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Melanitta

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Description

The scoters are stocky seaducks in the genus Melanitta. The drakes are mostly black and have swollen bills. Females are brown. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek melas "black" and netta "duck".

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanitta, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2498237	https://www.gbif.org/species/2498237
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	83452	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83452

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : Melanitta

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
-	Neognathae
-	Galloanserae	Sibley and Ahlquist 1990
superorder	Galloanserimorphae
order	Anseriformes	Wagler 1831
family	Anatidae	Vigors 1825
subfamily	Anatinae	Vigors 1825
tribe	Mergini
genus	Melanitta	Boie 1822

Common Name

scoter

Scientific Name

Melanitta Boie, 1822

Name Published In

Boie, Friedrich. 1822. Tagebuch gehalten auf einer Riese durch Norwegen im Jahre 1817. K. Taubstummen-institut, Schleswig.: i-viii, 1-352.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Melanitta	genus	belongs to Mergini	stated without evidence	Chandler, 1990
Melanitta	genus	belongs to Anatidae	stated without evidence	Guthrie, 1992
Melanitta	genus	belongs to Mergini	stated without evidence	Olson and Rasmussen, 2001
Melanitta	genus	belongs to Mergini	stated with evidence	Gonzalez et al., 2009
Melanitta	genus	belongs to Anatidae	stated without evidence	Clements et al., 2017

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

5 (83%)

First Recorded Appearance

5.33 - 3.60 Ma
Neogene

Environment

freshwater (based on Anatinae)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

herbivore (based on Anatinae)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

S. L. Olson and P. C. Rasmussen. 2001. Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90:233-365

Common Name(s)

ビロードキンクロ, Scoters, Ob. Sjöorre/svärta, Sjöorrar Och Svärtor, Scoter

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanitta

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Melanitta ceruttii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	4.90 Ma Pliocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Melanitta fusca species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Velvet Scoter	15	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Melanitta nigra species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Common Scoter	6	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Melanitta perspicillata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Surf Scoter	12	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Melanilta Bonaparte, 1828	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : *Melanilta*
Melanetta Gray, 1840	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : *Melanetta*
Melanonetta Sundevall, 1873	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : *Melanonetta*
Oedemia Fleming, 1822	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Anseriformes : Anatidae : *Oedemia*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1822	Melanitta Boie
1822	Oidemia Fleming
1850	Oedemia Bonaparte
1990	Melanitta Chandler p. 130
1992	Melanitta Guthrie p. 321
2001	Melanitta Olson and Rasmussen p. 288
2009	Melanitta Gonzalez et al.
2017	Melanitta Clements et al.

References

Olson S. L., Rasmussen P. C. (2001) Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90, 233-365

Chandler R. M. (1990) Fossil birds of the San Diego Formation, Late Pliocene, Blancan, San Diego County, California, Ornithological Monographs 44, 73-161

Guthrie D. A. (1992) A late Pleistocene avifauna from San Miguel Island, California, Science Series (Los Angeles) 36, 319-327

Gonzalez J., Düttman H., et al (2009) Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae, Journal of Zoology 279, 310-318

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

web search (AJR) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Boie, S. (1822). Ornithologische Beyträge. Isis von Oken. 3: 768-781; 871-886. - via World Register of Marine Species

Neave, Sheffield Airey. (1939-1996). Nomenclator Zoologicus vol. 1-10 Online. [developed by uBio, hosted online at MBLWHOI Library]. - via World Register of Marine Species

van der Land, J. (2001). Tetrapoda, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 375-376 - via World Register of Marine Species

Jonsson, L. (1993). Vogels van Europa, Noord-Afrika en het Midden-Oosten [Birds of Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East]. Tirion: Baarn, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-5210-187-6. 560 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

Isis (Oken), 1828 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

SOF (2007) Holarktis Fåglar, version 2. SOF:s Taxonomikommittés officiella lista över Holarktis fåglar - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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