Arsenolite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Arsenolite
Formula:
As2O3
Colour:
White, bluish; reddish to yellowish if impure with realgar or orpiment; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Adamantine, Vitreous, Silky, Pearly
Hardness:
1½
Specific Gravity:
3.86 - 3.88
Crystal System:
Isometric
Name:
For arsenic in the composition.
Dimorph of:
Isostructural with:
This page provides mineralogical data about Arsenolite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
294
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:294:3
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
3713c13b-e518-4907-8bff-a428bb03f2ca
IMA Classification of Arsenolite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Arsenolite
4.CB.50
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
4.3.9.1
4.3.9.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
7.13.1
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Aso | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Arsenolite
Adamantine, Vitreous, Silky, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
White, bluish; reddish to yellowish if impure with realgar or orpiment; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White to pale yellowish white
Hardness:
1½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
on {111}
on {111}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
3.86 - 3.88 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.88 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Arsenolite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.755
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
High
Comments:
May be anomalously anisotropic
Chemistry of Arsenolite
Mindat Formula:
As2O3
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Crystallography of Arsenolite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.074 Å
Unit Cell V:
1,358.04 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
16
Morphology:
Commonly as tiny octahedra, sometimes modified by the dodecahedron; also in aggregates or crusts, botryoidal, stalactitic, earthy to powdery.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011094 | Arsenolite | Ballirano P, Maras A (2002) Refinement of the crystal structure of arsenolite, As2O3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 217 177-178 |  | 2002 | starting material (realgar) from Monte Sughereto, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0012423 | Arsenolite | Pertlik F (1978) Structure refinement of cubic As2O3 (arsenolithe) with single crystal data Czechoslovak Journal of Physics B28 170-176 | 1978 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0014074 | Arsenolite | Bozorth R M (1923) The crystal structures of the cubic forms of arsenious and antimonous oxides Journal of the American Chemical Society 45 1621-1627 | 1923 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.195 Å | (100) |
| 6.39 Å | (63) |
| 2.541 Å | (38) |
| 2.7687 Å | (28) |
| 1.957 Å | (27) |
| 1.551 Å | (22) |
| 1.670 Å | (21) |
Comments:
Recorded on synthetic material.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Arsenolite
General Appearance of Type Material:
oxidation product of arsenic-bearing sulphides in hydrothermal veins
Synonyms of Arsenolite
Other Language Names for Arsenolite
German:Arsenige Säure
Arsenikkalk
Arsenit
Arsenolit
Arsenolith
Arsenikblüthe (in part)
Arsenikkalk
Arsenit
Arsenolit
Arsenolith
Arsenikblüthe (in part)
Italian:Acide arsenioso
Arsenico bianco
Arsenico bianco
Latin:Arsenicum cubicum
Russian:Арсенолит
Simplified Chinese:砷华
Swedish:Arsenikblomma
Varieties of Arsenolite
| Kenngottite (of Gagarin and Cuomo) | A vitreous amorphous As2O3 which has not been shown to exist naturally. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 46 photos of Arsenolite associated with Arsenic | As |
| 21 photos of Arsenolite associated with Realgar | As4S4 |
| 12 photos of Arsenolite associated with Claudetite | As2O3 |
| 10 photos of Arsenolite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 9 photos of Arsenolite associated with Kaatialaite | Fe(H2AsO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7 photos of Arsenolite associated with Stibarsen | AsSb |
| 6 photos of Arsenolite associated with Štěpite | U(AsO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 6 photos of Arsenolite associated with Proustite | Ag3AsS3 |
| 5 photos of Arsenolite associated with Laphamite | As2Se3 |
| 5 photos of Arsenolite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.CB. | Ferrohögbomite-2N2S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn,Al)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB. | Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S | Mg5Al11TiO23(OH) |
| 4.CB. | Zhenruite | (MoO3)2 · H2O |
| 4.CB. | Pengite | (Pb8Sb3+3)Σ11Sb5+9O35 |
| 4.CB. | Virgilluethite | MoO3 · H2O |
| 4.CB.05 | Brizziite | NaSb5+O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ecandrewsite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Eskolaite | Cr2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Geikielite | MgTiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Karelianite | V3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Melanostibite | Mn2+2Fe3+Sb5+O6 |
| 4.CB.05 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Akimotoite | (Mg,Fe2+)SiO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Auroantimonate | AuSbO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | UM1998-11-O-AuHSb | Au+2Sb3+O2(OH) |
| 4.CB.05 | Tistarite | Ti3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide) | FeCrO3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hemleyite | (Fe2+0.48Mg0.37Ca0.04Na0.04Mn2+0.03Al0.03Cr3+0.01)sum=1.00Si1.00O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Avicennite | Tl2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Mn) | Mn3+2O3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)2O3 |
| 4.CB.15 | Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Sassite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Ferropseudobrookite | Fe2+Ti2O5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Griffinite | Al2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite Group | |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N2S | [(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N6S | [(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S | [(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Ferrohögbomite-6N12S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S | (Mg8.43Fe2+1.57)sum=10Al22Ti4+2O46(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S | (Mg6Al2)(Al18Fe3+2)O38(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincovelesite-6N6S | Zn3(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Ti)8O15(OH) |
| 4.CB.25 | Pseudorutile | Fe2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.25 | Kleberite | FeTi6O11(OH)5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Berdesinskiite | V3+2TiO5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Oxyvanite | V3+2V4+O5 |
| 4.CB.30 | Kaitianite | Ti3+2Ti4+O5 |
| 4.CB.35 | Olkhonskite | (Cr,V)2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Schreyerite | V3+2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Machiite | Al2Ti3O9 |
| 4.CB.35 | Vestaite | (Ti4+Fe2+)Ti4+3O9 |
| 4.CB.40 | Kamiokite | Fe2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite | Zn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.40 | Iseite | Mn2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Majindeite | Mg2Mo3O8 |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite-(Zn) | Zn2Sb2(Fe3+4Zn2)O14(OH)2 |
| 4.CB.45 | Claudetite | As2O3 |
| 4.CB.45 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 |
| 4.CB.50 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.55 | Valentinite | Sb2O3 |
| 4.CB.60 | Bismite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.65 | Sphaerobismoite | Bi2O3 |
| 4.CB.70 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 |
| 4.CB.75 | Kyzylkumite | V3+Ti2O5(OH) |
| 4.CB.80 | Tietaiyangite | Fe3+4Fe2+TiO9 |
| 4.CB.85 | Liuite | FeTiO3 |
| 4.CB.90 | Luogufengite | Fe2O3 |
| 4.CB.95 | Wangdaodeite | FeTiO3 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Sublimates when heated in a closed tube, condensing in the upper (cooler) part of the tube in minute octahedrons.
Notes:
Slightly soluble in hot water.
Health Risks:
A highly toxic substance. Contains arsenic in a highly soluble form.
Avoid handling unless absolutely necessary. Wear protective gloves and wash them thoroughly after handling.
Avoid inhaling dust when handling.
Never lick or ingest.
Avoid handling unless absolutely necessary. Wear protective gloves and wash them thoroughly after handling.
Avoid inhaling dust when handling.
Never lick or ingest.
Internet Links for Arsenolite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-294.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Arsenolite
Localities for Arsenolite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| inferences on processes of formation. The Canadian Mineralogist (April 2003) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Ashley et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Hebbard et al. (2017) |
| Costas Constantinides collection - Don ... |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) | |
| www.crocoite.com (2002) |
| Bottrill (2018) |
Austria | |
| Blaß et al. (2002) |
| H.Meixner (1974) |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 158./78.:96-101 (1968) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Puttner (1987) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna ore ... |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| E. Fugger: "Die Mineralien des Herzogthumes Salzburg" (1878) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Postl et al. (1997) |
| Pribitzer (1956) +1 other reference |
| Natural History Museum Vienna ore deposit collection (SEM-EDS-analysed) | |
| Bojar et al. (1994) |
| Haditsch (1964) |
| on public display of the ... |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
Bulgaria | |
| Lips (2006) |
Canada | |
| Traill (1983) +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1980) |
| Richard Gunter Collection |
| Papezik (1967) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Ottawa-Peterborough +1 other reference |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Traill (1983) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 47 et al. (2009) |
Chile | |
| Samples analysed by Tony Kampf of LAC ... |
| Thompson et al. (2004) |
| Yale Peabody Museum collection #701 +1 other reference |
| RWMW specimen |
| Maurizio Dini |
| samples analysed by Jochen Schlüter | |
| Yang et al. (2011) | |
| samples analysed by Anthony Kampf +2 other references |
China | |
| Zuijin Lin (2007) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Zhiwei Bao (2001) |
| Acta Mineral. Sinica: 21 (3) |
| Zhu et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Keevil et al. (2022) |
| Youchang Yi et al. (2006) |
Costa Rica | |
| Paolo Bosio collection |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
| Anthony (1997) | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Kaspar et al. (1991) | |
| Kašpar | |
| Žáček et al. (1998) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) +1 other reference |
| 86. +1 other reference | |
| Plašil J et al. (2006) |
| Filippi (2004) |
| Rojík (2006) | |
| Tvrdý +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| Pauliš | |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| Bouška |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Finland | |
| Raade et al. (1971) +2 other references |
France | |
| ... |
| Gonnard F. (1906) |
| Laurent (1995) |
| Coueille (1988) |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Wittern +1 other reference |
| Bari (1982) +1 other reference | |
| This mine worked the same vein as Gabe ... +2 other references | |
| R. Stein collection |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) +1 other reference |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Dal Bo et al. (2018) |
| Perroud (1989) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Mari (2002) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Aufschluss 71 (3) |
| Blaß et al. (2000) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1985) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Carsten Slotta collection |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| |
| |
| [Lapis 1992 |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Aufschluss 1986 (11) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| see locality page |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| |
| |
| Aufschluss 1989 (4) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| |
| |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| 54 +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Meisl (1985) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Vollstädt et al. (1991) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| J. Gröbner and U. Kolitsch (2007) |
| Lapis (10) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| collection H.J. Haas |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Haake et al. (1994) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| E Lackner and John Sobolewski ... |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Tröger (2012) |
| |
Ghana | |
| Craw et al. (2014) |
| Bowell (1994) | |
Greece | |
| Meixner et al. (1982) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| · Maletto et al. (2016) |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2017) |
| AA. VV. |
| AA. VV. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Anthony (1997) +2 other references |
| AA. VV. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Garavelli et al. (2013) |
Japan | |
| Hiroaki Tano collection |
| Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (conserved by the Geological Survey of Japan) |
| University of Tokyo collection |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) |
| Pekov et al. (1997) |
Malaysia | |
| Percival et al. (1990) |
| Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
| Breward et al. (1994) | |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
New Zealand | |
| Kerr et al. (2017) |
| Haffert et al. (2010) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Processes of attenuation of dissolved ... +5 other references |
| Kerr et al. (2018) |
| Processes of attenuation of dissolved ... | |
North Macedonia | |
| Rieck (1993) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Bugge et al. (1922) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Siuda +2 other references |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data |
| Pieczka et al. (2018) |
| Siuda (2014) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Pedro Alves SEM-EDS analysis. +1 other reference |
| Found by and in the collection of ... |
Romania | |
| Kristály et al. (2009) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
| Ghergari et al. (1994) |
| Szakáll et al. (2013) |
| Udubaşa S.S. (2004) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pavel M. Kartashov photo |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Vertushkov et al. (1938) |
| Stepanov +7 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2011) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Radosavljević +3 other references |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Melczer G. et al. (in Hungarian) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
Slovenia | |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
South Africa | |
| Min Rec 27:6 pp417-428 |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer C. +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Viñals et al. (1990) |
Sweden | |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Öhman (2003) |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
UK | |
| Observed 2005 |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Dana 6:198 +3 other references |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Betterton (2000) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : ... |
| Observed 2004 |
| Observed on labyrinth ruins 2004 | |
| von Knorring et al. (1984) |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Hanks (1884) +2 other references |
| Mineralogical Record 20 129-142. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 186. +3 other references |
| being a report of the California State ... +4 other references |
| Landon (1927) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Schooner (1958) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) |
| Schooner (1955) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Found during ongoing study of Ryerson ... +1 other reference |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +2 other references |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dunning (1988) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Anthony (1997) |
| Ferguson (1924) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dana 7:I:543. |
| Rocks & Min.:64:504. +1 other reference |
| PJD (1995, 2004) |
| Lapham et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 67 (6) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
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