (2023) |
| Carcangiu et al. |
Japan | |
| Fukushima et al. (2005) |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
| Enami et al. (2001) | |
Jordan | |
| Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Am.Min.79 (1994) |
Madagascar | |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
Mexico | |
| Andrew G. Conly et al. (2011) |
| Cross (2006) |
| Megaw |
| Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000) |
Morocco | |
| Varentsov (1996) |
| Kristalle specimen |
| Dennis Tryon |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Econ Geol (1986) | |
| Econ Geol (1988) | |
| Econ Geol (1986) | |
| Econ Geol (1986) | |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Dunn (1991) |
North America Plate | |
| Belkin et al. (1987) | |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2003) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Larsen (1978) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Skowronek et al. (2021) |
Pakistan | |
| The Mineralogical Record |
Poland | |
| Paulo A. 1970: Minerały niklu i bizmutu w żyłach kruszcowych okolicy Chełmca (Góry Kaczawskie, Dolny Śląsk) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2019) |
| Pieczka et al. (2013) |
| Pieczka et al. (2001) | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (1997) |
| Munteanu (1993) +1 other reference |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
| Mitchell et al. (1993) |
| Pekov et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Oksana Razva (2015) |
| V.V. Kalinin data |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... | |
| Sharygin +10 other references |
| ... |
| ... | |
| Kozlov +6 other references |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data |
| Anisimova et al. (2020) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:5 pp 410-421 |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Rosell et al. (2017) |
| Joan Rosell - rosellminerals.com (02/2016) |
| Adrián Pesudo |
| mti-minas-valencia.blogspot.com (2012) |
Sweden | |
| Ödman (1950) |
| Ödman (1950) +2 other references | |
| Ödman (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Ödman (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Ödman (1950) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44 (2006) +1 other reference |
Tanzania | |
| ... |
Togo | |
| Mémoire No 2 +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
UK | |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) |
| National Museum of Wales database |
| National Museum of Wales collection |
Ukraine | |
| Kowalski et al. (1983) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| - (2005) |
| Crittenden et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Keith (1972) +1 other reference |
| Crittenden et al. (1962) +2 other references |
| "Microminerals from the Big Lue ... |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
| Mouat (1962) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Mouat (1962) +1 other reference |
| |
| R. O. Meyer collection. |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Wilson (1984) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10026926 |
| Melchiorre +5 other references |
| Melchiorre et al. (2018) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| David Singer: Highly oxidized rocks ... +2 other references |
| minerals.gps.caltech.edu (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Hanson et al. (2013) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals (July-August, 2002) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:185. |
| - (2005) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| MinMag 58:589 | |
| Mahaffey et al. (2022) |
| www.irocks.com (2020) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Carlos et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +1 other reference |
| Segeler et al. (1981) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Ronald Gibbs | |
| NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water ... +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Betts (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| 3rd Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1983) | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 553 | |
| NMBMMR Bull 87 Mineral and Water ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Jason B Smith |
| Pavich M J et al. (1980) |
| Loomis (2011) |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) +1 other reference |
| Am Min 72:1211-1224 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Kearns et al. (2000) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Robinson (2013) |
| Robinson (2013) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
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Königsberg mining district, Lauterecken-Wolfstein, Kusel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany