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Penroseite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Penroseite (18)

Penroseite Gallery Search Photos of Penroseite

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Penroseite, etc.

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Penroseite

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Penroseite

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Penroseite, etc.

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Penroseite

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Penroseite

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Penroseite, etc.

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Penroseite

Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

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About PenroseiteHide

Richard A. F. Penrose Jr.

Formula:

(Ni,Co,Cu)Se₂

Puse NiSe₂ is known as a synthetic phase (see also kullerudite).

Colour:

Steel-gray

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

2½ - 3

Specific Gravity:

6.58 - 6.74

Crystal System:

Isometric

Member of:

Pyrite Group

Name:

Named in honor of Richard Alexander Fullerton Penrose Jr. (17 December 1863, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA - 31 July 1931), American mining geologist. He worked for a period for the United States Geological Survey (including early work on Cripple Creek, Colorado), was a mining consultant, mine owner, professor at the University of Chicago, editor for the Journal of Geology, President of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, first President of the Society of Economic Geologists, and president of the Geological Society of America. He funded Penrose medals for those last two societies. He was inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame in 2006.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Dimorph of:

Kullerudite

Pyrite Group.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3151

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3151:2

GUID
(UUID V4):

68ab04b8-ef27-4f6b-846e-41cb2f9555f1

IMA Classification of PenroseiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

First published:

1925

Classification of PenroseiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):

2.EB.05a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.

Dana 8th ed.:

2.12.1.4

2 : SULFIDES
12 : A_mB_nX_p, with (m+n):p = 1:2

Hey's CIM Ref.:

3.11.19

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
11 : Sulphides etc. of Ni

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Pen	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of PenroseiteHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Comment:

Quickly tarnishes

Colour:

Steel-gray

Streak:

Black

Hardness:

2½ - 3 on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=500 - 583 kg/mm² - Vickers

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Perfect
Perfect on {001}; distinct on {011}

Fracture:

Sub-Conchoidal

Density:

6.58 - 6.74 g/cm³ (Measured) 6.7 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of PenroseiteHide

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R
400nm	40.2%
420nm	40.1%
440nm	40.1%
460nm	40.2%
480nm	40.4%
500nm	40.7%
520nm	41.1%
540nm	41.5%
560nm	41.9%
580nm	42.3%
600nm	42.8%
620nm	43.3%
640nm	43.6%
660nm	44.0%
680nm	44.1%
700nm	44.2%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 44.2%.

Colour in reflected light:

Creamy grayish white

Chemistry of PenroseiteHide

Mindat Formula:

(Ni,Co,Cu)Se₂

Puse NiSe₂ is known as a synthetic phase (see also kullerudite).

Elements listed:

Co, Cu, Ni, Se - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Ag,Hg,Pb,Fe,S

Crystallography of PenroseiteHide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3 (2/m 3) - Diploidal

Space Group:

Pa3

Setting:

Pa3

Cell Parameters:

a = 5.991 Å

Unit Cell V:

215.03 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Reniform masses with radiating columnar structure.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0011916	Penroseite	Furuseth S, Kjekshus A, Andresen A F (1969) On the magnetic properties of CoSe2, NiS2, and NiSe2 Acta Chemica Scandinavica 23 2325-2334		1969	synthetic	0	293
0014017	Penroseite	Foecker A J, Jeitschko W (2001) The atomic order of the pnictogen and chalcogen atoms in equiatomic ternary Journal of Solid State Chemistry 162 69-78		2001	synthetic	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Penroseite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Furuseth S'
'Kjekshus A'
'Andresen A F'
_journal_name_full 'Acta Chemica Scandinavica'
_journal_volume 23 
_journal_year 1969
_journal_page_first 2325
_journal_page_last 2334
_publ_section_title
;
 On the magnetic properties of CoSe2, NiS2, and NiSe2
;
_database_code_amcsd 0011916
_chemical_compound_source 'Synthetic'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Ni Se2'
_cell_length_a 5.9629
_cell_length_b 5.9629
_cell_length_c 5.9629
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 212.018
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      6.786
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P a 3'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+z,x,1/2-y'
  'z,1/2-x,1/2+y'
  '1/2-z,1/2+x,y'
  '-z,-x,-y'
  '1/2+y,1/2-z,-x'
  '1/2-y,-z,1/2+x'
  '-y,1/2+z,1/2-x'
  'y,z,x'
  'x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,z'
  '1/2+x,y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-z,-x,1/2+y'
  '-z,1/2+x,1/2-y'
  '1/2+z,1/2-x,-y'
  'z,x,y'
  '1/2-y,1/2+z,x'
  '1/2+y,z,1/2-x'
  'y,1/2-z,1/2+x'
  '-y,-z,-x'
  '-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,-y,1/2+z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Ni   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000
Se   0.38300   0.38300   0.38300

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.68 Å	(100)
2.45 Å	(100)
1.806 Å	(90)
1.599 Å	(40)
3.02 Å	(30)
1.662 Å	(30)
1.151 Å	(30)

Comments:

Colquechaca, Bolivia.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12])

Type Occurrence of PenroseiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Colquechaca, Colquechaca Municipality, Chayanta Province, Potosí, Bolivia

General Appearance of Type Material:

A mass of lead-gray, radiating, columnar crystals.

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1926,1; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 87472; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 95302, R7247.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Hydrothermal veins.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Tiemannite	Pyrite	Naumannite	Gersdorffite	Clausthalite
Chalcopyrite

Synonyms of PenroseiteHide

Blockite

Other Language Names for PenroseiteHide

German:Blockit
Penroseit

Russian:Пенроузит

Simplified Chinese:硒铜镍矿

Spanish:Blockita
Penroseita

Traditional Chinese:硒銅鎳礦

Varieties of PenroseiteHide

Cobalt-bearing Penroseite
Unnamed (Cubic NiSe2)	The phase was identified by Franz and Wetzenstein ("Natuerliches kubisches NiSe2 von Caracoles, Bolivien," Naturwissenschaften, 72, 655-656.) by the similarity of its PXRD pattern to that of JCPDS 11-552. The authors state it is optically indistinguishabl...

Relationship of Penroseite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Pyrite Group

Other Members of this group:

Aurostibite	AuSb₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Cattierite	CoS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Dzharkenite	FeSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Erlichmanite	OsS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Fukuchilite	Cu₃FeS₈	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Gaotaiite	Ir₃Te₈	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Geversite	PtSb₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Hauerite	MnS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Insizwaite	Pt(Bi,Sb)₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Krut'aite	CuSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Laurite	RuS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Pyrite	FeS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Sperrylite	PtAs₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Trogtalite	CoSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Vaesite	NiS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
Villamanínite	(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S₂	Tric.

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

73 photos of Penroseite associated with Clausthalite	PbSe
59 photos of Penroseite associated with Krut'aite	CuSe₂
37 photos of Penroseite associated with Klockmannite	CuSe
27 photos of Penroseite associated with Eldragónite	Cu₆BiSe₄(Se₂)
25 photos of Penroseite associated with Watkinsonite	Cu₂PbBi₄(Se,S,Te)₈
18 photos of Penroseite associated with Quijarroite	Cu₆HgPb₂Bi₄Se₁₂
14 photos of Penroseite associated with Goethite	α-Fe³⁺O(OH)
14 photos of Penroseite associated with Umangite	Cu₃Se₂
10 photos of Penroseite associated with Petrovicite	Cu₃HgPbBiSe₅
10 photos of Penroseite associated with Gold	Au

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

2.EB.	Iridarsenite	(Ir,Ru)As₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.	Selenolaurite	RuSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.	Andrieslombaardite	RhSbS	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.	Kanatzidisite	(SbBiS₃)₂Te₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.EB.05a	Aurostibite	AuSb₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05b	Bambollaite	Cu(Se,Te)₂	Tet.
2.EB.05a	Cattierite	CoS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Erlichmanite	OsS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Fukuchilite	Cu₃FeS₈	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Geversite	PtSb₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Hauerite	MnS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Insizwaite	Pt(Bi,Sb)₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Krut'aite	CuSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Laurite	RuS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Pyrite	FeS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Sperrylite	PtAs₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Trogtalite	CoSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Vaesite	NiS₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Villamanínite	(Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S₂	Tric.
2.EB.05a	Dzharkenite	FeSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a	Gaotaiite	Ir₃Te₈	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.05a v	Cayeuxite
2.EB.10b	Alloclasite	Co_1-xFe_xAsS	Mon. 2 : P2₁
2.EB.10d	Costibite	CoSbS	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
2.EB.10a	Ferroselite	FeSe₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10a	Frohbergite	FeTe₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10c	Glaucodot	(Co_0.50Fe_0.50)AsS	Orth. mm2 : Pmn2₁
2.EB.10a	Kullerudite	NiSe₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10a	Marcasite	FeS₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10a	Mattagamite	CoTe₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.10e	Paracostibite	CoSbS	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
2.EB.10e	Pararammelsbergite	NiAs₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
2.EB.10f	Oenite	CoSbAs	Orth.
2.EB.10a	Petříčekite	CuSe₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Anduoite	(Ru,Os)As₂	Orth.
2.EB.15a	Clinosafflorite	CoAs₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.EB.15a	Löllingite	FeAs₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Nisbite	NiSb₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Omeiite	(Os,Ru)As₂	Orth.
2.EB.15c	Paxite	CuAs₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.15a	Rammelsbergite	NiAs₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15a	Safflorite	(Co,Ni,Fe)As₂	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.EB.15b	Seinäjokite	(Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)₂	Orth.
2.EB.20	Arsenopyrite	FeAsS	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.20	Gudmundite	FeSbS	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.EB.20	Osarsite	(Os,Ru)AsS	Mon.
2.EB.20	Ruarsite	(Ru,Os)AsS	Mon.
2.EB.25 va	Antimony-bearing Gersdorffite	Ni(As,Sb)S
2.EB.25	Cobaltite	CoAsS	Orth. mm2 : Pca2₁
2.EB.25	Gersdorffite	NiAsS	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Hollingworthite	(Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Irarsite	(Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Jolliffeite	NiAsSe	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Krutovite	NiAs₂	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.25	Maslovite	PtBiTe	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.25	Michenerite	PdBiTe	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.25	Padmaite	PdBiSe	Iso. 4 3 2
2.EB.25	Platarsite	Pt(As,S)₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Testibiopalladite	PdSbTe	Iso.
2.EB.25	Tolovkite	IrSbS	Iso.
2.EB.25	Ullmannite	NiSbS	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.25	Willyamite	CoSbS
2.EB.25	Changchengite	IrBiS	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.25	Mayingite	IrBiTe	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Kalungaite	PdAsSe	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Milotaite	PdSbSe	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.25	Paragersdorffite	Ni(As,S)₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
2.EB.25	Orthogersdorffite	NiAsS	Orth. mm2 : Pca2₁
2.EB.25	Kvačekite	NiSbSe	Iso. 2 3 : P2₁ 3
2.EB.30	Urvantsevite	Pd(Bi,Pb)₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm
2.EB.35	Rheniite	ReS₂	Tric. 1 : P1

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:

Easily fusible, coloring the flame azure blue. It gives off reddish-brown smoke, with an occasional white wisp at the border of the smoke column. The characteristic disagreeable "horse radish" odor of Se is obvious. Similar behavior even with a candle flame. Before the blowpipe, the mineral decrepitates. In a closed tube penroseite decomposes, and a coating of selenium is deposited on the wall of the tube; lower down the coat is black and consists of globules of selenium; higher up, the coat consists of translucent, acicular, red crystals.

Notes:

Readily dissolves in HNO3 with effervescence. Adding excess NH4OH to the solution turns it a methyl blue (Cu and Ni). Dimethylglyoxime yields a scarlet precipitate (Ni).

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for PenroseiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3151.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Penroseite on Webmineral

Look for Penroseite on Wikipedia

Look for Penroseite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for PenroseiteHide

Reference List:

Gordon, S.G. (1925) Penroseite and trudellite: Two new minerals. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 77, 317-324.

Gordon, S.G. (1926) Proceedings of societies: Penroseite and trudellite, two new minerals. American Mineralogist: 11: 39-43.

Herzenberg, R., Ahlfeld, F. (1935) Blockit, ein neues Selenerz aus Bolivien. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 6: 277-279.

Bannister, F.A., Hey, M.H. (1937) The identity of penroseite and blockite. American Mineralogist: 22: 319-324.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.294-296

Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-xpp.806-807

Criddle, A. J., Stanley, C. J. (1993) Data file. In Quantitative Data File for Ore Minerals. Springer Netherlands. p.1-635. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1486-8_1p.422

Redwood, S.D. (2003) The Pacajake Selenium Mine, Potosi, Bolivia. The Mineralogical Record: 34(5): 339-357. [The story of blockite and penroseite is told on pages 352-354.]

(2023) Penroseite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for PenroseiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Bolivia
Potosí Antonio Quijarro Province Porco Municipality ⓘ El Dragón mine	doi:10.3390/min7050068 +3 other references
Chayanta Province Colquechaca Municipality Colquechaca ⓘ ~~"Hiaca Mine"~~	Livingstone et al. (1984)
Pakajake Canyon ⓘ Virgen de Surumi mine (TL)	Gordon (1926) +4 other references

Canada
Nova Scotia Hants Co. Walton ⓘ Walton baryte mine (Magnet Cove Barium Corp. mine)	Boyle et al. (1966)

China
Inner Mongolia Alxa League (Alashan Prefecture) Alxa Right Banner (Alashan Youqi) ⓘ Tamusu U deposit	Jiayong Pan et al. (2009)
Sichuan Ngawa Autonomous Prefecture (Aba Autonomous Prefecture) Zoigê Co. (Ruo'ergai Co.) ⓘ Qiongmo Au-Se deposit (Qiongme Au-Se deposit; Quongme Au-Se deposit)	Liu Jia-jun et al. (2000)

DR Congo
Haut-Katanga Kambove Territory Shinkolobwe ⓘ Shinkolobwe Mine	edit.africamuseum.be (n.d.) +1 other reference

Finland
North Ostrobothnia ⓘ Kuusamo	Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference
ⓘ Kitka River Valley	Häkli et al. (1965)

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Puy-de-Dôme Clermont-Ferrand Olloix ⓘ Liauzun ?	Queneau (n.d.)

Germany
Bavaria Upper Palatinate ⓘ Wölsendorf fluorite mining district	Seeliger et al. (1965) +1 other reference
Lower Saxony Goslar District Harz (Landkreis Goslar) ⓘ Trogtal Quarries	Ramdohr et al. (1955) +1 other reference
Rhineland-Palatinate Altenkirchen Kirchen (Sieg) Niederfischbach ⓘ Fischbacher Werk Mine	Schnorrer-Köhler (198) +2 other references
Saxony-Anhalt Mansfeld-Südharz Mansfeld ⓘ Tilkerode mining district	Wittern (2001)

India
Meghalaya South West Khasi Hills District ⓘ Domiasiat (Mawthabah)	Babu et al. (2002)
ⓘ Wahkyn South	Babu et al. (2002)

Romania
Suceava County Iacobeni ⓘ Arșița mine	minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008)
Tolovanu ⓘ Tolovanu (Tolovan) Mn deposit	Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference

Spain
Castile and Leon León Cármenes Villanueva de Pontedo ⓘ Providencia Mine	Simon et al. (1997)

UK
England Devon Torbay Torquay ⓘ Hope's Nose	Stanley et al. (1990) +1 other reference

Penroseite

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