Witherite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Witherite
William Withering
Formula:
BaCO3
Colour:
Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
4.289 - 4.293
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named after William Withering (1741-1799), English physician and naturalist, who first described the mineral.
The Ba analogue of strontianite and aragonite.
Found in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits.
Compare 'UM1974-03-CO:BaCaMg'.
Note on the type locality:
It was for a long time assumed to be Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, but Cotterell (2022) demonstrated that there is "evidence to show that Alston Moor was 'fabricated' as the Type Locality and that the real source was Anglezarke in Lancashire" (https://www.mindat.org/mesg-625213.html).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Witherite.
Found in low-temperature hydrothermal vein deposits.
Compare 'UM1974-03-CO:BaCaMg'.
Note on the type locality:
It was for a long time assumed to be Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, but Cotterell (2022) demonstrated that there is "evidence to show that Alston Moor was 'fabricated' as the Type Locality and that the real source was Anglezarke in Lancashire" (https://www.mindat.org/mesg-625213.html).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Witherite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4299
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4299:0
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
4c61d9bc-bfe1-46b0-9dc5-6bd8198342af
IMA Classification of Witherite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ba(CO3)
First published:
1784
Classification of Witherite
5.AB.15
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
14.1.3.2
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
1 : A(XO3)
11.5.2
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
11 : Carbonates
5 : Carbonates of Sr and Ba
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Wth | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Wth | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Wth | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Wth | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Wth | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Wth | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Witherite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
resinous on fractures
Colour:
Colourless, white, greyish, light yellow; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.
On {010} distinct; on {110} imperfect. Possibly also on {110} and {112}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
4.289 - 4.293 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.26(2) g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Witherite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.529 nβ = 1.676 nγ = 1.677
2V:
Measured: 16° , Calculated: 8°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.148
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
relatively weak
Chemistry of Witherite
Mindat Formula:
BaCO3
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Common Impurities:
Ca,Sr
Crystallography of Witherite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.314 Å, b = 8.904 Å, c = 6.430 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.597 : 1 : 0.722
Unit Cell V:
304.24 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals universally twinned on {110}, yielding pseudo-hexagonal dipyramids; also short prismatic [001] or tabular to lenticular with a convex base. Faces commonly rough and horizontally striated. Globular, tuberose, and botryoidal; structure columnar, granular, or coarse fibrous.
Twinning:
On {110}, universal.
Comment:
Space Group: Pmcn (synthetic).
Crystallographic forms of Witherite
Crystal Atlas:
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Witherite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.10 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.19 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Witherite no.22 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000235 | Witherite | de Villiers J P R (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite American Mineralogist 56 758-767 |  | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018857 | Witherite | Ye Y, Smyth J R, Boni P (2012) Crystal structure and thermal expansion of aragonite-group carbonates by single-crystal X-ray diffraction American Mineralogist 97 707-712 | 2012 | Hexham, Northumberland, England | 0 | 300 | |
| 0006305 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2009) The orthorhombic structure of CaCO3, SrCO3, PbCO3 and BaCO3: Linear structural trends The Canadian Mineralogist 47 1245-1255 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0006306 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2009) The orthorhombic structure of CaCO3, SrCO3, PbCO3 and BaCO3: Linear structural trends The Canadian Mineralogist 47 1245-1255 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0008420 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008421 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 1.26 | 293 | ||
| 0008422 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 1.98 | 293 | ||
| 0008423 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 2.95 | 293 | ||
| 0008424 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 3.94 | 293 | ||
| 0008425 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 4.56 | 293 | ||
| 0008426 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 5.5 | 293 | ||
| 0008427 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 6.2 | 293 | ||
| 0008428 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 7.05 | 293 | ||
| 0008429 | Witherite | Holl C M, Smyth J R, Laustsen H M S, Jacobsen S D, Downs R T (2000) Compression of witherite to 8 GPa and the crystal structure of BaCO3 II Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 467-473 | 2000 | 7.2 | 293 | ||
| 0009098 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009099 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009100 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009101 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009102 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009103 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009104 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009105 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009106 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009107 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009108 | Witherite | Antao S M, Hassan I (2007) BaCO3: high-temperature crystal structures and the Pmcn --> R3m phase transition at 811 C Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 573-580 | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018034 | Witherite | Colby M, la Coste J (1935) The crystal structure of witherite. _cod_database_code 1011149 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 90 1-7 | 1935 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Witherite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| Baryte | BaSO4 |
Epitaxy Comments:
Witherites in parallel growth on Barytocalcite (Blagill). Baryte on witherite, with baryte [010]{102} parallel with witherite [100]{011} and {031}; also otherwise oriented.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.72 Å | (100) |
| 3.68 Å | (53) |
| 3.215 Å | (15) |
| 2.628 Å | (24) |
| 2.590 Å | (23) |
| 2.150 Å | (28) |
| 2.019 Å | (21) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] |
Geological Setting:
Low-temperature hydrothermal veins.
Type Occurrence of Witherite
Reference:
Withering, W. (1784) Experiments and observations on the Terra Ponderosa, &c. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 293-311
Synonyms of Witherite
Other Language Names for Witherite
Relationship of Witherite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Aragonite | CaCO3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Cerussite | PbCO3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Strontianite | SrCO3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 91 photos of Witherite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 76 photos of Witherite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 73 photos of Witherite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 59 photos of Witherite associated with Alstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 21 photos of Witherite associated with Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 15 photos of Witherite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 11 photos of Witherite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 8 photos of Witherite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 7 photos of Witherite associated with Harmotome | Ba2(Si12Al4)O32 · 12H2O |
| 6 photos of Witherite associated with Gillespite | BaFe2+Si4O10 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.AB.05 | Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Gaspéite | NiCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Otavite | CdCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Spherocobaltite | CoCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 va | Parakutnohorite | |
| 5.AB.10 | Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Kutnohorite | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Minrecordite | CaZn(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Škáchaite | CaCo(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.15 | Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| 5.AB.20 | Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.25 | Huntite | CaMg3(CO3)4 |
| 5.AB.30 | Norsethite | BaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.35 | Alstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Olekminskite | Sr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Paralstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.45 | Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.50 | Carbocernaite | (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.55 | Benstonite | Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13 |
| 5.AB.60 | Juangodoyite | Na2Cu(CO3)2 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Inverts under CO2 pressure to a hexagonal (?), and then an isometric modification upon heating.
Notes:
Soluble in dilute HCl.
Health Risks:
Barium Carbonate is toxic if ingested, and it has been used as a rat poison. Handling of Witherite is not a major cause of concern as long as you avoid breathing in dust (such as may be generated by grinding, sawing or trimming specimens) and you wash your hands after handling.
MSDS Data sheet on Barium Carbonate - NOTE this refers to the powder which is more dangerous to handle than crystalline Witherite.
Oral ld50 between 100 and 300mg/kg.
MSDS Data sheet on Barium Carbonate - NOTE this refers to the powder which is more dangerous to handle than crystalline Witherite.
Oral ld50 between 100 and 300mg/kg.
Internet Links for Witherite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4299.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Witherite
Reference List:
Mallard, Ernest (1895) Sur l'alstonite et la barytocalcite. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie, 18 (1) 7-12 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1895.2369
Goldschmidt, V. (1923) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text. Heidelberg. vol. 9: 80.
de Villiers, Johan P. R. (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite, and witherite. American Mineralogist, 56 (5-6) 758-767
Localities for Witherite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Angola | |
| Castellano Calvo A et al. (2014) |
| Cruz et al. (2008) |
Australia | |
| Kawachi et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| |
| Ralph Bottrill collection |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Gold aus dem Schottenauer Graben +4 other references |
| Pichler (2009) |
| E. Fugger: "Die Mineralien des Herzogthumes Salzburg" (1878) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| www.vstm.at (n.d.) |
| Redlich et al. (1923) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +2 other references |
| Franz Bernhard collection | |
| historic locality |
| Exel (1993) |
| WEBER (1990) | |
| Victor Ritter von Zepharovich |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) | |
Brazil | |
| Guarino (2010) |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Vau Collection |
Canada | |
| Dalsin et al. (2015) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Anton R. Chakhmouradian and Roger H. Mitchell (2001) |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
| SAGE (1981) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Robert Hauck +2 other references | |
| Dana (1892) |
| Willet Miller (1905) |
| Nadeau et al. (2015) |
| Montgomery et al. (1972) +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2014) | |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
| Econ Geol (1989) +1 other reference | |
China | |
| www.chuanyumining.com (n.d.) |
| Shaoyin Huang (1975) |
| Jingfang Jin and Hui Jin (2000) |
| Lü Zhi-cheng et al. (2005) |
| Yubo Ma et al. (2012) |
| Shenghua Wu et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Shenghua Wu et al. (2011) |
| Lü Zhi-cheng et al. (2005) |
| Tang Juxing et al. (1998) |
| Zhongcheng Wang (1996) | |
| Xiaoyu Li (2005) +1 other reference |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2009) |
Czech Republic | |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| Kudělásek |
| Fengl |
| Novák |
DR Congo | |
| Cook (2007) |
Eswatini | |
| Roerdink et al. (2016) |
Finland | |
| Vartiainen +22 other references |
France | |
| TREILLARD Michel collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| |
| TREILLARD Michel collection |
Germany | |
| Linhard (2005) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dana 7:II:195. +2 other references |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
India | |
| Kaur et al. (2016) |
| Rock et al. (1992) |
| Tripathi et al. (2022) |
| Saini et al. (2022) |
| Kent et al. (1998) |
Indonesia | |
| Idrus et al. (2015) |
Italy | |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Alfors et al. (1984) |
| Stara |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Hirowatari and Fukuoka (1983) |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2012) |
Kazakhstan | |
| - (2005) |
Mexico | |
| Alfors et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Bea et al. (2013) |
Namibia | |
| - (1977) |
| Dunn (1991) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) |
| Nordrum (2001) | |
| Kjærnet (2012) | |
Pakistan | |
| Jan et al. (1981) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Huber et al. (1980) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| [Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20] |
| Lapis Nov -94 p48-49 |
| Mitchell et al. (1993) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Groth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Lyalina et al. (2014) |
| Pekov et al. (2004) |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2017) |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| Belovitskaya et al. (2004) |
Slovakia | |
| Jeleň et al. (2006) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Števko M. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
| Števko M. (2021) |
| Novotný P. & Pauliš P. | |
| Novotný P. & Pauliš P. 2005: Witherit z Vyšné Boce et al. (in Czech) | |
Slovenia | |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
| |
| LM et al. (2009) |
| Giuliani et al. (2017) |
| Moore et al. (2011) +2 other references |
| Costin et al. (2015) | |
| Costin et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Costin et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Sweden | |
| Cámara et al. (2021) |
Tanzania | |
| Victoria Sekisova et al. (2015) |
Turkey | |
| Arik (2012) |
UK | |
| |
| |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| and of serpierite at Ross Island mine et al. (referring to Spencer, 1910) +3 other references | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) | |
| Dunham KC. 1990. Geology of the ... |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| |
| Shaw (1972) +3 other references |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Cotterell (2022) +1 other reference |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Day (1999) |
| Fisher (2009) |
| Dunham K C | |
| |
| Alan Ions collection |
| Rumsey et al. (2008) |
| Cotterell (2022) +1 other reference |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Dunham Sir K C. Geology of the Northern ... |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Paul |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Wood (1993) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1993) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Hall (1868) +2 other references | |
| and of serpierite at Ross Island mine +4 other references |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) | |
| Dunham et al. (2nd Edition) |
| Dunham: The Geology of the Northern ... | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Hall (1868) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Ford (2000) |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Day (1999) | |
| [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com] | |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
| |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Schardt (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| MRDS file #10064848. +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Nevius (1912) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Erickson +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:248 & 63:113. |
| Newberry et al. (1981) |
| Bob Walstrom | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 464. +2 other references | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 222. +2 other references |
| Rogers (1932) +4 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Dolbear (1917) +5 other references | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Alfors et al. (1984) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 222. +3 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 222 +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Record: 34 (2) +1 other reference |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Tank (1972) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:211. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 211 | |
| Mineralogical Record: 5: 266-269 +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:359 +1 other reference | |
| Danny Jones | |
| Christian Bracke Collection. | |
| Beste (1996) | |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Goldstein (2006) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Leonhard (1886) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Stewart et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Rocks & Min.:64 (5) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Thurston et al. (1954) |
| Jackson (1986) |
| Mrose et al. (1961) |
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Alston Moor District, Cumbria, England, UK