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Oliveira, Daniel P. S. de, Silva, Teresa P., Morais, Igor, Fernandes, João A. E. (2025) Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Waste from Abandoned Copper and Manganese Mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal: A First Step Towards the Waste-to-Value Recycling Process. Minerals, 15 (1). doi:10.3390/min15010058

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Reference TypeJournal (article/letter/editorial)
TitleChemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Waste from Abandoned Copper and Manganese Mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal: A First Step Towards the Waste-to-Value Recycling Process
JournalMinerals
AuthorsOliveira, Daniel P. S. deAuthor
Silva, Teresa P.Author
Morais, IgorAuthor
Fernandes, João A. E.Author
Year2025Volume<   15   >
Issue<   1   >
URL
DOIdoi:10.3390/min15010058Search in ResearchGate
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Mindat Ref. ID17834284Long-form Identifiermindat:1:5:17834284:5
GUID0
Full ReferenceOliveira, Daniel P. S. de, Silva, Teresa P., Morais, Igor, Fernandes, João A. E. (2025) Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Waste from Abandoned Copper and Manganese Mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal: A First Step Towards the Waste-to-Value Recycling Process. Minerals, 15 (1). doi:10.3390/min15010058
Plain TextOliveira, Daniel P. S. de, Silva, Teresa P., Morais, Igor, Fernandes, João A. E. (2025) Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Waste from Abandoned Copper and Manganese Mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal: A First Step Towards the Waste-to-Value Recycling Process. Minerals, 15 (1). doi:10.3390/min15010058
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Abstract/NotesThis study examines the chemical and mineralogical composition of waste materials from abandoned copper and manganese mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal, as a first step toward their potential recycling for critical and strategic raw materials (CRM and SRM). Using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and other analytical techniques, this research highlights the presence of valuable elements, including copper, manganese, and rare earth elements, in concentrations significantly above their crustal abundance. The findings underscore the dual potential of these wastes: as sources of secondary raw materials and for mitigating environmental hazards such as acid mine drainage (AMD). Recovered materials include chalcopyrite, pyrolusite, and rhodochrosite, with critical elements like cobalt, lithium, and tungsten identified. pXRF proved to be a reliable, cost-effective tool for rapid field and laboratory analyses, demonstrating high precision and good correlation with standard laboratory methods. The study emphasizes the importance of characterizing historical mining waste to support a circular economy, reduce reliance on foreign material imports, and address environmental challenges. This approach aligns with the European Union’s Critical Raw Materials Act, promoting sustainable resource use and the recovery of strategic resources from historical mining sites.

Map of Localities

Locality Pages

LocalityCitation Details
Ferrarias e Castelo Mine, Santa Vitória e Mombeja, Beja, Beja, Portugal
Cerro do Serpe Mine, Castro Verde e Casével, Castro Verde, Beja, Portugal
Herdade do Ferragudo Mine, Castro Verde e Casével, Castro Verde, Beja, Portugal

Mineral Occurrences

LocalityMineral(s)
Brancanes Mine, Brancanes, Almodôvar e Graça dos Padrões, Almodôvar, Beja, Portugal Albite, Allanite Group, Ankerite, Anorthite, Azurite, Biotite, Chalcopyrite, Covellite, Dolomite, Fayalite, Greywacke, Gypsum, Hematite, Kaolinite, Magnetite, Malachite, Mullite, Muscovite, Pyrite, Quartz, Shale, Spinel, Ternesite, Wroewolfeite
Cerro do Algaré Mine, Almodôvar e Graça dos Padrões, Almodôvar, Beja, Portugal Anthophyllite, Arsenopyrite, Azurite, Biotite, Butlerite, Chalcopyrite, Chamosite, Chloritoid, Faujasite-Ca, Galena, Goethite, Hematite, Ilmenite, Kaolinite, Limonite, Malachite, Manganese Oxides, Muscovite, Phlogopite, Pyrite, Quartz, Quartzite, Scorodite, Shale, Stannite, Wad
Porteirinhos Mine, Almodôvar e Graça dos Padrões, Almodôvar, Beja, Portugal Albite, Ankerite, Arsenopyrite, Azurite, Biotite, Birnessite, Chalcopyrite, Chamosite, Dolomite, Enstatite, Greywacke, Malachite, Muscovite, Pseudomalachite, Pyrite, Quartz, Rutile, Shale, Tetrahedrite Subgroup, Variscite
Barrigão Mine, Santa Cruz, Almodôvar, Beja, Portugal Albite, Arsenopyrite, Biotite, Black shale, Chalcopyrite, Chamosite, Dolomite, Gypsum, Kaolin, Kaolinite, Löllingite, Mullite, Muscovite, Nacrite, Native Bismuth, Pyrite, Quartz, Sphalerite, Tennantite Subgroup, Tennantite-(Fe), Tetrahedrite Subgroup, Titanomaghemite
Aparis Mine, Barrancos, Barrancos, Beja, Portugal Ankerite, Arsenopyrite, Biotite, Brochantite, Calcite, Cerussite, Chalcopyrite, Chamosite, Chlorite Group, Cuprite, Dolomite, Galena, Goethite, Malachite, Marcasite, Muscovite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Quartz, Siderite, Tetrahedrite Subgroup
Ferrarias e Castelo Mine, Santa Vitória e Mombeja, Beja, Beja, Portugal Albite, Almandine, Ankerite, Annite, Biotite, Birnessite, Chabazite-Ca, Chamosite, Chert, Columbite-(Fe), Cuprite, Dioptase, Faujasite-Na, Ganophyllite, Gypsum, Hausmannite, Hematite, Jasper, Manganese Oxides, Manganite, Montmorillonite, Muscovite, Phlogopite, Pyrite, Pyrolusite, Quartz, Rhodochrosite, Rutile, Siderite, Spessartine, Whitmoreite
Cerro do Serpe Mine, Castro Verde e Casével, Castro Verde, Beja, Portugal Albite, Chert, Jasper, Manganese Oxides, Mogánite, Pyrolusite, Quartz
Herdade do Ferragudo Mine, Castro Verde e Casével, Castro Verde, Beja, Portugal Albite, Almandine, Biotite, Birnessite, Chabazite-Ca, Chamosite, Dioptase, Faujasite-Na, Ganophyllite, Gypsum, Hausmannite, Montmorillonite, Muscovite, Phlogopite, Pyrolusite, Quartz, Rhodochrosite, Rutile, Spessartine
Balança Mine, Alcaria Ruiva, Mértola, Beja, Portugal Albite, Braunite, Chert, Hematite, Manganite, Nacrite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Quartz, Rhodochrosite, Rhodonite
Cova dos Mouros Mine, Marrancos e Arcozelo, Vila Verde, Braga, Portugal Braunite, Cassiterite, Hematite, Quartz, Tridymite, Zircon


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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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