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Pondaung, Myanmar

FormationPondaung
Member(s)upper
“Upper”
Age:41.3 - 38.0 Ma
Eocene
IntervalBartonian
Lithologysandstone/"siliciclastic", sandstone/siltstone, sandstone/mudstone, mudstone, "siliciclastic", claystone
Number of Collections61
Number of Occurrences186

Recorded Sample Locations

LocationRegionStratigraphic Name
MindezuPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
ThadutPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Pangan 1Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
PaukkaungPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Myaing 1Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Bahin 1Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
SinzwePakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Than-u-dawPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
KonywaYinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Pakokku DistrictPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Mogaung 1Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Guyat 1Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
KoniwaYinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Guyat 2Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Guyat 3Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Guyat 4Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Kyawdaw 1Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Kyawdaw 2Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
ZeittaungYinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
LeganYinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
EdgbayPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
YegawYinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Bahin 4Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
YarshePakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Pk1Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Pk2Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung - upper
Mogaung NorthwestYinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
UCMP V83111Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Pk5Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung - Upper
PGN2Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung - Upper
Thamingyauk KyitchaungPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
NyaungpinlePakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Ganle kyitchaungPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung
Kyawdaw Yinmabin District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung - upper
West of MandalayMonywa District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung
Pk12Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung - “Upper”
MtaPakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung - upper
South of Pk2Pakokku District, Magway Region, MyanmarPondaung - upper
Kd2Monywa District, Sagaing Region, MyanmarPondaung - upper

Associated Units

Stratigraphic NameAgeLithologyOccurrence Records
Irrawaddy - Upper2.59 - 0.01 Ma
Pleistocene
sandstone, gravel26
Pondaung - upper41.3 - 38.0 Ma
Eocene
sandstone/"siliciclastic", mudstone24
Pondaung - “Upper”41.3 - 38.0 Ma
Eocene
mudstone/sandstone2

Recorded Fossils

Accepted NameHierarchyAge
Teleostei
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Teleostei41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Threskiornithidae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes : Threskiornithidae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Dichobunoidea
superfamily
4.7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Dichobunoidea41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracokeryx sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Anthracokeryx41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracokeryx birmanicus
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Anthracokeryx : Anthracokeryx birmanicus41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracotheriidae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracotherium crassum
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Anthracotherium : Anthracotherium crassum41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracotherium pangan
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Anthracotherium : Anthracotherium pangan41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracotherium tenuis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Anthracotherium : Anthracotherium tenuis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Irrawadymeryx pondaungi
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Archaeomerycidae : Irrawadymeryx : Irrawadymeryx pondaungi41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Magwetherium burmense
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Diacodexeidae : Magwetherium : Magwetherium burmense41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Cadutherium sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Dichobunidae : Cadutherium41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracokeryx lahirii
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Helohyidae : Pakkokuhyus : Anthracokeryx lahirii41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Asiohomacodon myanmarensis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Dichobunidae : Asiohomacodon : Asiohomacodon myanmarensis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Indomeryx sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Lophiomerycidae : Indomeryx41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Indomeryx arenae
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Lophiomerycidae : Indomeryx : Indomeryx arenae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Indomeryx cotteri
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Lophiomerycidae : Indomeryx : Indomeryx cotteri41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anthracothema sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Anthracothema41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Hsanotherium parvum
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Proboscidea : Hsanotherium : Hsanotherium parvum41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Myaingtherium kenyapotamoides
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Anthracotheriidae : Myaingtherium : Myaingtherium kenyapotamoides41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Myanmarius chitseini
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Myanmarius : Myanmarius chitseini41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Thandaungia sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Thandaungia41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Hyaenodontidae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Propterodon panganensis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodonta : Hyaenodontidae : Propterodon : Propterodon panganensis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Yarshea cruenta
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Yarshea : Yarshea cruenta41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Orienspterodon dahkoensis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodonta : Hyainailouridae : Orienspterodon : Orienspterodon dahkoensis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Kyawdawia lupina
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Hyaenodontidae : Kyawdawia : Kyawdawia lupina41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Insectivora
order
4Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Insectivora41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Metamynodon sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Amynodontidae : Metamynodon41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Paramynodon sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Amynodontidae : Paramynodon41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Brontotheriidae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Brontotheriidae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Bunobrontops savagei
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Bunobrontops : Bunobrontops savagei41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Diplacodon sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Brontotheriidae : Diplacodon41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Metatelmatherium sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Brontotheriidae : Metatelmatherium41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Rhinotitan sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Brontotheriidae : Rhinotitan41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Sivatitanops sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Brontotheriidae : Sivatitanops41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Sivatitanops cotteri
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Brontotheriidae : Sivatitanops : Sivatitanops cotteri41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Bahinolophus birmanicus
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Deperetellidae : Bahinolophus : Bahinolophus birmanicus41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Indolophus guptai
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Lophialetidae : Indolophus : Indolophus guptai41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Ceratomorpha
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Ceratomorpha41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Skopaiolophus burmese
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Skopaiolophus : Skopaiolophus burmese41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Teletaceras sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Rhinocerotidae : Teletaceras41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Afrasia djijidae
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Afrotarsiidae : Afrasia : Afrasia djijidae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Ganlea megacanina
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Amphipithecidae : Ganlea : Ganlea megacanina41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Myanmarpithecus yarshensis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Amphipithecidae : Myanmarpithecus : Myanmarpithecus yarshensis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Pondaungia sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Amphipithecidae : Pondaungia41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Pondaungia cotteri
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Amphipithecidae : Pondaungia : Pondaungia cotteri41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Pondaungia minuta
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Tarsiidae : Pondaungia : Pondaungia minuta41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Bahinia pondaungensis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Eosimiidae : Bahinia : Bahinia pondaungensis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Aseanpithecus myanmarensis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Aseanpithecus : Aseanpithecus myanmarensis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Kyitchaungia takaii
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Amphipithecidae : Kyitchaungia : Kyitchaungia takaii41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Paukkaungia parva
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Amphipithecidae : Paukkaungia : Paukkaungia parva41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Rodentia
order
4Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Pondaungimys anomaluropsis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Rodentia : Anomaluridae : Pondaungimys : Pondaungimys anomaluropsis41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Dyrosauridae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Crocodylia : Dyrosauridae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Crocodylomorpha
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Eosuchia : Crocodylomorpha41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Colubroidea
superfamily
4.7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubroidea41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Barbaturex morrisoni
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Agamidae : Barbaturex : Barbaturex morrisoni41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Pterosphenus sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Palaeophiidae : Pterosphenus41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Testudinoidea
superfamily
4.7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinoidea41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Burmemys magnifica
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Carettochelyidae : Burmemys : Burmemys magnifica41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Anosteira sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Carettochelyidae : Anosteira41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Podocnemidae
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Podocnemidae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Testudinidae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Testudinidae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene
Trionychinae
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudines : Trionychidae : Trionychinae41.3 - 38 Ma
Eocene

References

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Pilgrim G. E. (1925) The Perissodactyla of the Eocene of Burma, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 8 3, 1-28
Pilgrim G. E. (1928) The Artiodactyla of the Eocene of Burma, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 13, 1-39
Colbert E. (1938) Fossil mammals from Burma in the American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 74, 255-436
Buffetaut E. (1978) A dyrosaurid (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia) from the Upper Eocene of Burma, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 5, 273-281
Maw B., Ciochon R. L., et al (1979) Late Eocene of Burma yields earliest anthropoid primate, Pondaungia cotteri, Nature 282, 65-67
Holroyd P. A., Ciochon R. L. (1995) A new artiodactyl (Mammalia) from the Eocene Pondaung Sandstones, Burma, Annals of Carnegie Museum 64 3, 177-183
Jaeger J. J., Soe U. A. N., et al (1998) New Myanmar middle Eocene anthropoids. An Asian origin for catarrhines?, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie III. Sciences de la vie 321, 953-959
Jaeger J. J., Thein T., et al (1999) A new primate from the middle Eocene of Myanmar and the Asian early origins of Anthropoids, Science 286, 528-530
Tsubamoto T., Holroyd P. A., et al (2000) Upper premolar dentitions of Deperetella birmanica (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Deperetellidae) from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Paleontological Research 4 3, 183-189
Ducrocq S., Soe A. N., et al (2000) First record of an Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, ?Tethytheria) from the Eocene of the Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II. Sciences de la Terre et des planetes 330, 725-730
Holroyd P. A., Ciochon R. L. (2000) Bunobrontops savagei a new genus and species of brontotheriid perissodactyl from the Eocene Pondaung fauna of Myanmar, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 2, 408-410
Métais G., Benammi M., et al (2000) Discovery of new ruminant dental remains from the middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar): reassessment of the phylogenetic position of Indomeryx, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II. Sciences de la Terre et des planetes 330, 805-811
Ducrocq S., Soe A. N., et al (2000) A new anthracotheriid artiodactyl from Myanmar, and the relative ages of the Eocene anthropoid primate-bearing localities of Thailand (Krabi) and Myanmar (Pondaung), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 4, 755-760
Egi N., Tsubamoto T. (2000) A preliminary report on carnivorous mammals from Pondaung fauna, Asian Paleoprimatology 1, 103-114
Palfy J., Smith P. L., et al (2000) A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37 6, 923-944
Takai M., Shigehara N., et al (2001) A new anthropoid from the latest middle Eocene of Pondaung, central Myanmar, Journal of Human Evolution 40 5, 393-409
Ciochon R. L., Gingerich P. D., et al (2001) Primate postcrania from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 14, 7672-7677
Shigehara N., Takai M., et al (2002) The upper dentition and face of Pondaungia cotteri from central Myanmar, Journal of Human Evolution 43 2, 143-166
Tsubamoto T., Tun S. T., et al (2003) Reevaluation of some ungulate mammals from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Paleontological Research 7 3, 219-243
Dawson M. R., Tsubamoto T., et al (2003) Rodents of the family Anomaluridae (Mammalia) from Southeast Asia (Middle Eocene, Pondaung Formation, Myanmar), Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 3, 203-213
Egi N., Holroyd P. A., et al (2004) A new genus and species of hyaenodontid creodont from the Pondaung Formation (Eocene, Myanmar), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 2, 502-506
Hutchison J. H., Holroyd P. A., et al (2004) A preliminary report on southeast Asia's oldest Cenozoic turtle fauna from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Asiatic Herpetological Research 10, 38-52
Egi N., Holroyd P. A., et al (2005) Proviverrine hyaenodontids(Creodonta: Mammalia) from the Eocene of Myanmar and a phylogenetic analysis of the proviverrines from the Para–Tethys area, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 4, 337-358
Takai M., Sein C., et al (2005) A new eosimiid from the latest middle Eocene in Pondaung, central Myanmar, Anthropological Science 113 1, 17-25
Marivaux L., Ducrocq S., et al (2005) New remains of Pondaungimys anomaluropsis (Rodentia, Anomaluroidea) from the Latest Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of Central Myanmar, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 1, 214-227
Tsubamoto T., Egi N., et al (2005) Middle Eocene ungulate mammals from Myanmar: A review with description of new specimens, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 1, 117-138
Head J. J., Holroyd P. A., et al (2005) First report of snakes (Serpentes) from the late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 1, 246-250
Stidham T. A., Holroyd P. A., et al (2005) An ibis-like bird (Aves: cf. Threskiornithidae) from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31 7, 179-184
Holroyd P. A., Tsubamoto T., et al (2006) A rhinocerotid perissodactyl from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 2, 491-494
Métais G., Soe A. N., et al (2006) A new basal tapiromorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of Myanmar, Geobios 39, 513-519
Métais G. (2006) New basal selenodont artiodactyls from the Pondaung Formation (late middle Eocene, Myanmar) and the phylogenetic relationships of early ruminants, Annals of Carnegie Museum 75 1, 51-67
Métais G., Soe A. N., et al (2007) Artiodactyls from the Pondaung Formation (Myanmar): new data and reevaluation of the South Asian Faunal Province during the Middle Eocene, Naturwissenschaften 94, 759-768
Peigné S., Morlo M., et al (2007) New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications, Geodiversitas 29 3, 441-458
Beard K. C., Marivaux L., et al (2007) New sivaladapid primates from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the anthropoid status of Amphipithecidae, Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 39, 67-76
Beard K. C., Marivaux L., et al (2009) A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids, Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 276, 3285-3294 doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0836
Tsubamoto T., Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein, et al (2011) A new anthracotheriid artiodactyl from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 49 1, 85-113
Chaimanee Y., Chavasseau O., et al (2012) Late middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 26, 10293-10297
Head J. J., Gunnell G. F., et al (2013) Giant lizards occupied herbivorous mammalian ecospace during the Paleogene greenhouse in Southeast Asia, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280 1763, 1-7 doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0665
Tsubamoto T., Egi N., et al (2013) A new genus and species of bunodont artiodactyl from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Paleontological Research 17 4, 297-311 doi:10.2517/1342-8144-17.4.297
Ducrocq S., et al (2016) First record of a diacodexeid artiodactyl in the middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar), Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 90 3, 611-618 doi:10.1007/s12542-016-0283-y
Soe A. N., Chavasseau O., et al (2017) New remains of Siamotherium pondaungensis (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea) from the Eocene of Pondaung, Myanmar: Paleoecologic and phylogenetic implications, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37, e1270290:1-10
de Bonis L., Solé F., et al (2018) New hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of Myanmar, Comptes Rendus Palevol 17 6, 357-365 doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.12.003
Jaeger J.-J., Chavasseau O., et al (2019) New Eocene primate from Myanmar shares dental characters with African Eocene crown anthropoids, Nature Communications 10, 3531:1-10 doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11295-6
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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