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Alauda arvensis

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Description

The Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis) is a passerine bird in the lark family Alaudidae. It is a widespread species found across Europe and Asia with introduced populations in New Zealand, Australia and on the Hawaiian Islands. It is a bird of open farmland and heath, known for the song of the male, which is delivered in hovering flight from heights of 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft). The sexes are alike. It is streaked greyish-brown above and on the breast and has a buff-white belly.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauda_arvensis, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	8077224	https://www.gbif.org/species/8077224
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	368984	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=368984

Rank

species

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Alaudidae : Alauda : Alauda arvensis

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Alaudidae : Alauda : Alauda arvensis

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
-	Neognathae
-	Neoaves	Sibley et al. 1988
-	Terrestrornithes	Livezey and Zusi 2007
-	Dendrornithes
-	Anomalogonates	Garrod 1874
-	Picoclamatores	Livezey and Zusi 2007
superorder	Passerimorphae	Sibley et al. 1988
order	Passeriformes	Linnaeus 1758
family	Alaudidae	Vigors 1825
genus	Alauda	Linnaeus 1758
species	Alauda arvensis	Linnaeus 1758

Generic Name

Alauda

Common Name

Eurasian skylark

Scientific Name

Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Alauda arvensis	species	belongs to Alauda	stated without evidence	Linnaeus, 1758
Alauda arvensis	species	belongs to Alauda	stated with evidence	Bedetti and Pavia, 2013

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

1 (100%)

First Recorded Appearance

2.59 - 0.78 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Alaudidae)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

insectivore, granivore (based on Alaudidae)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Eurasian Skylark, Sky Lark, Feldlerche, Kiuru, Lerke, Lerkur, Sanglerke, Sanglærke, Sönglævirki, Sånglärka, Alouette Des Champs, Skylark, Veldleeuwerik, Eurasian Sky Lark, Eurasian Skylark (european), Sky Lark / Eurasian Skylark, Eurasian Skylark (asian), Eurasian/oriental Skylark, Alondra Común, Mezei Pacsirta, Allodola, Skowronek, Laverca, Alosa Comuna, Dirvinis Vieversys, Lauku Cīrulis, Poljski škrjanec, Põldlõoke, Skowronek (zwyczajny), Skřivan Polní, škovránok Poľný, Полевой жаворонок, ヒバリ, 云雀, 雲雀, Ehedydd, Larushja, Lauresha, Tarla Kuşu, çerdhukla, Κοινή Σιταρήθρα, Полска чучулига

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauda_arvensis

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)
Alauda arvensis albigularis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis armenica subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis arvensis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis cantarella subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis dulcivox subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis galeritaria subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis gracilis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis guillelmi subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis harterti subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis hebridensis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis intermedia subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis japonica subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis kiborti subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis lhamarum subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis lonnbergi subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis montana subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis pekinensis subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis praetorum subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis scotica subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis sierrae subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis tenuirostris subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis theresae subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alauda arvensis ticehursti subspecies	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Alauda arvensis Linnaeus p. 165
1997	Alauda arvensis Seguí et al. p. 231
2013	Alauda arvensis Bedetti and Pavia p. 43 figs. Pl 2, fig m
2017	Alauda arvensis Clements et al.

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Seguí B., Mourer-Chauviré C., et al (1997) Upper Pleistocene and Holocene fossil avifauna from Moleta cave (Mallorca, Balearic Islands), Bolletí de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears 40, 223-252

Bedetti C., Pavia M. (2013) Early Pleistocene birds from Pirro Nord (Puglia, southern Italy), Palaeontographica Abteilung A 298, 31-53

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

Gärdenfors (ed.) (2010) Rödlistade arter i Sverige 2010 - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

SOF (2007) Holarktis Fåglar, version 2. SOF:s Taxonomikommittés officiella lista över Holarktis fåglar - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Gärdenfors (ed.), U. (2005) Rödlistade arter i Sverige 2005 - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Direction 43 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of the type species of seventy three genera in the class Aves, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (B) of twelve specific names which are currently regarded as senior Subjective synonyms of such names.Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1D(D.7), 171-210 (1956) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright, 2006: null. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. ix + 259. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

(1996) database, NODC Taxonomic Code - via Catalogue of Life

Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright (2006) Birds of the World: Recommended English Names - via Catalogue of Life

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada: Resource Publication, no. 166 - via Catalogue of Life

(2012) Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2011.02.04 - via Catalogue of Life

(2005) website, AOU Check-List (07-2005) - via Catalogue of Life

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada - via Catalogue of Life

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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