Kushiroite
A valid IMA mineral species
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Formula:
CaAl[AlSiO6]
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
The name is in honor of Ikuo Kushiro (久城育夫) (b. 30 March 1934 Osaka, Japan) Professor at the University of Tokyo, Japan. He made significant contributions in experimental petrology, geochemistry, and geophysics, studying high temperatures-pressures and water cycling in the Earth's interior. He has been awarded, in part, the Harry H. Hess Medal (1999), Roebling Medal (1999), and Wollaston Medal (2003).
Pyroxene Group. Clinopyroxene Subgroup. The Al analogue of burnettite (V), davisite (Sc), esseneite (Fe3+), and grossmanite (Ti3+).
Formerly known as "Ca-Tschermak's molecule" or "Calcium Tschermak's molecule".
Compare UM2004-50-SiO:AlFeGd.
Although approved based on the meteorite material, the kushiroite-dominant clinopyroxene was actually first detected within Romanian skarns, for which the following data was presented (Pascal et al., 2005):
EPMA data [wt.%; Romanian skarn material] is:
SiO2 34.37
TiO2 0.22
Al2O3 24.04
Cr2O3 0.05
FeOtot 9.67
MnO 0.16
MgO 5.11
CaO 24.83
Na2O 0.08
total 98.53
This corresponds to (Ca1.01Na0.01)Σ1.02(Al0.38Fe3+0.31Mg0.29Ti0.01Mn0.01)Σ0.99(Si1.30Al0.70)O6.
End-member composition: Ku38Ess38Di29Cta2R2, where Ess is esseneite, Cta is calcium-titanium Tschermakʼs component - CaTiAl2O6 - and R is remaining end-members.
Kushiroite is an important, though usually not dominant end-member in the composition of otherwise esseneite- and diopside-dominant pyrometamorphic clinopyroxenes of, e.g., burning coal-mining heaps (e.g., Kruszewski et al., 2012). Examples from France, however, show kushiroite as a potentially dominant end-member, too (Kruszewski et al., 2018).
Formerly known as "Ca-Tschermak's molecule" or "Calcium Tschermak's molecule".
Compare UM2004-50-SiO:AlFeGd.
Although approved based on the meteorite material, the kushiroite-dominant clinopyroxene was actually first detected within Romanian skarns, for which the following data was presented (Pascal et al., 2005):
EPMA data [wt.%; Romanian skarn material] is:
SiO2 34.37
TiO2 0.22
Al2O3 24.04
Cr2O3 0.05
FeOtot 9.67
MnO 0.16
MgO 5.11
CaO 24.83
Na2O 0.08
total 98.53
This corresponds to (Ca1.01Na0.01)Σ1.02(Al0.38Fe3+0.31Mg0.29Ti0.01Mn0.01)Σ0.99(Si1.30Al0.70)O6.
End-member composition: Ku38Ess38Di29Cta2R2, where Ess is esseneite, Cta is calcium-titanium Tschermakʼs component - CaTiAl2O6 - and R is remaining end-members.
Kushiroite is an important, though usually not dominant end-member in the composition of otherwise esseneite- and diopside-dominant pyrometamorphic clinopyroxenes of, e.g., burning coal-mining heaps (e.g., Kruszewski et al., 2012). Examples from France, however, show kushiroite as a potentially dominant end-member, too (Kruszewski et al., 2018).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
39329
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:39329:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
bdecdb49-8657-4b5a-90c5-7bca9f068356
IMA Classification of Kushiroite
Approved
IMA Formula:
CaAlAlSiO6
Approval year:
2008
First published:
2009
Classification of Kushiroite
9.DA.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
A : Inosilicates with 2-periodic single chains, Si2O6; pyroxene family
65.1.3.8
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
65 : INOSILICATES Single-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=1)
1 : Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1 with chains P=2
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ks | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Chemistry of Kushiroite
Mindat Formula:
CaAl[AlSiO6]
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Kushiroite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.609(3) Å, b = 8.652(2) Å, c = 5.274(2) Å
β = 106.06(2)°
β = 106.06(2)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.111 : 1 : 0.61
Unit Cell V:
421.35 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000406 | Kushiroite | Okamura F P, Ghose S, Ohashi H (1974) Structure and crystal chemistry of calcium Tschermak's pyroxene, CaAlAlSiO6 American Mineralogist 59 549-557 | 1974 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.940 Å | (100) |
2.904 Å | (36) |
2.863 Å | (45) |
2.535 Å | (38) |
2.509 Å | (28) |
2.478 Å | (48) |
1.991 Å | (35) |
1.382 Å | (32) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Kushiroite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Grains, along with another pyroxene, forming a mantle (maximum width of ~6 μm) on a grossite grain. The largest kushiroite grain is 9 μm long.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, Texas, USA, ALH 85085.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Carbonaceous chondrite meteorite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Kimura, M., Mikouchi, T., Suzuki, A., Miyahara, M., Ohtani, E., El Goresy, A. (2009) Kushiroite, CaAlAlSiO6: A new mineral of the pyroxene group from the ALH 85085 CH chondrite, and its genetic significance in refractory inclusions. American Mineralogist: 94: 1479–1482.
Synonyms of Kushiroite
Varieties of Kushiroite
Ti-kushiroite | A Ti-rich variety of kushiroite. |
Relationship of Kushiroite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Burnettite | CaVAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Kanoite | Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m |
Petedunnite | Ca(Zn,Mn2+,Mg,Fe2+)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Tissintite | (Ca,Na,◻)AlSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
UM2001-19-SiO:AlCaMgNa | (Na,Mg,Ca)(Mg,Al)Si2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
UM2003-36-SiO:CaNa | NaCrSi2O6 - CaMgSi2O6 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.DA. | Protoenstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
9.DA. | Ryabchikovite | CuMgSi2O6 |
9.DA. | Colomeraite | NaTi3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Donpeacorite | (Mn,Mg)MgSi2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
9.DA.05 | Ferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoenstatite | MgSiO3 |
9.DA.10 | Clinoferrosilite | Fe2+2Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Kanoite | Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.10 | Pigeonite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Esseneite | CaFe3+[AlSiO6] |
9.DA.15 | Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 va | Jeffersonite | Ca(Mn,Zn,Fe)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Johannsenite | CaMn2+Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Petedunnite | Ca(Zn,Mn2+,Mg,Fe2+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.15 | Davisite | CaScAlSiO6 |
9.DA.15 | Grossmanite | CaTi3+ AlSiO6 |
9.DA.20 | Aegirine-augite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(Fe3+eAlfFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.20 | Omphacite | (NaaCabFe2+cMgd)(AleFe3+fFe2+gMgh)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jadeite | Na(Al,Fe3+)Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Jervisite | NaSc3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Kosmochlor | NaCrSi2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Namansilite | NaMn3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 |
9.DA.25 | Tissintite | (Ca,Na,◻)AlSi2O6 |
9.DA.30 | Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
9.DA.35 | Hiroseite | FeSiO3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kushiroite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-39329.html
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References for Kushiroite
Reference List:
Localities for Kushiroite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Ma et al. (2017) |
Antarctica (TL) | |
| Makoto Kimura et al. (2009) |
France | |
| publication date: November 2018 +1 other reference |
Israel | |
| Ma et al. (2024) |
Mexico | |
| Makoto Kimura et al. (2009) |
Romania | |
| Pascal et al. (2005) |
| Pascal et al. (2005) |
Slovakia | |
| [[1]]Reato |