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Sturnus

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Description

Sturnus is a genus of starlings. As discussed below, the taxonomy of this group is complex, and other authorities differ considerably in which species they place in this genus, and in the species boundaries within Sturnus. The genus name Sturnus is the Latin for "starling".

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2489099	https://www.gbif.org/species/2489099
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	134487	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=134487

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : Sturnus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
-	Neognathae
-	Neoaves	Sibley et al. 1988
-	Terrestrornithes	Livezey and Zusi 2007
-	Dendrornithes
-	Anomalogonates	Garrod 1874
-	Picoclamatores	Livezey and Zusi 2007
superorder	Passerimorphae	Sibley et al. 1988
order	Passeriformes	Linnaeus 1758
family	Sturnidae	Rafinesque 1815
genus	Sturnus	Linnæus 1758

Common Name

starling

Scientific Name

Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Sturnus	genus	belongs to Sturnini	stated with evidence	Zuccon et al., 2006
Sturnus	genus	belongs to Sturnidae	stated with evidence	Clements et al., 2017

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (100%)

First Recorded Appearance

2.59 - 0.78 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

D. Zuccon, A. Cibois, and E. Pasquet, P. G. P. Ericson. 2006. Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41(2):333-344

Common Name(s)

Starlings, Starling

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnus

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Sturnus minor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus nabirop species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus nitens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus nobilior species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus poltoratskyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus porphyronotus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus purpurascens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus splendens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus unicolor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sturnus vulgaris species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	European Starling	12	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Laceryzon Heine, 1890	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Laceryzon*
Sturnida David, 1867	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Sturnida*
Sternopastor Hodgson, 1844	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Sternopastor*
Poliopsar Sharpe, 1888	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Poliopsar*
Temeneuchus Bonaparte, 1853	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Temeneuchus*
Sturnopastor Blyth, 1843	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Sturnopastor*
Graculipica Sharpe, 1890	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Graculipica*
Opodiopsar Sharpe, 1901	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Opodiopsar*
Temenuchus Cabanis, 1851	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Temenuchus*
Pecuarius Temminck, 1835	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Sturnidae : *Pecuarius*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1756	Sturnus Linnaeus
2006	Sturnus Zuccon et al.
2017	Sturnus Clements et al.

References

Zuccon D., Cibois A., et al (2006) Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41 2, 333-344

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. (eds.) (2009) Handbook of the Birds of the World - Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

SOF (2007) Holarktis Fåglar, version 2. SOF:s Taxonomikommittés officiella lista över Holarktis fåglar - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. - via World Register of Marine Species

Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classses, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Peterson, A.P. (2012) Zoonomen. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Birds of the World -- current valid scientific avian names. Online database: http://www.zoonomen.net/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 67 One hundred and two Bird names placed in the Official List of Generic Names.Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1B, 177-182 (1916) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Turner,E.C., ,Jr.,Mitchell,W. G. (1969) Arthropod parasites on the Starling, Sturnus vulgaris L., in Southwest Virginia - via Phthiraptera.info

Eberhard Mey,Lieder,K. (1998) Historische Vorkommen des Rosenstars Sturnus roseus in Deutschland - via Phthiraptera.info

Markov,G. S. (1941) Rosprostranene vozrastnych kategorij puchoedov na skvorcach (Sturnus vulgaris L.) - via Phthiraptera.info

Boyd,Elizabeth M. (1946) A survey of the external parasites and the parasites of the digestive tracts and its derivatives on the starling (Sturnus vulgaris Lin.) in North America - via Phthiraptera.info

Gwinner,H.,Oltrogge,M.,Trost,L.,Nienaber,U. (2000) Green plants in starling nests: effects on nestlings - via Phthiraptera.info

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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