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Bixbyite-(Mn)

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) (414)

Bixbyite-(Mn) Gallery Search Photos of Bixbyite-(Mn)

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Bixbyite-(Mn)

Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Bixbyite-(Mn), etc.

N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Bixbyite-(Mn), etc.

N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Joe Morolong Local Municipality, John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Bixbyite-(Mn)

Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

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About Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Formula:

Mn³⁺₂O₃

May contain up to about 50 mol% Fe₂O₃, where it transitions into bixbyite-(Fe). In the type material, the Mn:Fe ratio is nearly 1.1.

Colour:

Black

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

6 - 6½

Specific Gravity:

4.945

Crystal System:

Isometric

Name:

For Maynard Bixby (1853-1935), prospector, miner, mine broker, author, explorer of the Thomas Range, and mineral dealer of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, who collected and provided the first specimens. He published several editions of the authoritative "Catalogue of Utah Minerals and Localities" and authored articles on several mineral localities in the western states. The suffix was added in 2021 to distinguish it from bixbyite-(Fe).

Type Locality:

ⓘ Maynard's Mine, Pismire Knolls, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

The Mn analogue of bixbyite-(Fe); newly defined in December 2021 (IMA 21-H). Belongs to the Bixbyite Series.
An orthorhombic analogue (space group Pcab) of Mn³⁺₂O₃ is known.

The Thomas Range bixbyites may bear exomorphically exsolved jacobsite on its surfaces.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

691

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:691:2

GUID
(UUID V4):

cd381f96-dde8-4c47-ae4b-be0fbed7d836

IMA Classification of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA status notes:

Redefined by the IMA

First published:

1897

Approval history:

Redefined IMA 21-H - Miyawaki et al. (2022).

Classification of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Strunz-mindat (2024):

4.CB.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations

Dana 8th ed.:

4.3.7.2

4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A₂X₃

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.19.1

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
19 : Oxides of Mn and Fe

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Bxb	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Bxb	Whitney & Evans (2010)	Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Bxb	Warr (2020)	Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Black

Streak:

Black

Hardness:

6 - 6½ on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=946 - 1402 kg/mm² - Vickers

Cleavage:

Imperfect/Fair
on {111}, in traces

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven

Density:

4.945 g/cm³ (Measured) 5.031 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Type:

Isotropic

Reflectivity:

Wavelength	R
400 nm	24.7%
420 nm	24.1%
440 nm	23.5%
460 nm	23.0%
480 nm	22.8%
500 nm	22.9%
520 nm	23.3%
540 nm	23.6%
560 nm	23.5%
580 nm	23.2%
600 nm	22.9%
620 nm	22.7%
640 nm	22.4%
660 nm	22.2%
680 nm	22.2%
700 nm	22.1%

Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 24.7%.

Chemistry of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Mindat Formula:

Mn³⁺₂O₃

May contain up to about 50 mol% Fe₂O₃, where it transitions into bixbyite-(Fe). In the type material, the Mn:Fe ratio is nearly 1.1.

Elements listed:

Mn, O - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Al,Mg,Si,Ti

Crystallography of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Crystal System:

Isometric

Class (H-M):

m3 (2/m 3) - Diploidal

Space Group:

Ia3

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.411 Å

Unit Cell V:

833.50 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Cubes, rarely modified by {112} or {111}, commonly striated and occasionally deeply pitted, to 6 cm; also massive.

Twinning:

On {111}, as penetration twins.

Crystallographic forms of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Crystal Atlas:

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Bixbyite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Temp (K)
0009391	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Geller S (1971) Structures of alpha-Mn203, (MnO.983Fe0.017)203 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering Acta Crystallographica B27 821-828	1971	293
0009392	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Geller S (1971) Structures of alpha-Mn203, (MnO.983Fe0.017)203 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering Acta Crystallographica B27 821-828	1971	293
0018124	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Zachariasen W (1928) Ueber die Kristallstruktur von Bixbyit, sowie vom kuenstlichen Mn2 O3. _cod_database_code 1011264 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 67 455-464	1928	293
0018126	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Pauling L, Shappell M (1930) The Crystal Structure of Bixbyite and the C-Modification of the Sesquioxides _cod_database_code 1011266 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 75 128-142	1930	293
0010577	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Dachs H (1956) Die kristallstruktur des bixbyits (Fe,Mn)2O3 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 107 370-395	1956	293
0017467	Bixbyite-(Mn)	Zachariasen W (1928) Untersuchungen ueber die Kristallstruktur von Sesquioxyden und Verbindungen ABO3 _cod_database_code 1010586 Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo 1 1-165	1928	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Bixbyite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Geller S'
_journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica, Section B'
_journal_volume 27 
_journal_year 1971
_journal_page_first 821
_journal_page_last 828
_publ_section_title
;
 Structures of alpha-Mn203, (MnO.983Fe0.017)203 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3
 and relation to magnetic ordering
 Sample: (MnO.983Fe0.017)203
;
_database_code_amcsd 0009391
_chemical_formula_sum '(Fe.034 Mn1.966) O3'
_cell_length_a 9.4146
_cell_length_b 9.4146
_cell_length_c 9.4146
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 834.460
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      5.028
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'I a 3'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+z,x,1/2-y'
  '+z,1/2+x,-y'
  '1/2+z,-x,y'
  '+z,1/2-x,1/2+y'
  '-z,x,1/2+y'
  '1/2-z,1/2+x,+y'
  '-z,-x,-y'
  '1/2-z,1/2-x,1/2-y'
  '1/2+y,1/2-z,-x'
  '+y,-z,1/2-x'
  '-y,1/2-z,x'
  '1/2-y,-z,1/2+x'
  '1/2-y,z,-x'
  '-y,1/2+z,1/2-x'
  'y,z,x'
  '1/2+y,1/2+z,1/2+x'
  'x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,-y,+z'
  '-x,y,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,+z'
  'x,1/2+y,-z'
  '1/2+x,+y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,1/2-z'
  '1/2-z,-x,1/2+y'
  '-z,1/2-x,+y'
  '1/2-z,x,-y'
  '-z,1/2+x,1/2-y'
  'z,-x,1/2-y'
  '1/2+z,1/2-x,-y'
  'z,x,y'
  '1/2+z,1/2+x,1/2+y'
  '1/2-y,1/2+z,x'
  '-y,+z,1/2+x'
  'y,1/2+z,-x'
  '1/2+y,+z,1/2-x'
  '1/2+y,-z,x'
  '+y,1/2-z,1/2+x'
  '-y,-z,-x'
  '1/2-y,1/2-z,1/2-x'
  '-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '1/2-x,+y,-z'
  'x,-y,1/2-z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,-z'
  '-x,1/2-y,z'
  '1/2-x,-y,1/2+z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
Fe1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.01700
Mn1   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.98300
Fe2   0.28508   0.00000   0.25000   0.01700
Mn2   0.28508   0.00000   0.25000   0.98300
O   0.12913   0.14708  -0.08347   1.00000
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Fe1 0.00400 0.00400 0.00400 0.00054 0.00054 0.00054
Mn1 0.00400 0.00400 0.00400 0.00054 0.00054 0.00054
Fe2 0.00489 0.01028 0.00705 0.00000 0.00000 0.00350
Mn2 0.00489 0.01028 0.00705 0.00000 0.00000 0.00350
O 0.01109 0.00611 0.00907 0.00081 -0.00588 -0.00054

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.72 Å	(100)
1.664 Å	(30)
3.84 Å	(25)
2.01 Å	(14)
1.845 Å	(14)
1.4191 Å	(14)
2.35 Å	(12)

Comments:

Recorded on synthetic Mn2O3

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism
32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits

Geological Setting:

In rhyolites; in metamorphosed manganese ores.

Type Occurrence of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Maynard's Mine, Pismire Knolls, Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, number 1.6369.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

In lithophysal cavities in rhyolite.

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Topaz	Sanidine	Quartz	Pseudobrookite	Hematite
Beryl

Synonyms of Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Other Language Names for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

German:Bixbyit
Manganbixbyit
Sitaparit

Russian:Биксбиит

Simplified Chinese:方锰铁矿
方铁锰矿

Spanish:Bixbyita
Manganbixbyita
Sitaparita

Traditional Chinese:方錳鐵礦
方鐵錳礦

Relationship of Bixbyite-(Mn) to other SpeciesHide

Forms a series with:

Bixbyite-(Fe)

Bixbyite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

386 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Topaz	Al₂(SiO₄)(F,OH)₂
53 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Pseudobrookite	Fe₂TiO₅
35 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Hematite	Fe₂O₃
28 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Quartz	SiO₂
19 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Rhyolite
15 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Fluorite	CaF₂
14 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
13 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Red Beryl	Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈
12 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Mangan-diaspore	(Al,Mn)O(OH)
12 photos of Bixbyite-(Mn) associated with Manganite	Mn³⁺O(OH)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.CB.	Ferrohögbomite-2N2S	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn,Al)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.	Magnesiohögbomite-6N12S	Mg₅Al₁₁TiO₂₃(OH)	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.	Zhenruite	(MoO₃)₂ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.	Pengite	(Pb₈Sb³⁺₃)_Σ11Sb⁵⁺₉O₃₅	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.	Virgilluethite	MoO₃ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.05	Brizziite	NaSb⁵⁺O₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Corundum	Al₂O₃	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Ecandrewsite	(Zn,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺)TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Eskolaite	Cr₂O₃	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Geikielite	MgTiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Hematite	Fe₂O₃	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Ilmenite	Fe²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Karelianite	V³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Melanostibite	Mn²⁺₂Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₆	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Pyrophanite	Mn²⁺TiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Akimotoite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)SiO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Auroantimonate	AuSbO₃
4.CB.05	UM1998-11-O-AuHSb	Au⁺₂Sb³⁺O₂(OH)
4.CB.05	Tistarite	Ti³⁺₂O₃	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
4.CB.05	Unnamed (Fe-Cr Oxide)	FeCrO₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.05	Hemleyite	(Fe²⁺_0.48Mg_0.37Ca_0.04Na_0.04Mn²⁺_0.03Al_0.03Cr³⁺_0.01)_sum=1.00Si_1.00O₃	Trig. 3 : R3
4.CB.10	Avicennite	Tl₂O₃	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Ia3
4.CB.10	Bixbyite-(Fe)	(Fe,Mn)₂O₃	Iso.
4.CB.15	Armalcolite	(Mg,Fe²⁺)Ti₂O₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.CB.15	Sassite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite	Fe₂TiO₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
4.CB.15	Ferropseudobrookite	Fe²⁺Ti₂O₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Griffinite	Al₂TiO₅	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
4.CB.15	Pseudobrookite Group
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N2S	[(Zn,Al,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Zincohögbomite-2N6S	[(Zn,Mg)₇(Al,Fe³⁺,Ti)₁₆O₃₁(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₈O₁₅(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺,Zn)₄(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₀O₁₉(OH)]₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S	[(Mg,Fe²⁺)₃[Al₇(Ti,Fe³⁺)]O₁₅(OH)]₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Ferrohögbomite-6N12S	[(Fe²⁺,Mg,Zn)₅(Al,Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₂O₂₃(OH)]₆	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
4.CB.20	Magnesiohögbomite-2N4S	(Mg_8.43Fe²⁺_1.57)_sum=10Al₂₂Ti⁴⁺₂O₄₆(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.20	Magnesiobeltrandoite-2N3S	(Mg₆Al₂)(Al₁₈Fe³⁺₂)O₃₈(OH)₂	Trig. 3m : P3m1
4.CB.20	Zincovelesite-6N6S	Zn₃(Fe³⁺,Mn³⁺,Al,Ti)₈O₁₅(OH)	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
4.CB.25	Pseudorutile	Fe₂Ti₃O₉	Hex. 6 2 2 : P6₃ 2 2
4.CB.25	Kleberite	FeTi₆O₁₁(OH)₅	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.30	Berdesinskiite	V³⁺₂TiO₅	Mon.
4.CB.30	Oxyvanite	V³⁺₂V⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.30	Kaitianite	Ti³⁺₂Ti⁴⁺O₅	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Olkhonskite	(Cr,V)₂Ti₃O₉	Mon.
4.CB.35	Schreyerite	V³⁺₂Ti₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Machiite	Al₂Ti₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.35	Vestaite	(Ti⁴⁺Fe²⁺)Ti⁴⁺₃O₉	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
4.CB.40	Kamiokite	Fe₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Nolanite	V³⁺₈Fe³⁺₂O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Rinmanite	Zn₂Sb₂Mg₂Fe₄O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6 : P6₃
4.CB.40	Iseite	Mn₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Majindeite	Mg₂Mo₃O₈	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.40	Rinmanite-(Zn)	Zn₂Sb₂(Fe³⁺₄Zn₂)O₁₄(OH)₂	Hex. 6mm : P6₃mc
4.CB.45	Claudetite	As₂O₃	Mon. 2/m
4.CB.45	Stibioclaudetite	AsSbO₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
4.CB.50	Arsenolite	As₂O₃	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.50	Senarmontite	Sb₂O₃	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m
4.CB.55	Valentinite	Sb₂O₃	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pccn
4.CB.60	Bismite	Bi₂O₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.65	Sphaerobismoite	Bi₂O₃	Tet.
4.CB.70	Sillénite	Bi₁₂SiO₂₀	Iso. 2 3 : I2 3
4.CB.75	Kyzylkumite	V³⁺Ti₂O₅(OH)	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
4.CB.80	Tietaiyangite	Fe³⁺₄Fe²⁺TiO₉	Hex.
4.CB.85	Liuite	FeTiO₃	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
4.CB.90	Luogufengite	Fe₂O₃	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
4.CB.95	Wangdaodeite	FeTiO₃	Trig. 3m : R3c

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

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https://www.mindat.org/min-691.html
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References for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Reference List:

Penfield, S.L. and Foote, H.W. (1897) On bixbyite, a new mineral, and notes on the associated topaz. American Journal of Science: 4: 105-108.

Fermor, L.L. (1909) Geological Survey of India, Rec.: 37: 199.

Fermor, Lewis Leigh (1909) The manganese ore deposits of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Vol. 37. Geological Survey of India

Pauling, L., Shappell, M.D. (1930) The Crystal Structure of Bixbyite and the C-Modification of the Sesquioxides. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 75(1): 128-142.

Orcel, Jean, Pavlovitch, Stoyan (1931) Les caractères microscopiques des oxydes de manganèse et des manganites naturels (Détermination de leurs pouvoirs réflecteurs) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 54 (5) 108-179 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1931.4130

Cortelezzi, J., Himmel, H., Schroeder, R. (1934) Bixbyit von Patagonien. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, 129-135.

Montgomery, A. (1934) A recent find of bixbyite and associated minerals in the Thomas Range, Utah. American Mineralogist: 19: 82-87.

Mason, Brian (1942) Bixbyite from Långban. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 64 (2) 117-125 doi:10.1080/11035894209445090

de Villiers, J.E. (1943) A preliminary description of the new mineral partridgeite. American Mineralogist: 28: 336-338. (as partridgeite)

de Villiers, J.E., Fleischer, M. (1943) A discussion: Bixbyite-sitaparite-partridgeite. American Mineralogist: 28: 468-469.

Mason, B. (1944) The system Fe2O3-Mn2O3: some comments on the names bixbyite, sitaparite, partridgeite. American Mineralogist: 29: 66-69.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1944) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 1 - Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.550-551

Dachs, H. (1956) Die Kristallstruktur des Bixbyits (Fe,Mn)2O3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 107, 370-395.

Dachs, H. (1956) Die Kristallstruktur des Bixbyits (Fe,Mn)2O3. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 107(5-6), 370-395.

Swanson, H.E., Cook, M.I., Isaccs, T., Evans, E.H. (1960) Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns. United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Circular 539, 9, 37-39. (as partridgeite)

Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x

Geller, S. (1971) Structures of alpha-Mn2O3, (Mn0.983Fe0.017)2O3 and (Mn0.37Fe0.63)2O3 and relation to magnetic ordering. Acta Crystallographica: 27: 821-828.

Moore, Paul B., Araki, Takaharu (1976) Braunite: its structure and relationship to bixbyite, and some insights on the genealogy of fluorite derivative structures. American Mineralogist, 61 (11-12) 1226-1240

Mitchell, R.S. (1987) Who's who in mineral names: John George Cowles and Maynard Bixby. Rocks & Minerals: 62: 120-123.

de Villiers, Johan P., Buseck, Peter R. (1989) Stacking variations and nonstoichiometry in the bixbyite-braunite polysomatic mineral group. American Mineralogist, 74 (11-12) 1325-1336

Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Ed. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 3 - Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona. p.1-682.pp.66-66

Bevan, D. J. M., Martin, R. L. (2008) The role of the coordination defect: A new structural description of four fluorite-related sesquioxide minerals, bixbyite (Mn2O3), braunite (Mn7SiO12), braunite II (CaMn14SiO24), parwelite (Mn10Sb2As2Si2O24), and their structural relationships. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 181. 2250-2259 doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2008.04.046

Peter, J., Trapp, M., Lauterbach, S., Gollé-Leidreiter, P., Kolb, U., Kleebe, H.-J. (2021): Exomorphism of Jacobsite Precipitates in Bixbyite Single Crystals from the Thomas Range in Utah. American Mineralogist: 106(7): 1163-1171.

Miyawaki, Ritsuro, Hatert, Frédéric, Pasero, Marco, Mills, Stuart J. (2021) CNMNC Newsletter 64. IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) Mineralogical Magazine, 86 (1) 178-182 doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.93

Støckler, K.A.H., Roth, N., Grønbech, T.B.E., Iversen, B.B. (2022): Epitaxial intergrowths and local oxide relaxations in natural bixbyite Fe2-xMnxO3. IUCrJ, 9, 523-532.

(2023) Bixbyite-(Mn) Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Argentina
Chubut Province Mártires Department Las Plumas Valle de las Plumas ⓘ Bixbyite occurrence ?	Schiller et al. (1931) +2 other references

Australia
Queensland Cloncurry Shire Rosebud Station Mary Kathleen district ⓘ Mary Kathleen Mine	T.Kwak & P.Abeysinghe: "Rare earth and ... +1 other reference
Western Australia East Pilbara Shire Ripon Hills District ⓘ Ripon Hills manganese prospects	The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (1977)
ⓘ Woodie Woodie Manganese Mine	Jones et al. (2013)

Austria
Carinthia Spittal an der Drau District Heiligenblut am Großglockner Zirmsee area ⓘ Gold mine (Goldzeche)	Pichler (2009)
ⓘ Goldzechscharte (Goldzechkopfscharte) ?	Exel (1993)
Salzburg Zell am See District Rauris Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area ⓘ Goldzechkopf	Strasser (1989)
Tyrol Innsbruck-Land District Navis ⓘ Unterweg	BRANDSTÄTTER et al. (2015)
Lienz District Prägraten am Großvenediger Dorferbach valley ⓘ Dorf Alp ?	Kolitsch (2017)

Bolivia
Potosí Sud Chichas Province Atocha Municipality Chocaya-Animas mining district (Animas-Chocaya mining district) ⓘ Chocaya mine ?	www.mineralmundi.com

Brazil
Bahia Urandi ⓘ Urandi Mn deposit	Varentsov (1996)

Bulgaria
Pazardzhik Province Panagyurishte Municipality ⓘ Dalgi Rid ore occurrence	Chavdarova et al. (2022)

China
Guangdong Yunfu Luoding Co. ⓘ Xinrong Mn-Ag deposit	Guicheng Huang et al. (2001)
Hubei Wuhan Huangpi District ⓘ Tuanshangou Mine	Jingqu Yao (1992)
Hunan Yiyang Heshan District ⓘ Tangganshan Mine	Hunan Metallurgical Geology Research Team 236 (1977)
Jiangxi Jingdezhen Leping Co. ⓘ Lehua Mn-Pb-Zn deposit	Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976) +1 other reference
Liaoning Chaoyang Chaoyang County ⓘ Wafangzi Fe-Mn deposit	Fan et al. (1999)
Shanxi Datong Lingqiu County ⓘ Donggou Mine	Shaozhi Zhou (1999)
ⓘ Mapo-Shanshenmiao Mn-Ag deposit	Qingrong Zheng et al. (2012)

Egypt
Giza Governorate Black Desert El Bahariya Depression ⓘ El Gedida Mine	El-Habaak et al. (2016)
South Sinai Governorate Abu Zeneima (Abu Zenima) ⓘ Umm Bugma (Um Bogma)	Ibrahim (2000)

France
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Haute-Saône Lure Esmoulières Saphoz ⓘ La Corveraine workings	Wittern et al. (Cologne)
Grand Est Vosges Saint-Dié-des-Vosges Gérardmer ⓘ Le Haut-Poirot	Weil et al. (1958)
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Barcelonnette Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye Maljasset ⓘ Combe Brémond	Bourbon M. (1972)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Eisenbach ⓘ Fahlenbach	Walenta (1992)
Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis Unterkirnach ⓘ Ferdinand Mine	Walenta (1992)
Rhineland-Palatinate Mayen-Koblenz Mendig Bell ⓘ Rothenberg Quarry	Schüller (2013) +1 other reference
Vordereifel Ettringen ⓘ Caspar quarry	[Hentschel et al. (5)
Vulkaneifel Gerolstein Hohenfels-Essingen ⓘ Feuerberg	Blass
Kelberg Drees ⓘ Niveligsberg ?	Schüller
Thuringia Gotha District Friedrichroda Gottlob Hill ⓘ Glücksstern Mine	Marcus Voigt Collection (analysed by Dr. Massanek, Bergakademie Freiberg) +2 other references

India
Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram District ⓘ Garbham deposit	Econ Geol (1980)
ⓘ Koduru Mine	Econ Geol (1980)
ⓘ Sadanandapuram deposit	Econ Geol (1980)
Karnataka Ballari District Bellary-Hospet iron belt Sandur ⓘ Donimalai Mine	Rao et al. (1979)
Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Division Balaghat District ⓘ Balaghat Mine	Sarkar (2015)
Chhindwara District ⓘ Gowari Wadhona Mine	Roy et al. (1968)
ⓘ Sitapur	Chemical abstracts +1 other reference
Jhabua District ⓘ Kajlidongri Mine	Nayak (1966)
Maharashtra Nagpur Division Bhandara District ⓘ Chikala	MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE
ⓘ Chikala mine (Chickala mine)	S.P. Deshpande (1959)
ⓘ Dongri Buzurg Mine	S.P. Deshpande (1959)
Odisha Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt ⓘ Boringpadar-Amath Sector	Yadav (2022)
Sundargarh District (Sundergarh District) ⓘ Ghoriajhor-Monmunda area	Nicholson et al. (1997)

Iran
Sistan and Baluchestan Province Zahedan County Dehoo ⓘ Dehoo manganese deposit	Lotfi et al. (2017)

Italy
Liguria La Spezia Province ⓘ Riccò del Golfo (Seramaì)	Di Lisi S.
Lombardy Sondrio Province Lanzada Scerscen Valley ⓘ Lower Scerscen Glacier	Bedognè et al. (1993) +1 other reference
ⓘ Malenco Valley	AA. VV.

Japan
Nagasaki Prefecture Nishisonogi District ⓘ Ohgushi (Ogushi)	Miyahisa (1957)

Mexico
Chihuahua Guachochi Municipality ⓘ Barranca de Cobre (Copper Canyon)	Anthony (1997)
Durango Durango Municipality Victoria de Durango ⓘ Cerro de Mercado Mine
Michoacan Coalcomám Municipality ⓘ La Hueca Mine (Sapo Negro)	Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000)
San Luis Potosí Villa de Arriaga Municipality ⓘ Tepetate	Anthony (1997)

Namibia
Erongo Region Dâures Constituency Spitzkopje Area ⓘ Klein Spitzkopje granite stock (Kleine Spitzkoppe; Klein Spitzkoppe)	Cairncross (2005)
ⓘ Stiepelmann Mine ?	Bezing et al. (2007)
Otjozondjupa Region Omatako Constituency ⓘ Otjosondu	von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference
ⓘ Otjiwarongo Constituency	Anthony (1997)

Romania
Caraş-Severin County Brebu ⓘ Delineşti deposit	Hârtopanu et al. (1996)

Russia
Khabarovsk Krai Taikan Ridge Ir-Nimi manganese deposit ⓘ Dzhavodi area	V.V. Kalinin data
Khakassia (Republic of Khakassia) Askizsky Rayon Askiz ore district ⓘ Chapsordag deposit	Kassandrov et al. (2009)
ⓘ Malosyrsky deposit	Kassandrov et al. (2009)
Primorsky Krai Khasansky District ⓘ Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve	Timofeeva et al. (2014)
Sverdlovsk Oblast Serovsky District Turya river Tur'insk ⓘ Vorontsovskoe deposit (Vorontsovsk gold deposit; Vorontsovka deposit)	Kasatkin et al. (2021)

South Africa
North West Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality ⓘ Genadendal	Econ Geol (1990) +1 other reference
Northern Cape ⓘ Gamagara Ridge	de Villiers (1943)
ⓘ Western Belt	Gutzmer (1996)
ⓘ Beeshoek Mine	Gutzmer (1996)
ⓘ Bishop farm	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
ⓘ Doornfontein Farm	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
ⓘ Driehoekspan	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Japie's Rus	Cairncross et al. (1995)
Gloucester Farm ⓘ Glosam Mining Village	Gutzmer (1996) +1 other reference
ⓘ Gloucester mine	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Kapstewel	Gutzmer (1996)
ⓘ Lohatlha Mine	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
Magoloring Farm 668 ⓘ Japies Rus	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Paling farm	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality Joe Morolong Local Municipality Black Rock ⓘ Black Rock Mine	South African Micromount Society et al. (1989)
Hotazel ⓘ Hotazel Mine	Wilson et al. (1978)
ⓘ Mamatwan Mine	Preston (2009) +1 other reference
N'Chwaning Mines ⓘ N'Chwaning I Mine	Von Bezing et al. (1991)
ⓘ N'Chwaning II Mine	South African Micromount Society et al. (1989) +1 other reference
ⓘ ~~N'Chwaning III Mine~~	King (n.d.)
ⓘ Wessels Mine	South African Micromount Society et al. (1989) +2 other references
ⓘ Postmasburg manganese field	Gaines (1991) +1 other reference
ZF Mgcawu District Municipality ⓘ Aucampsrust	Gutzmer (1996)

Spain
Canary Islands Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province Tenerife ⓘ Alcala	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ Centinela	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ La Mareta	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ Los Abrigos	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ Los Blanquitos	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ Playa de Enramada	Dill et al. (2023)
Santiago del Teide ⓘ Puerto de Santiago	Dill et al. (2023)
ⓘ Tajao	Dill et al. (2023)
Catalonia Girona Ribes de Freser ⓘ Vall de Ribes mining district	Anthony (1997)

Sweden
Norrbotten County Jokkmokk ⓘ Murjek	Mason (1943)
ⓘ Ultevis	Roy (1972) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rakten	Ödman (1950) +1 other reference
ⓘ Sörhårås	Ödman (1950)
ⓘ Stuor-Njåske	Ödman (1950) +1 other reference
ⓘ Upper manganese ravine	Sandström (1997)
ⓘ Tjålme	Sandström (1997)
ⓘ Tjatisvare	Ödman (1950)
Värmland County Filipstad Långban Ore District ⓘ Långban Mine	Mason (1942) +1 other reference
ⓘ Amerika stope	Mason (1942)

Tanzania
Dodoma Region Kongwa District Kongwa ⓘ Mautia Hill	...

Turkey
Adana Province Ceyhan District ⓘ Çevretepe Fe-Mn deposit	Öztürk (1997)
ⓘ Dokuztekne Fe-Mn deposit	Öztürk (1997)
Balikesir Province Bigadiç District ⓘ Tumanpınarı deposit	Gultekin et al. (2016)
Denizli Province Tavas Ulukent ⓘ Ulukent Mn deposit	Öztürk (1997)

UK
Wales Gwynedd Aberdaron Rhiw ⓘ Benallt Mine

USA
Arizona Cochise County ⓘ Bisbee	Graeme (1981)
ⓘ Shattuck Mine	Graeme (1981) +1 other reference
Pinal County Hayden ⓘ Ash Creek rhyolite	Mineralogical Record 23:487-492
Saddle Mountain Mining District Winkelman area Saddle Mountain area ⓘ Ash Creek	White et al. (1992) +1 other reference
Yavapai County Bradshaw Mountains (Bradshaw Range) Peck Mining District ⓘ Black Warrior Mine (Silver Prince Mine; Swastika Mine; Mora B Mine; Kingdon Mine; Curtin MS 653 Patented claim; Patented claims MS 2529)	Brian Beck Collected
Yuma County Kofa Mining District King of Arizona Mine ⓘ No. 2 vein	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ North Star Mine (Northstar Mine)	Anthony et al. (1995)
	Anthony et al. (1995)
Arkansas ⓘ Batesville Mining District	Howard (1987)
Nevada Mineral County Candelaria Mining District ⓘ Candelaria Silver Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
New Mexico Catron County Taylor Creek Mining District ⓘ Beaverhead	Min Rec 16:2 p145
Sawmill Creek ⓘ Unnamed prospects	NMGS 37th Field Conference
Sierra County ⓘ Boiler Peak	Field collected by Ted French
ⓘ New Mexico Highway 1 roadcut ?	Gibbs (2013)
Paramount Canyon ⓘ Beryllium Virgin claim	Min Rec 16:2 p145
ⓘ Round Mountain	Northrop et al. (1996)
Texas Presidio County Chinati Mountains Shafter Mining District ⓘ Red Hills Cu-Mo deposit	GSA Conference (2001)
Utah Beaver County ⓘ Mountain Spring Peak area	Min Rec 10:5 pp261-278
ⓘ Ruby Violet claims (Violet claims; Violet Mine; Red Emerald Mine; Harris Mine)	Nassau K. (1968)
Juab County ⓘ Dugway Range	Bullock (1981)
Thomas Range ⓘ Cubic claim	Mineralogical Record
Pismire Knolls ⓘ Maynard's Mine (TL)	Montgomery (1934) +1 other reference
ⓘ Solar Wind claim	Schwab (1998) +1 other reference
Starvation Canyon ⓘ Holfertite pit	Belakovskiy et al. (2006)
ⓘ Red Beryl Pit	Collected by and in the collection of ...
ⓘ Topaz Mountain	Bullock (1981)
ⓘ The Cove (Topaz Valley)	J. Holfert et al. (1996)
Piute County Marysvale Mining District ⓘ Unnamed Bixbyite occurrence	Stanley C. Hatfield. Bixbyite
Tooele County Dugway Range ⓘ Dugway Mountains Mining District	Bullock (1981)

Zimbabwe
Mashonaland West ⓘ Makonde District	Anthony (1997)

Bixbyite-(Mn)

About Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

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References for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Localities for Bixbyite-(Mn)Hide

Locality ListHide

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