Chiavennite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Chiavennite
Formula:
CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O
from Grice et al. (2016): Ca1-2(Mn,Fe)Si5Be2O13(OH)2.2H2O
Colour:
Pale orange-yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
2.64
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Mirella Bondi, William L. Griffin, Vittorio Mattioli, and Annibale Mottana in 1983 for the type locality of Chiavenna, Italy.
Co-Type Localities:
Isostructural with:
Closely related to Ferrochiavennite, which is its Fe analogue. See also the related tvedalite and another chemically close mineral, harstigite. Re-investigations of Chiavennite from the TL indicate that at room temperature chiavennite is monoclinic with spacegroup P21/c; the mineral becomes orthorhombic (Pbcn) upon dehydration due to destruction of water(extraframework)-oxygen(cavity walls) hydrogen bonds (Cametti & Armbruster 2015).
The structure is described as an interrupted framework with four-connected SiO4 and three-connected BeO4 tetrahedra, the latter closely associated with H atoms. There are 9-, 6-, 5- and 4-fold rings in it. Calcium may exist in a single site, or in two sites, of which the second one is partially occupied.
The history of the discovery of chiavennite
Chiavennite was first discovered in 1970 by the Norwegian mineralogist Reidar Åmli in a syenite pegmatite in the Heia Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway. A qualitative analysis (by Per Chr. Sæbø) showed it to be a possible new mineral, a Ca-Mn-Be silicate, but due to the scarcity of the material, no further investigation was made. A few years later, in 1974, Arne Åsheim found identical material from another locality in the same area, at Blåfjell (E 18 roadcuts), Kokkersvold, Porsgrunn, Telemark and a new research on the material were initiated. Independently, the same mineral was discovered in an Italian locality, Tannon, Chiavenna, Valchiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy.
The Norwegian research group submitted their description with the complete data to the IMA CNMMN, on the March 4. 1981, but it turned out that the Italians, independently, had submitted their description only a few days earlier. The new mineral was approved by IMA after a joint submission of the data from the Italian and Norwegian groups.
The mineral was named chiavennite after the Italian locality, since the Italian proposal was submitted first. Descriptions on both the Italian and the Norwegian minerals were published in 1983, in the same issue of the American Mineralogist (Bondi et al. 1983, Raade et al. 1983, Raade 1996, Larsen 2001, Ciriotti et al. 2009)
The structure is described as an interrupted framework with four-connected SiO4 and three-connected BeO4 tetrahedra, the latter closely associated with H atoms. There are 9-, 6-, 5- and 4-fold rings in it. Calcium may exist in a single site, or in two sites, of which the second one is partially occupied.
The history of the discovery of chiavennite
Chiavennite was first discovered in 1970 by the Norwegian mineralogist Reidar Åmli in a syenite pegmatite in the Heia Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway. A qualitative analysis (by Per Chr. Sæbø) showed it to be a possible new mineral, a Ca-Mn-Be silicate, but due to the scarcity of the material, no further investigation was made. A few years later, in 1974, Arne Åsheim found identical material from another locality in the same area, at Blåfjell (E 18 roadcuts), Kokkersvold, Porsgrunn, Telemark and a new research on the material were initiated. Independently, the same mineral was discovered in an Italian locality, Tannon, Chiavenna, Valchiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy.
The Norwegian research group submitted their description with the complete data to the IMA CNMMN, on the March 4. 1981, but it turned out that the Italians, independently, had submitted their description only a few days earlier. The new mineral was approved by IMA after a joint submission of the data from the Italian and Norwegian groups.
The mineral was named chiavennite after the Italian locality, since the Italian proposal was submitted first. Descriptions on both the Italian and the Norwegian minerals were published in 1983, in the same issue of the American Mineralogist (Bondi et al. 1983, Raade et al. 1983, Raade 1996, Larsen 2001, Ciriotti et al. 2009)
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1002
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1002:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
2c276d2a-9a24-4735-855f-188c2dbdba6c
IMA Classification of Chiavennite
Classification of Chiavennite
9.GF.25
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
F : Other Rare Zeolites
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
F : Other Rare Zeolites
70.5.1.1
70 : INOSILICATES Column or Tube Structures
5 : Column or Tube Structures with chains linked by Be
70 : INOSILICATES Column or Tube Structures
5 : Column or Tube Structures with chains linked by Be
14.3.18
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
3 : Silicates of Be
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
3 : Silicates of Be
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cve | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Chiavennite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Pale orange-yellow
Streak:
White; pale ocher
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Good to perfect cleavages along {100}, {010}, and {001}.
Good to perfect cleavages along {100}, {010}, and {001}.
Density:
2.64 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.657 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chiavennite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.596(2) nβ = 1.600(2) nγ = 1.618(2)
2V:
Measured: 50° , Calculated: 52°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.022
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Optical Extinction:
X = a, Y = b, Z = c.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = colorless to pale yellow; Z = yellow-orange.
Chemistry of Chiavennite
Mindat Formula:
CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O
from Grice et al. (2016): Ca1-2(Mn,Fe)Si5Be2O13(OH)2.2H2O
from Grice et al. (2016): Ca1-2(Mn,Fe)Si5Be2O13(OH)2.2H2O
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,K,F,C
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 50.0 % | 52.5 % |
| Al2O3 | 6.76 % | 3.6 % |
| BeO | 8.72 % | 9.3 % |
| FeO | 2.01 % | % |
| MnO | 10.6 % | 12.9 % |
| MgO | 0.14 % | % |
| CaO | 9.69 % | 10.2 % |
| Na2O | 0.68 % | 0.3 % |
| K2O | 0.04 % | % |
| H2O | 10.4 % | 11.3 % |
| CO2 | 0.83 % | % |
| F | 0.21 % | % |
| Total: | 100.08 % | 100.1 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Ca0.97Na0.05)Σ1.02Mn0.97(Be1.98Al0.03)Σ2.01(Si4.65Al0.35)Σ5.00O12.63(OH2.37) *2H2O |
| 2 | (Ca0.97Na0.05) Σ1.02Mn0.97(Be1.98Al0.03)Σ2.01(Si4.65Al0.35)Σ5.00O12.63(OH)2.37* 2.16H2O |
Sample references:
| ID | Type | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Type Specimen | Blåfjell, Kokkersvold - Blåfjell E18 roadcuts, Langangen, Porsgrunn, Telemark, Norway | ||
| 2 | Type Specimen | Unnamed pegmatite, Chiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy | Combined chemical analysis with microprobe analysis recalculated using the alfa-factors of Albee and Ray (1970) for BeO and H2O. Be determined spectrographically. H2O by TGA |
Crystallography of Chiavennite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.7466(3) Å, b = 4.8972(3) Å, c = 31.3160(16) Å
β = 90.128(4)°
β = 90.128(4)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.786 : 1 : 6.395
Unit Cell V:
1341.39 ų
Morphology:
Crystals from the TL are showing a flat pseudohexagonal habit. From Larvik Plutonic Complex (Langesundsfjorden area), Norway: Spherulitic aggregates concisting of spear-shaped crystals, flattened on {010}, terminated by the orthorhombic pyramid {161}.
Twinning:
Common, on {100}.
Comment:
Previously reported to be orthorhombic; unit cell parameters for the orthorhombic dehydrated phase, i.e., at 425oC, of the Pbcn cell, transformed in (non-standard) Pnca setting: a=8.6795(15), b=4.9017(10), c=31.513(6).
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006609 | Chiavennite | Tazzoli V, Domeneghetti M C, Mazzi F, Cannillo E (1995) The crystal structure of chiavennite European Journal of Mineralogy 7 1339-1334 | 1995 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 15.77 Å | (100bb) |
| 4.15 Å | (30) |
| 3.93 Å | (30b) |
| 3.82 Å | (30) |
| 3.28 Å | (75) |
| 2.903 Å | (100) |
| 1.944 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
Alkaline syenite pegmatites and granite pegmatites
Type Occurrence of Chiavennite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
As euhedral orange grains and as crusts coating beryl.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mineralogical-Geological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, numbers 22090, 22091 (cotype).
Istituto di Mineralogia e Petrografia dell’Università, Cita Universitaria, Rome, Italy, number 24342 (type).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 159917.
Musée Géologique Cantonal, Lausanne, Switzerland, number MGL 90755 (type).
Istituto di Mineralogia e Petrografia dell’Università, Cita Universitaria, Rome, Italy, number 24342 (type).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 159917.
Musée Géologique Cantonal, Lausanne, Switzerland, number MGL 90755 (type).
Empirical Formula of Type Material:
(Ca0.97Na0.05) Σ1.02Mn0.97(Be1.98Al0.03)Σ2.01(Si4.65Al0.35)Σ5.00O12.63(OH)2.37* 2.16H2O
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Alpine pegmatites (25-27 m.y.).
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Chiavennite
Other Language Names for Chiavennite
Relationship of Chiavennite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Alflarsenite | NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH) · 2H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Amicite | K2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Ammonioleucite | (NH4)(AlSi2O6) | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Bellbergite | (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O | Hex. |
| Bikitaite | LiAlSi2O6 · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Boggsite | Ca8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Imma |
| Brewsterite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Chabazite-Levyne Subgroup | M[Al2Si4O12] · 6H2O | |
| Clinoptilolite Subgroup | M3-6(Si30Al6)O72 · 20H2O | |
| Cowlesite | CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Dachiardite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Direnzoite | NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
| Edingtonite | Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Epistilbite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O | Mon. |
| Erionite Subgroup | M2[Al4Si14O36] · 15H2O | |
| Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O | |
| Ferrierite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Ferrochiavennite | Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Flörkeite | (K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Garronite Subgroup | ||
| Gaultite | Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Gismondine Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Gmelinite Subgroup | In 1997, gmelinite was split into Gmelinite-Ca, Gmelinite-Na and Gmelinite-K. | |
| Gobbinsite | Na5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Goosecreekite | Ca[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Gottardiite | Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmca |
| Heulandite Subgroup | (Na/Ca/K)5-6[Al8-9 Si27-28 O72] · nH2O | |
| Hsianghualite | Ca3Li2(Be3Si3O12)F2 | Iso. 4 3 2 : I41 3 2 |
| Kirchhoffite | Cs(BSi2O6) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd |
| Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Loomisite | Ba[Be2P2O8] · H2O | Mon. m |
| Lovdarite | K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O | Orth. mm2 |
| Maricopaite | Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O | Orth. |
| Martinandresite | Ba2(Al4Si12O32) · 10H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
| Mazzite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Merlinoite | (K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Immm |
| Montesommaite | (K,Na)9Al9Si23O64 · 10H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O | Orth. |
| Mutinaite | Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Nabesite | Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Natrolite Subgroup | A subgroup of the Zeolite Group. | |
| Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O | Hex. 6 m2 : P6m2 |
| Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O | Iso. 2 3 : I2 3 |
| Parthéite | Ca2(Si4Al4) O15 (OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Paulingite Subgroup | Paulingite was originally described in 1960. | |
| Perlialite | K9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2O | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6/mmm |
| Phillipsite Subgroup | Zeolite Group. | |
| Pollucite | (Cs,Na)2(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| Roggianite | Ca2Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13 · 2.5H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mcm |
| Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O | |
| Terranovaite | (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O | Orth. |
| Thomsonite Subgroup | The large majority of "thomsonite" is thomsonite-Ca. | |
| Tschernichite | (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
| Tschörtnerite | Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[Al3Si3O12]4(OH)8 · nH2O | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
| UM1996-38-SiO:AlCaHNa | Na-Ca-Al-Si-O-H | |
| UM1999-33-SiO:AlHKNa | K7Na5Al12Si20O64 · 24H2O | |
| UM2002-40-SiO:AlCaHKMgNa | (Mg,Ca,Na,K)7.5(Al12.8Si51.2)O128 · 65H2O | Tet. 4 2 2 : P41 2 2 |
| Unnamed (Ca analogue of Merlinoite) | (Ca,K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O ? | |
| Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Weinebeneite | CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
| Wenkite | (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2](SO4)3 · 0.5H2O | Hex. 6 m2 : P62m |
| Willhendersonite | KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Yugawaralite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Pb |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 42 photos of Chiavennite associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
| 27 photos of Chiavennite associated with Natrolite | Na2Al2Si3O10 · 2H2O |
| 27 photos of Chiavennite associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 12 photos of Chiavennite associated with Epididymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O |
| 12 photos of Chiavennite associated with Sphaerobertrandite | Be3(SiO4)(OH)2 |
| 10 photos of Chiavennite associated with Tvedalite | (Ca,Mn)4Be3Si6O17(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 10 photos of Chiavennite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 4 photos of Chiavennite associated with Peterandresenite | Mn4Nb6O19 · 14H2O |
| 4 photos of Chiavennite associated with Pezzottaite | Cs(Be2Li)Al2(Si6O18) |
| 3 photos of Chiavennite associated with Helvine | Be3Mn2+4(SiO4)3S |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.GF.05 | Terranovaite | (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O |
| 9.GF.10 | Gottardiite | Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O |
| 9.GF.15 | Lovdarite | K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O |
| 9.GF.20 | Gaultite | Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O |
| 9.GF.25 | Ferrochiavennite | Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2O |
| 9.GF.30 | Tschernichite | (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O |
| 9.GF.35 | Mutinaite | Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O |
| 9.GF.40 | Tschörtnerite | Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[Al3Si3O12]4(OH)8 · nH2O |
| 9.GF.50 | Thornasite | (Na,K)12Th3[Si8O19]4 · 18H2O |
| 9.GF.55 | Direnzoite | NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O |
| 9.GF.60 | Meierite | Ba44Si66Al30O192Cl25(OH)33 |
| 9.GF.65 | Rongibbsite | Pb2(Si4Al)O11(OH) |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Continuous water loss up to ca. 452°C not associated with topological modification; at 250°C more than a single water molecule is lost, in association with LKCa lowering from 8 to 7.
Notes:
Insoluble in water, and in concentrated HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Chiavennite
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https://www.mindat.org/min-1002.html
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References for Chiavennite
Reference List:
Raade, Gunnar, Åmli, Reidar, Mladeck, Micael H., Din, Victor K., Larsen, Alf Olav, Åsheim, Arne (1983) Chiavennite from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralogist, 68 (5-6) 628-633
Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, Nickel, Ernest H., Passaglia, Elio, Peacor, Donald R., Quartieri, Simona, Rinaldi, Romano, Ross, Malcolm I., Sheppard, Richard A., Tillmanns, Ekkehart, Vezzalini, Giovanna (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6) 1571-1606
Localities for Chiavennite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Vevja Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway