Variscite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Variscite
Formula:
AlPO4 · 2H2O
Colour:
Pale to emerald-green, bluish green, colourless to white, pale shades of brown or yellow, rarely red; Colourless to pale green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Waxy
Hardness:
3½ - 4½
Specific Gravity:
2.57 - 2.61
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
For Variscia, an old name for Vogtland, the German district where the mineral was first discovered.
Dimorph of:
Variscite-Strengite Series.
The orthorhombic dimorph of Metavariscite.
Pseudo-tetragonal-dipyramidal crystals may be confused with wardite.
The two orthorhombic polytypes, variscite-1O and variscite-2O (Ardit et al., 2022), are known as "Lucin-type" and "Messbach-type", respectively.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Variscite.
The orthorhombic dimorph of Metavariscite.
Pseudo-tetragonal-dipyramidal crystals may be confused with wardite.
The two orthorhombic polytypes, variscite-1O and variscite-2O (Ardit et al., 2022), are known as "Lucin-type" and "Messbach-type", respectively.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Variscite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4156
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4156:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
b7842d30-1f4f-4f10-b657-0d45e1af0ec6
IMA Classification of Variscite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al(PO4) · 2H2O
Approval year:
1967
Classification of Variscite
8.CD.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2
40.4.1.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O
19.7.5
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Var | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Var | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Variscite
Vitreous, Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Pale to emerald-green, bluish green, colourless to white, pale shades of brown or yellow, rarely red; Colourless to pale green in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ - 4½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {010}, poor on {001}.
Good on {010}, poor on {001}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Comment:
Sub-conchoidal to conchoidal when fine-grained or glassy.
Density:
2.57 - 2.61 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.59 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density of 2.2 to 2.5 observed in microcrystalline and massive varieties.
Optical Data of Variscite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.563 nβ = 1.588 nγ = 1.594
2V:
Measured: 50° , Calculated: 50°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.031
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v perceptible
Chemistry of Variscite
Mindat Formula:
AlPO4 · 2H2O
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,As
Crystallography of Variscite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbca
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.822 Å, b = 8.561 Å, c = 9.63 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.147 : 1 : 1.125
Unit Cell V:
808.81 ų
Z:
8
Morphology:
Uncommon in crystals, pseudo-octahedral {111}, with {001} and additional forms as modifying faces only, lathlike. Commonly fine-grained massive, nodular, stalagtitic, crustiform, veinlets; chalcedonic, opaline.
Twinning:
On {201}, rare.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009582 | Variscite | Kniep R, Mootz D, Vegas A (1977) Variscite Acta Crystallographica B33 263-265 |  | 1977 | Montgomery County, Arkansas, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Deposited from phosphatic waters reacting with aluminous rocks at surface or near-surface conditions.
Type Occurrence of Variscite
Synonyms of Variscite
Other Language Names for Variscite
Varieties of Variscite
| Ferrian Variscite | An iron-bearing variety of variscite. Formed by the action of phosphatic solutions derived from guano on aluminous igneous rocks. |
| Gelvariscite | A gel or colloidal form of Variscite |
| Redondite | Contains Fe''' in substitution for Al. |
Relationship of Variscite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Mansfieldite | AlAsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
| Yanomamite | InAsO4 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 221 photos of Variscite associated with Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 190 photos of Variscite associated with Wavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3 · 5H2O |
| 166 photos of Variscite associated with Wardite | NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 67 photos of Variscite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 41 photos of Variscite associated with Chalcedony | SiO2 |
| 41 photos of Variscite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 · 4H2O |
| 39 photos of Variscite associated with Montgomeryite | Ca4MgAl4(PO4)6(OH)4 · 12H2O |
| 37 photos of Variscite associated with Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 29 photos of Variscite associated with Metavariscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 27 photos of Variscite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CD. | Castellaroite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD. | Sergeysmirnovite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Kolbeckite | ScPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Metavariscite | AlPO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Phosphosiderite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.05 | Bonacinaite | Sc(AsO4) · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Mansfieldite | AlAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Strengite | FePO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.10 | Yanomamite | InAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.15 | Parascorodite | FeAsO4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CD.20 | Ludlamite | Fe2+3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.25 | Sterlinghillite | Mn2+3(AsO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 8.CD.30 | Rollandite | Cu3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CD.35 | Liversidgeite | Zn6(PO4)4 · 7H2O |
| 8.CD.40 | Thorasphite | Th2H(PO4,AsO4)3 · 6H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in alkalies. Slightly soluble in HCl (fine-grained or chalcedonic material).
Easily altered by alkaline solutions containing alkaline earths or alkalies, yielding secondary minerals including crandallite, wardite, Montgomeryite, etc.
Easily altered by alkaline solutions containing alkaline earths or alkalies, yielding secondary minerals including crandallite, wardite, Montgomeryite, etc.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Gemstones & jewelry.
Internet Links for Variscite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4156.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Variscite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S., 3d, (1942) The mineralogy and paragenesis of the variscite nodules from near Fairfield, Utah, Part 1. American Mineralogist, 27 (4) 281-300
Kolitsch, Uwe, Weil, Matthias, Kovrugin, Vadim M., Krivovichev, Sergey V. (2020) Crystal chemistry of the variscite and metavariscite groups: Crystal structures of synthetic CrAsO4⋅2H2O, TlPO4⋅2H2O, MnSeO4⋅2H2O, CdSeO4⋅2H2O and natural bonacinaite, ScAsO4⋅2H2O. Mineralogical Magazine, 84 (4) 568-583 doi:10.1180/mgm.2020.57
Localities for Variscite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antigua and Barbuda | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
Argentina | |
| Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Trueman (1965) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64 (5) |
| Podgson RE |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Murray (1973) |
| Dion Glastra M. collection |
| Duggan et al. (1990) |
| Duggan et al. (1990) | |
| Francis (2010) |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy ... |
| Frost et al. (2004) | |
| Francis et al. (2012) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| W.D.Birch & D.A.Henry 1993. Phosphate ... |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Downes et al. (2002) |
| Downes et al. (2006) | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Peter Downes et al. (2018) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 39 (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) | |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) | |
| Fetherston et al. (2012) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
| Nickel (2008) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Simpson (1932) +1 other reference | |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (1996) |
| Niedermayr (1984) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Postl W et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Fransolet (1987) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
Brazil | |
| Sauer (1982) |
| Rui Nunes December 2010 | |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| P Haas collection |
| Menezes (n.d.) |
| Collection from Elmar Lackner. New find ... +1 other reference |
| Field Trip Guide +1 other reference | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1999) |
| Robinson (1993) | |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Piló et al. (2023) |
| Santos et al. (2016) |
| Murdoch (1955) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
Canada | |
| Can Min vol 25 pp 221-226 (1987) |
| Maggie Wilson |
Cape Verde | |
| Figueiredo +3 other references |
Chile | |
| XRD and SEM-EDS by Igor V. Pekov |
| Francisco Velasco et al. (2020) |
China | |
| Zhaolin Li et al. (1983) |
| Xunyi Wang (1982) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Anthony +1 other reference |
| Hunan 230 Laboratory et al. (1976) | |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985) |
| Mangen Li et al. (2007) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Keqiao Chen et al. (1981) |
| Denghong Wang et al. (2001) |
Colombia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš +4 other references |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2018) |
| Černý P. et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Zepharovich (1867) | |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Pauliš +1 other reference |
| Janouš +4 other references |
| Sejkora J. et al. (Česká republika) |
| Houzar S.: Přehled minerálů z ... |
| Vrtiška L et al. (2017) |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
| ... |
| Nasraoui et al. (1999) |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
France | |
| Frank de Wit collection +1 other reference |
| Chlooet Pascal collection |
| Luigi Chiappino collection |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pirard et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| GAYRAUD (2010) |
| Lukas (1978) +2 other references |
Germany | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2011) |
| Mücke et al. (2011) +1 other reference | |
| Dill et al. (2008) | |
| Meier (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| XRD and SEM-EDS by Gerhard Möhn and ... |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| 86. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Journ.prakt.Chem. (1837) +2 other references |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| Pestel et al. (2007) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc. |
Iceland | |
| Carson (2015) |
Iran | |
| Yaghubpur et al. (1997) |
Ireland | |
| |
Israel | |
| Weiner et al. (1993) |
Italy | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Marini et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Marini et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1912) +5 other references |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Senesi F. (Valdicastello Carducci, Lucca) |
Japan | |
| Ito (1975) |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Matsubara et al. (1998) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ankinovich et al. (1997) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2009) |
Liberia | |
| a reconnaissance report. USGS Bulletin ... +1 other reference |
Malaysia | |
| Matthew Low collection | |
| Matthew Low collection |
| McFarlane et al. (2018) |
| Bridge et al. (1983) | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Forti (2006) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Neves et al. (1968) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Der Aufschluss 36:117-119 | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Peru | |
| Hyrśl (2012) |
Philippines | |
| Wurster et al. (2015) |
| Wurster et al. (2015) | |
| Choa et al. (2014) | |
Poland | |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Personally collected by Zając Piotr in ... |
| Gucwa +3 other references | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins ... |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
| Self-find by Nuno Afonso +1 other reference |
| PROSPEG – Projecto de prospecção +1 other reference |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Dias P et al. (2014) |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (2005) |
| Onac (2009) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Rychagov et al. (2017, November) |
Rwanda | |
| F. Hatert et al. (PO4) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa |
Senegal | |
| Gineste et al. (2005) |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Martini (1978) |
| Martini (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Martini (1997) |
| Martini (1978) |
| B. Cairncross photo ID 1055123 |
| Miller et al. (2016) |
South Kordofan Sudan | |
| Abdelmajid et al. (2014) | |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Arribas +3 other references | |
| F. Costa et al. |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| Bareche (2005) | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Bosch +6 other references | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| J L Bravo collection |
| Joan Rosell - Carles Gili |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Marc C collection |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Joan Rosell (02/2016) |
| J. Rosell (02/2016) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sweden | |
| Bjällerud (1989) |
Taiwan | |
| James Huang |
Tajikistan | |
| Likhachov et al. (eds.) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Weiss (1994) | |
| Young (1988) +1 other reference |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Ian Jones collection |
Uruguay | |
| Eckel et al. (1953) |
USA | |
| Min.Rec.:20 (5) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Rocks & Minerals (2010) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:296. | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Howard +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:190. |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:112. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:113 +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 304 +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Denicourt +1 other reference |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Jason Smith & M.E. Ciriotti (2005) |
| Graves Mountain and Magruder Mine +1 other reference |
| Ream (2004) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Minerals +1 other reference | |
| Upper Advance Adit +1 other reference | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Mineralogical Record 26:467 |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Rockpick Legend specimen | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Dr. Tony Kampf of the Los Angeles ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Kampf et al. (2016) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Ross (1961) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968) | |
| personal referernce |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral ... +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Mason (1976) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Indentified by EDS |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| - (1977) |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Grant (Apr, 1973) +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1925) +1 other reference |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Loomis (2011) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| R&M 72:4 pp 268-270 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Shubat (1988) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Gruner (1959) |
| Rob Lavinsky |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| American Mineralogist 27:443 +2 other references |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| - (2005) | |
| Wilson (2010) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Mitchell et al. (2) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 57: 20-22 & 60: 168. |
| Hawley (1934) |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Hawley (1934) | |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Solodov et al. (2001) |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
Venezuela | |
| Shepard (1877) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
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Little Green Monster Variscite Mine, Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Sunshine Mining District, Utah County, Utah, USA