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Enantiornithes ✝

Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)53286https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53286
Ranksubclass (PBDB)
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Enantiornithes
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
-ParavesSereno 1997
classAvesLinnaeus 1758
-PygostyliaChiappe 2002
-OrnithothoracesChiappe and Calvo 1994
subclassEnantiornithesWalker 1981
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avesstated with evidenceWalker, 1981
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated with evidenceChiappe and Calvo, 1994
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated without evidenceSanz et al., 1996
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated with evidenceSereno, 1998
Enantiornithesinfraclassbelongs to Sauriuraestated without evidenceKurochkin, 2000
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avesstated without evidenceZhang and Zhou, 2000
Enantiornithesunranked cladebelongs to Ornithothoracesstated with evidenceSereno, 2000
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avialaestated without evidenceNorell and Clarke, 2001
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated with evidenceChiappe, 2002
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avialaestated without evidencePadian, 2004
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avialaestated with evidenceClarke et al., 2005
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avesstated without evidenceZhou and Zhang, 2006
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated without evidenceChatterjee and Templin, 2007
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated with evidenceCau and Arduini, 2008
Enantiornithesunranked cladebelongs to Ornithothoracesstated without evidenceTykoski and Fiorillo, 2010
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avesstated with evidenceLi and Hou, 2011
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated with evidenceO'Connor and Zelenkov, 2013
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Pygostyliastated with evidenceKurochkin et al., 2013
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Avesstated with evidenceO'Connor and Sullivan, 2014
Enantiornithessubclassbelongs to Ornithothoracesstated with evidenceWang et al., 2014
Enantiornithesunranked cladebelongs to Ornithothoracesstated without evidenceWang et al., 2014
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)213
First Recorded Appearance164 - 133 Ma
Mesozoic
Last Recorded Appearance70.6 - 61.6 Ma
Phanerozoic
Environmentterrestrial (based on Theropoda)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietcarnivore (based on Coelurosauria)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)C. A. Walker. 1981. New subclass of birds from the Cretaceous of South America. Nature 292:51-53

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Euenantiornithes
superorder
listed (PBDB)24145 Ma
Late Jurassic
70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Alexornithiformes
order
listed (PBDB)16113 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Boluochiformes
order
listed (PBDB)
Cathayornithiformes
order
listed (PBDB)4125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Enantiornithiformes
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Eoenantiornithiformes
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Euornithiformes
order
listed (PBDB)
Longipterygiformes
order
listed (PBDB)
Longirostravisiformes
order
listed (PBDB)
Protopterygiformes
order
listed (PBDB)
Aberratiodontuidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Avisauridae
family
listed (PBDB)1299.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Bohaiornithidae
family
listed (PBDB)8164 Ma
Middle Jurassic
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Longipterygidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
9125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Pengornithidae
family
listed (PBDB)5133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Cathayornis
genus
listed (PBDB)3125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Concornis
genus
listed (PBDB)2130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Cruralispennia
genus
listed (PBDB)1133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Dunhuangia
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Elektorornis
genus
listed (PBDB)199.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
99.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Elsornis
genus
listed (PBDB)Sand Bird183.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
83.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Eoalulavis
genus
listed (PBDB)1130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Eocathayornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Eoenantiornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Evgenavis
genus
listed (PBDB)1129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Feitianius
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Flexomornis
genus
listed (PBDB)199.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
99.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Fortunguavis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Gobipipus
genus
listed (PBDB)183.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
83.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Gobipteryx
genus
listed (PBDB)783.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
83.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Gretcheniao
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Holbotia
genus
listed (PBDB)1133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Houornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Huoshanornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Iberomesornis
genus
listed (PBDB)2130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Junornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Lectavis
genus
listed (PBDB)170.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Linyiornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Microenantiornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Monoenantiornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Noguerornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Orienantius
genus
listed (PBDB)1133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Otogornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1145 Ma
Late Jurassic
145 Ma
Late Jurassic
Paraprotopteryx
genus
listed (PBDB)1130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Parvavis
genus
listed (PBDB)193.9 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
93.9 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Piscivorenantiornis
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Protopteryx
genus
listed (PBDB)2130 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Pterygornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Qiliania
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Shangyang
genus
listed (PBDB)1145 Ma
Late Jurassic
145 Ma
Late Jurassic
Sinornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Vescornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Xiangornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Yuanjiawaornis
genus
listed (PBDB)1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Yungavolucris
genus
listed (PBDB)170.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1981Enantiornithes Walker p. 51
1994Enantiornithes Chiappe and Calvo p. 239 fig. 1
1996Enantiornithes Sanz et al. p. 442
1998Enantiornithes Sereno p. 65
1999Enantiornithes Ji et al. p. 5
1999Enantiornithes Sereno p. 2139 fig. 2
2000Enantiornithes Kurochkin p. 533
2000Enantiornithes Sereno
2000Enantiornithes Zhang and Zhou p. 1955
2001Enantiornithes Norell and Clarke p. 183
2002Enantiornithes Chiappe p. 451 fig. 20.1
2002Cathayornis aberransis HOu and et al.
2002Cathayornis aberransis Hou and et al.
2004Enantiornithes Padian p. 212
2005Enantiornithes Clarke et al. p. 307
2006Enantiornithes Zhou and Zhang p. 79
2007Enantiornithes Chatterjee and Templin p. 1577 fig. 4
2008Enantiornithes Cau and Arduini
2008Cathayornis chabuensis Li et al. p. 1116 figs. 3a, b; 4a, b
2008Enantiornithes Osi
YearName and Author
2010Cathayornis aberransis O'Connor and Dyke p. 17
2010Enantiornithes Tykoski and Fiorillo p. 288
2010Enantiornithes Wang et al. p. 247
2011Enantiornithes Li and Hou p. 40
2013Enantiornithes Kurochkin et al.
2013Enantiornithes O'Connor and Zelenkov
2014Enantiornithes O'Connor and Sullivan
2014Enantiornithes Wang et al.
2014Enantiornithes Wang et al.
2014Enantiornithes Wang et al.
2014Enantiornithes Zhang et al.
2015Enantiornithes Wang and Liu
2016Enantiornithes O'Connor et al.
2017Enantiornithes Hu and O'Connor
2017Enantiornithes Liu et al.
2017Enantiornithes Wang et al.
2017Enantiornithes Wei and Li
2019Enantiornithes Chiappe et al.
2019Enantiornithes Liu et al.
2019Enantiornithes Wang and Zhou

References

Walker C. A. (1981) New subclass of birds from the Cretaceous of South America, Nature 292, 51-53
Chiappe L. M., Calvo J. O. (1994) Neuquenornis volans, a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes, Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 2, 230-246
Sanz J. L., Chiappe L. M., et al (1996) An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight, Nature 382, 442-445
Sereno P. C. (1998) A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 210 1, 41-83
Ji Q., Chiappe L. M., et al (1999) A new late Mesozoic confuciusornithid bird from China, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 1, 1-7
Sereno P. C. (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs, Science 284, 2137-2147
Kurochkin E. N. (2000) Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 533-559
Zhang F., Zhou Z. (2000) A primitive enantiornithine bird and the origin of feathers, Science 290, 1955-1959
Norell M. A., Clarke J. A. (2001) Fossil that fills a critical gap in avian evolution, Nature 409, 181-184
Chiappe L. M. (2002) Basal bird phylogeny: problems and solutions, Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley, 448-472
Padian K. (2004) Basal Avialae, In D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, 210-231
Clarke J. A., Tambussi C. P., et al (2005) Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous, Nature 433 20, 305-308
Cau A., Arduini P. (2008) Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships, Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 149 2, 293-324
Li J., Li Z., et al (2008) A new species of Cathayornis from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China and its stratigraphic significance, Acta Geologica Sinica 82 6, 1115-1123
O'Connor J., Dyke G. (2010) A reassessment of Sinornis santensis and Cathayornis yandica (Aves: Enantiornithes), Proceedings of the VII International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Records of the Australian Museum 62 1, 7-20 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1540
Tykoski R. S., Fiorillo A. R. (2010) An entantiornithine bird from the lower middle Cenomanian of Texas, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 1, 288-292
Wang X., O'Connor J., et al (2010) New species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in northern Hebei, China, Acta Geologica Sinica 84 2, 247-256 doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00156.x
Li L., Hou S. (2011) Discovery of a new bird (Enantiornithines) from Lower Cretaceous in western Liaoning, China, Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition) 41 3, 759-763
Kurochkin E. N., Chatterjee S., et al (2013) An emryonic enantiornithine bird and associated eggs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia, Paleontological Journal 47 11, 1252-1269
O'Connor J. K., Zelenkov N. V. (2013) The phylogenetic position of Ambiortus: comparison with other Mesozoic birds from Asia, Paleontological Journal 47 11, 1270-1281
O'Connor J. K., Sullivan C. (2014) Reinterpretation of the Early Cretaceous maniraptoran (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Zhongornis haoae as a scanoriopterygid-like non-avian, and morphological resemblances between scansoriopterygids and basal oviraptorosaurs, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52 1, 3-30
Wang M., Hu H., et al (2014) A new small enantiornithine bird from the Jehol Biota, with implications for early evolution of avian skull morphology, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14 6, 481-497 doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1073801
Wang X., O'Connor J. K., et al (2014) Insights into the evolution of rachis dominated tail feathers from a new basal enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113, 806-819
Wang M., Zhou Z.-H., et al (2014) A new diverse enantiornithine family (Bohaiornithidae fam. nov.) from the Lower Cretaceous of China with information from two new species, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52 1, 31-76
Zhang Y., O'Connor J., et al (2014) New information on the anatomy of the Chinese Early Cretaceous Bohaiornithidae (Aves: Enantiornithes) from a subadult specimen of Zhourornis hani, PeerJ 2, e407
Wang M., Liu D. (2015) Taxonomical reappraisal of Cathayornithidae (Aves: Enantiornithes), Journal of Systematic Palaeontology doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2014.994087
O'Connor J. K., Wang X.-L., et al (2016) An enantiornithine with a fan-shaped tail, and the evolution of the rectricial complex in early birds, Current Biology 26, 114-119
Hu H., O'Connor J. K. (2017) First species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang elucidates skeletal development in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15 11, 909-926 doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1246111
Liu D., Chiappe L. M., et al (2017) Flight aerodynamics in enantiornithines: Information from a new Chinese Early Cretaceous bird, PLoS ONE 12 10, e0184637 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184637
Wang M., O'Connor J. K., et al (2017) A bizarre Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird with unique crural feathers and an ornithuromorph plough-shaped pygostyle, Nature Communications 8, 14141 doi:10.1038/ncomms14141
Wei Z.-Y., Li L. (2017) Discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China, Global Geology 36 3, 655-662
Chiappe L. M., Meng Q.-J., et al (2019) New Bohaiornis-like bird from the Early Cretaceous of China: enantiornithine interrelationships and flight performance, PeerJ 7, e7846 doi:10.7717/peerj.7846
Liu D., Chiappe L. M., et al (2019) Soft tissue preservation in two new enantiornithine specimens (Aves) from the Lower Cretaceous Huajiying Formation of Hebei Province, China, Cretaceous Research 95, 191-207 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.017
Wang M., Zhou Z.-H. (2019) A new enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces) with completely fused premaxillae from the Early Cretaceous of China, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 15, 1299-1312 doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1527403
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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