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Aves

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36616	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36616

Rank

class (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758

Common Name

bird

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Aves	class	belongs to Monocondylia	stated with evidence	Haeckel, 1866
Aves	order	belongs to Sauropsida	stated with evidence	Baur, 1887
Aves	class	belongs to Gnathostomata	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Aves	class	belongs to Vertebrata	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Aves	class	belongs to Tetrapoda	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Aves	unranked clade	belongs to Reptiliomorpha	stated without evidence	Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
Aves	order	belongs to Archosauromorpha	stated without evidence	Huene, 1954
Aves	order	belongs to Dinosauria	stated with evidence	Bakker and Galton, 1974
Aves	class	belongs to Vertebrata	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Aves	unranked clade	belongs to Haemothermia	stated with evidence	Gardiner, 1982
Aves	class	belongs to Coelurosauria	stated without evidence	Gauthier and Padian, 1985
Aves	class	belongs to Ornithurae	stated without evidence	Gauthier, 1986
Aves	superorder	belongs to Dinoaves	stated without evidence	Bakker, 1986
Aves	class	belongs to Vertebrata	implied	Shoshani et al., 1989
Aves	infraclass	belongs to Coelurosauria	stated without evidence	Gauthier et al., 1989
Aves	class	belongs to Maniraptora	stated with evidence	Benton, 1990
Aves	class	belongs to Maniraptora	stated without evidence	Novas, 1992
Aves	class	belongs to Coelurosauria	stated without evidence	Currie, 1995
Aves	class	belongs to Maniraptora	stated without evidence	Holtz, 1995
Aves	class	belongs to Paraves	stated without evidence	Sereno, 1997
Aves	unranked clade	belongs to Maniraptora	stated without evidence	Hutchinson and Padian, 1997
Aves	class	belongs to Chordata	implied	Barnes, 1998
Aves	class	belongs to Paraves	stated with evidence	Sereno, 1998
Aves	unranked clade	belongs to Maniraptora	stated without evidence	Holtz, 1998
Aves	class	belongs to Paraves	stated with evidence	Sereno, 1999
Aves	unranked clade	belongs to Avialae	stated without evidence	Padian et al., 1999
Aves	class	belongs to Avialae	stated with evidence	Holtz, 2000
Aves	unranked clade	belongs to Ornithurae	stated without evidence	Norell and Clarke, 2001
Aves	class	belongs to Chordata	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Aves	class	belongs to Maniraptora	stated without evidence	Rauhut, 2003
Aves	unranked clade	belongs to Paraves	stated with evidence	Senter et al., 2004
Aves	infraclass	belongs to Ornithurae	stated with evidence	Clarke et al., 2005
Aves	class	belongs to Eumaniraptora	stated without evidence	Chatterjee and Templin, 2007
Aves	infraclass	belongs to Avialae	stated with evidence	Livezey and Zusi, 2007
Aves	class	belongs to Ornithurae	stated with evidence	Kurochkin et al., 2013
Aves	class	belongs to Paraves	stated with evidence	O'Connor and Sullivan, 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

5,864

Extant Size (PBDB)

3,020 (52%)

First Recorded Appearance

168 - 165 Ma
Middle Jurassic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Archornithes ✝ subclass	listed (PBDB)
Eurhipidura subclass	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Odontornithes ✝ subclass	listed (PBDB)
Praeornithes ✝ subclass	listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Accipitriformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		572	50.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Aegotheliformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Avimimiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Bucerotiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Hornbill	8	13.8 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Charadriiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Shorebird	1,481	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Gastornithiformes order	listed (PBDB)		11	61.6 Ma Paleocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Jeholornithiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Micropodiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Musophagiformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Mystiornithiformes order	listed (PBDB)		1	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Omnivoropterygiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)		1	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Ornithopappi ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Protoaviformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Sinornithiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Sinosauropterygiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Suliformes order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		571	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Telmatoformes order	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Yandangithiformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cariamae suborder	listed (PBDB)		81	61.6 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Avipedidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		21	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Chaoyangornithidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Dromiceiidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Gobioolithidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		3	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Ignotornidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	145 Ma Late Jurassic	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Jindongornipodidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Koreanaornipodidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		16	151 Ma Late Jurassic
Kuszholiidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)
Liaoxiornithidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Limiavipedidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		2	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	109 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Pachycorioolithidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		1	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Psittacopedidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		2	55.8 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Qianshanornithidae family	listed (PBDB)		1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Shandongornipodidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		1	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Archaeornithipus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Barrosopus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Crax genus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Dolichopterus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Eociconia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Gruipeda ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Jeholornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		4	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Jixiangornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Loncornis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Manu ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	27.3 Ma Oligocene	27.3 Ma Oligocene
Moguiornipes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Parvoolithus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Platanavis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Proornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Protornis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Shenzhouraptor ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Tantalatos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Tatarornipes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		4	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Teracus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Tshulia ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Uhangrichnus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Eoaves ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		8	61.6 Ma Paleocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Gansuiformes ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)
Longipennes ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)
Metornithes unranked clade	listed (PBDB)
Mirandornithes unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Odontoglossae unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Palaeoaves ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		2	157 Ma Jurassic	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Paludicolae unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pangalliformes ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)
Pansphenisciformes unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pygostylia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		9,226	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Aves Linnaeus p. 12
1852	Protopelargus Reichenbach
1852	Protopelargus meyeri Reichenbach
1852	Tantaleus Reichenbach
1852	Tantaleus brecciensis Reichenback
1866	Aves Haeckel p. CXXXIX
1866	Sauriurae Haeckel p. CXXXIX
1866	Saururae Haeckel p. CXXXIX
1878	Eupterornis remensis Lemoine
1880	Saururae Marsh p. 187
1887	Aves Baur p. 101
1890	Saururae Zittel p. 820
1891	Proherodius Lydekker
1891	Proherodius oweni Lydekker
1898	Aves Gadow p. 30
1902	Aves Hay p. 517
1902	Saururae Hay p. 518
1904	Aves Case p. 58
1911	Aves Jaekel p. 167
1933	Eupterornis remensis Lambrecht p. 261
1933	Proherodius Lambrecht p. 316
1933	Proherodius oweni Lambrecht p. 316
1934	Saururae Swinton p. 12
1934	Aves Säve-Söderbergh p. 17
1954	Aves Huene p. 57
1974	Aves Bakker and Galton p. 171
1981	Aves Thurmond and Jones p. 163
1982	Aves Gardiner p. 229
1984	Sauriurae Martin p. 146
1985	Aves Gauthier and Padian pp. 190-191 fig. 2
1986	Aves Bakker p. 460
1986	Aves Gauthier p. 14

Year	Name and Author
1987	Patagonichnornis Casamiquela
1989	Aves Gauthier et al. p. 348
1989	Aves Shoshani et al. p. 436
1990	Aves Benton p. 19
1992	Aves Novas p. 148
1993	Aves Chatterjee p. 283
1995	Aves Currie p. 25A
1995	Aves Holtz, Jr. p. 35A
1995	Tantaleus brecciensis Milkovsky
1996	Aves Holtz, Jr. p. 42A
1997	Sauriurae Hou
1997	Aves Hutchinson and Padian p. 129
1997	Aves Sereno p. 444
1998	Aves Barnes
1998	Aves Holtz, Jr. p. 40
1998	Aves Sereno p. 65
1999	Sauriurae Hou and Chen p. 834
1999	Sauriurae Hou et al. p. 679
1999	Aves Padian et al. p. 71 fig. 1
1999	Aves Sereno p. 2139 fig. 2
2000	Aves Holtz, Jr. pp. 35-36 fig. 5
2000	Sauriurae Kurochkin p. 533
2001	Aves Norell and Clarke p. 183
2002	Aves Sepkoski, Jr.
2003	Aves Rauhut p. 156
2004	Aves Senter et al. p. 2 fig. 2
2005	Aves Clarke et al. p. 307
2007	Aves Chatterjee and Templin p. 1577 fig. 4
2007	Aves Livezey and Zusi p. 89
2013	Aves Kurochkin et al.
2014	Aves O'Connor and Sullivan

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Haeckel E. , Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, Allgemeine Grundzuge der Organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, Mechanisch Begründet Durch die von Charles Darwin Reformirte Descendez-Theorie. Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin, CLX-462

Marsh O. C. Odontornithes: A monograph on the extinct toothed birds of North America, Report of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, made by order of the Secretary of War according to acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of Brig. and Bvt. Major General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers by Clarence King, U.S. Geologist. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 7, 1-201

Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Case E. C. (1904) Systematic Paleontology: Mammalia, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene: Text, 1-58

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Lambrecht K. (1933) Handbuch der Palaeornithologie, 1-1024

Swinton W. E. (1934) , A Guide to the Fossil Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, xii-87

Säve-Söderbergh G. (1934) Some points of view concerning the evolution of the Vertebrates and the classification of this group, Arkiv för Zoologi 26A 17, 1-20

Huene F. v. (1954) , Die Saurierwelt und ihre Geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge [The World of Reptiles and the History of Their Interrelationships]. 2nd, revised edition, 1-66

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Martin L. D. (1984) A new hesperornithid and the relationships of the Mesozoic birds, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 87 3/4, 141-150

Gauthier J. A., Padian K. (1985) Phylogenetic, functional, and aerodynamic analyses of the origin of birds and their flight, In M. K. Hecht, J. H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer (eds.), The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstätt 1984. Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstätt, Eichstätt, 185-197

Bakker R. T. (1986) , The Dinosaur Heresies. William Morrow and Company, Inc, New York, 1-481

Gauthier J. A. (1986) Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds, The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight, K. Padian (ed.), Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8, 1-55

Casamiquela R. (1987) Novedades en ichnologia de vertebrados en la Argentina, Anais do X Congreso Brasileiro de Paleontologia 1, 445-456

Gauthier J. A., Cannatella D., et al (1989) Tetrapod phylogeny, In B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jörnvall (eds.), The Hierarchy of Life. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 337-353

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Benton M. J. (1990) Origin and interrelationships of dinosaurs, The Dinosauria, D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osmólska (editors), University of California Press, Berkeley, 11-30

Novas F. E. (1992) La evolucion de los dinosaurios carnivoros [The evolution of carnivorous dinosaurs], In J. L. Sanz and A. D. Buscalioni (eds.), Los Dinosaurios y Su Entorno Biotico: Actas del Segundo Curso de Paleontologia in Cuenca. Instituto "Juan Valdez", Cuenca, Argentina, 126-163

Chatterjee S. (1993) Shuvosaurus, a new theropod: an unusual theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of Texas, National Geographic Research and Exploration 9 3, 274-285

Milkovsky J. (1995) Nomenclatural and taxonomic status of fossil birds described by H.G.L. Reichenbach in 1852, Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 181, 311-316

Hou L. H. (1997) , Mesozoic Birds of China

Sereno P. C. (1997) The origin and evolution of dinosaurs, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 25, 435-489

Sereno P. C. (1998) A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 210 1, 41-83

Hou L., Martin L. D., et al (1999) A diapsid skull in a new species of the primitive bird Confuciusornis, Nature 399, 679-682

Sereno P. C. (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs, Science 284, 2137-2147

Kurochkin E. N. (2000) Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 533-559

Norell M. A., Clarke J. A. (2001) Fossil that fills a critical gap in avian evolution, Nature 409, 181-184

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Rauhut O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs, Special Papers in Palaeontology 69, 1-213

Senter P., Barsbold R., et al (2004) Systematics and evolution of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda), Bulletin of the Gunma Museum of Natural History 8, 1-20

Clarke J. A., Tambussi C. P., et al (2005) Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous, Nature 433 20, 305-308

Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95

Kurochkin E. N., Chatterjee S., et al (2013) An emryonic enantiornithine bird and associated eggs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia, Paleontological Journal 47 11, 1252-1269

O'Connor J. K., Sullivan C. (2014) Reinterpretation of the Early Cretaceous maniraptoran (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Zhongornis haoae as a scanoriopterygid-like non-avian, and morphological resemblances between scansoriopterygids and basal oviraptorosaurs, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 52 1, 3-30

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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