Red Cloud Mine, Silver Mining District, La Paz County, Arizona, USAi
Regional Level Types | |
---|---|
Red Cloud Mine | Mine |
Silver Mining District | Mining District |
La Paz County | County |
Arizona | State |
USA | Country |
This page kindly sponsored in honor of Mineralogical Society of Arizona
Latitude & Longitude (WGS84):
33° 6' 1'' North , 114° 35' 59'' West
Latitude & Longitude (decimal):
Type:
Köppen climate type:
Nearest Settlements:
Place | Population | Distance |
---|---|---|
Cibola | 250 (2011) | 24.8km |
Palo Verde | 171 (2011) | 38.9km |
Winterhaven | 394 (2011) | 40.2km |
Buckshot | 153 (2017) | 41.5km |
Yuma | 94,139 (2017) | 41.8km |
Mindat Locality ID:
3348
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:2:3348:3
GUID (UUID V4):
5ba29e17-0df4-4b94-90e6-3d8ad9f44862
A former surface and underground Pb-Zn-Ag-Au-V-Mo-Mn-Fe-Cu-Mn-Baryte-Fluorspar-W (Cl-Br) occurrence/mine located in South-central sec. 2, T4S, R23W, G&SRM (protracted), on the W side of Red Cloud-Yuma Wash Road, at an altitude of approximately 750 feet, on private land.
Owned at times, or in part, by the Red Cloud Mining Co. of New York (acquired prior to 1881); Horton & Knapp (1885- ); Messrs. Hubbard & Bowers; Red Cloud Consolidated Mines Co. (New York)(1917- ); E.R. Boericke (Primos) Co. (1925-26 - exploratory work); Neal Mining Co. (1928- ); Hanna; Penn Metals Inc.; Walter Riley & George Holmes (1948 - exploratory work); Penn Metals, Inc. (few months of 1941); and, the Red Cloud Mining & Milling Co. (1950).
Note: Old labels may show "Red Cloud mine, Yuma Co., Arizona" (Yuma Co. was later subdivided into the La Paz and Yuma counties.)
Mineralization is a vein deposit, irregular masses and vug linings of argentiferous lead and zinc carbonates with pyrolusite, vanadinite, wulfenite and minor malachite, nodules of partly altered argentiferous galena, and disseminated masses of silver chloride and bromide, in a gangue of iron oxides, quartz, fluorite, calcite, gouge and brecciated wall rock.
The vein occurs within an irregular fault zone which here strikes N15W and dips 35º to 60ºE, between Tertiary andesite breccia, dacite porphyry, rhyolitic to dacitic tuffs and lapilli tuffs and Laramide granodiorite to quartz diorite intrusive. Wall rocks are silicified, sericitized, and carbonatized. The best ore came from the intersections of fault and cross fractures. Average grade reported at 5-6% Pb and 10 ounces Ag/ton.
Workings include a vertical shaft at 300 [see comment below] feet deep (1881) and a 274-foot incline, several open cuts and drifts. This is one of the earliest operations in the district, dating back to the early 1880s and patented in 1885. The total estimated and recorded production would be some 21,000 tons of ore, averaging about 18 oz. Ag/T and 5.5% Pb and minor Au. Some Pb, Zn, and Ag were recovered from dumps in 1949. Worked from about 1979 to 1984. Recently claimed and worked as an open cut for specimens (2000-2003), wherein the overburden was stripped off of the vein for a considerable depth (now refilled).
[Comment by Donald McCoy (http://www.mindat.org/mesg-7-121556.html): "The summary states that the vertical shaft is 300' deep; In truth, the vertical shaft was originally 183' deep, intersecting the 270' level (which is actually 274' as is properly stated) on the vein. This distance is measured from the surface, down dip from the original surface hub, which was removed as a result of surface mining around the original portal. A decline runs from the bottom of the vertical shaft, down dip to the 503' level on the vein, with an additional vertical sump 12' into the water table at the bottom of the decline. The 1881 citation may indeed state that the shaft is 300', but that is incorrect. I personally measured the declines and shaft several times during construction which took place from 1977 through 1980. An additional full cross-section 10' vertical round was pulled from the bottom of the shaft in early 1979 to allow the top of a 5-ton ore skip to rest even with the 270 level."]
The mine is currently (2018) mined for mineral specimens, and the owners run a fee-digging operation during the mining season (fall to spring) on the mine dumps.
Select Mineral List Type
Standard Detailed Gallery Strunz Chemical ElementsCommodity List
This is a list of exploitable or exploited mineral commodities recorded at this locality.Mineral List
35 valid minerals.
Rock Types Recorded
Note: data is currently VERY limited. Please bear with us while we work towards adding this information!
Select Rock List Type
Alphabetical List Tree DiagramDetailed Mineral List:
ⓘ Acanthite Formula: Ag2S |
ⓘ Anglesite Formula: PbSO4 Colour: Black |
ⓘ Aragonite Formula: CaCO3 |
ⓘ Baryte Formula: BaSO4 |
ⓘ 'Bindheimite' Formula: Pb2Sb2O6O References: |
ⓘ Calcite Formula: CaCO3 Fluorescence: SW- red, MW- bright red |
ⓘ Caledonite Formula: Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
ⓘ Cerussite Formula: PbCO3 Habit: Single & twinned to 1½ inches (3.75 cm); large reticulated masses; many arrowhead-shaped twins. Colour: Pale yellowish Description: Replacing galena & lining cavities. |
ⓘ Chlorargyrite Formula: AgCl Description: Principal silver ore mineral in oxidized lead ores; small disseminated masses and streaks within the oxidized minerals. References: |
ⓘ Clinoatacamite Formula: Cu2(OH)3Cl |
ⓘ Descloizite Formula: PbZn(VO4)(OH) References: |
ⓘ 'Faujasite Subgroup' Formula: M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
ⓘ Fluorite Formula: CaF2 Colour: Gray, purple, colorless Fluorescence: LW- bright purple/ blue |
ⓘ Fornacite Formula: Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) References: |
ⓘ Galena Formula: PbS |
ⓘ Galena var. Silver-bearing Galena Formula: PbS with Ag Description: Nodules, partly altered to black anglesite and pale yellowish cerussite. References: |
ⓘ Goethite Formula: α-Fe3+O(OH) |
ⓘ Gypsum Formula: CaSO4 · 2H2O Description: Occurs as gangue in veins in andesite. |
ⓘ Hematite Formula: Fe2O3 |
ⓘ Hemimorphite Formula: Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O Habit: Small crystal groups |
ⓘ Hydrocerussite Formula: Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
ⓘ Leadhillite Formula: Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 Description: Crust on galena. |
ⓘ 'Limonite' |
ⓘ Linarite Formula: PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
ⓘ Malachite Formula: Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 References: |
ⓘ Massicot Formula: PbO |
ⓘ Mimetite Formula: Pb5(AsO4)3Cl Habit: Small (1 mm) doubly-terminated crystals Colour: Red Description: Crystalline masses. |
ⓘ Minium Formula: Pb3O4 |
ⓘ Muscovite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite Formula: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
ⓘ Opal Formula: SiO2 · nH2O References: |
ⓘ Opal var. Opal-AN Formula: SiO2 · nH2O References: |
ⓘ Plattnerite Formula: PbO2 Habit: Minute needles Colour: Black |
ⓘ Pyrolusite Formula: Mn4+O2 References: |
ⓘ Quartz Formula: SiO2 Description: Irregular, finely crystalline, vuggy masses cut in places by veinlets or coarser-grained quartz. References: |
ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst Formula: SiO2 |
ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony Formula: SiO2 References: |
ⓘ Siderite Formula: FeCO3 References: |
ⓘ Smithsonite Formula: ZnCO3 |
ⓘ 'Stetefeldtite' Formula: Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 Colour: Yellow Description: Powder or crusts on wulfenite. |
ⓘ Vanadinite Formula: Pb5(VO4)3Cl Habit: Brilliant Colour: Deep red References: |
ⓘ Wickenburgite Formula: CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
ⓘ Willemite Formula: Zn2SiO4 Habit: Minute, prismatic Fluorescence: SW- creamy yellow / green References: |
✪ Wulfenite Formula: Pb(MoO4) Habit: Tabular to 2 inches (5 cm) on edge Colour: Bright red-orange |
Gallery:
List of minerals arranged by Strunz 10th Edition classification
Group 2 - Sulphides and Sulfosalts | |||
---|---|---|---|
ⓘ | Acanthite | 2.BA.35 | Ag2S |
ⓘ | Galena var. Silver-bearing Galena | 2.CD.10 | PbS with Ag |
ⓘ | 2.CD.10 | PbS | |
Group 3 - Halides | |||
ⓘ | Chlorargyrite | 3.AA.15 | AgCl |
ⓘ | Fluorite | 3.AB.25 | CaF2 |
ⓘ | Clinoatacamite | 3.DA.10b | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
Group 4 - Oxides and Hydroxides | |||
ⓘ | Goethite | 4.00. | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
ⓘ | Massicot | 4.AC.25 | PbO |
ⓘ | Minium | 4.BD.05 | Pb3O4 |
ⓘ | Hematite | 4.CB.05 | Fe2O3 |
ⓘ | Quartz | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
ⓘ | var. Chalcedony | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
ⓘ | var. Amethyst | 4.DA.05 | SiO2 |
ⓘ | Opal var. Opal-AN | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 · nH2O |
ⓘ | 4.DA.10 | SiO2 · nH2O | |
ⓘ | Pyrolusite | 4.DB.05 | Mn4+O2 |
ⓘ | Plattnerite | 4.DB.05 | PbO2 |
ⓘ | 'Stetefeldtite' | 4.DH.20 | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
ⓘ | 'Bindheimite' | 4.DH.20 | Pb2Sb2O6O |
Group 5 - Nitrates and Carbonates | |||
ⓘ | Calcite | 5.AB.05 | CaCO3 |
ⓘ | Siderite | 5.AB.05 | FeCO3 |
ⓘ | Smithsonite | 5.AB.05 | ZnCO3 |
ⓘ | Aragonite | 5.AB.15 | CaCO3 |
ⓘ | Cerussite | 5.AB.15 | PbCO3 |
ⓘ | Malachite | 5.BA.10 | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
ⓘ | Hydrocerussite | 5.BE.10 | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
ⓘ | Leadhillite | 5.BF.40 | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
Group 7 - Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates | |||
ⓘ | Baryte | 7.AD.35 | BaSO4 |
ⓘ | Anglesite | 7.AD.35 | PbSO4 |
ⓘ | Caledonite | 7.BC.50 | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
ⓘ | Linarite | 7.BC.65 | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
ⓘ | Gypsum | 7.CD.40 | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
ⓘ | Fornacite | 7.FC.10 | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
ⓘ | Wulfenite | 7.GA.05 | Pb(MoO4) |
Group 8 - Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |||
ⓘ | Descloizite | 8.BH.40 | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
ⓘ | Vanadinite | 8.BN.05 | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
ⓘ | Mimetite | 8.BN.05 | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
Group 9 - Silicates | |||
ⓘ | Willemite | 9.AA.05 | Zn2SiO4 |
ⓘ | Hemimorphite | 9.BD.10 | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
ⓘ | Muscovite var. Sericite | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
ⓘ | 9.EC.15 | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | |
ⓘ | Wickenburgite | 9.EG.55 | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
Unclassified | |||
ⓘ | 'Limonite' | - | |
ⓘ | 'Faujasite Subgroup' | - | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
List of minerals for each chemical element
H | Hydrogen | |
---|---|---|
H | ⓘ Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
H | ⓘ Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
H | ⓘ Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
H | ⓘ Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
H | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
H | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
H | ⓘ Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
H | ⓘ Opal var. Opal-AN | SiO2 · nH2O |
H | ⓘ Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
H | ⓘ Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
H | ⓘ Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
H | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
H | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
H | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
H | ⓘ Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
H | ⓘ Wickenburgite | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
H | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
H | ⓘ Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
C | Carbon | |
C | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
C | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
C | ⓘ Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
C | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
C | ⓘ Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
C | ⓘ Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
C | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
C | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
C | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
O | Oxygen | |
O | ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst | SiO2 |
O | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
O | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
O | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
O | ⓘ Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
O | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
O | ⓘ Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
O | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
O | ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
O | ⓘ Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
O | ⓘ Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
O | ⓘ Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
O | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
O | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
O | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
O | ⓘ Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
O | ⓘ Opal var. Opal-AN | SiO2 · nH2O |
O | ⓘ Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Massicot | PbO |
O | ⓘ Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
O | ⓘ Minium | Pb3O4 |
O | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
O | ⓘ Plattnerite | PbO2 |
O | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
O | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
O | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
O | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
O | ⓘ Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
O | ⓘ Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
O | ⓘ Wickenburgite | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
O | ⓘ Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
O | ⓘ Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
O | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
O | ⓘ Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
F | Fluorine | |
F | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
Al | Aluminium | |
Al | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Al | ⓘ Wickenburgite | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
Al | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Al | ⓘ Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
Si | Silicon | |
Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Amethyst | SiO2 |
Si | ⓘ Quartz var. Chalcedony | SiO2 |
Si | ⓘ Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
Si | ⓘ Opal var. Opal-AN | SiO2 · nH2O |
Si | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Si | ⓘ Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
Si | ⓘ Quartz | SiO2 |
Si | ⓘ Wickenburgite | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
Si | ⓘ Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
Si | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Si | ⓘ Faujasite Subgroup | M3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O |
S | Sulfur | |
S | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
S | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
S | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
S | ⓘ Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
S | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
S | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
S | ⓘ Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
S | ⓘ Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
S | ⓘ Galena var. Silver-bearing Galena | PbS with Ag |
Cl | Chlorine | |
Cl | ⓘ Chlorargyrite | AgCl |
Cl | ⓘ Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
Cl | ⓘ Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
Cl | ⓘ Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
K | Potassium | |
K | ⓘ Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
K | ⓘ Muscovite var. Sericite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
Ca | Calcium | |
Ca | ⓘ Aragonite | CaCO3 |
Ca | ⓘ Calcite | CaCO3 |
Ca | ⓘ Fluorite | CaF2 |
Ca | ⓘ Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
Ca | ⓘ Wickenburgite | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
V | Vanadium | |
V | ⓘ Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
V | ⓘ Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
Cr | Chromium | |
Cr | ⓘ Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
Mn | Manganese | |
Mn | ⓘ Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
Fe | Iron | |
Fe | ⓘ Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
Fe | ⓘ Hematite | Fe2O3 |
Fe | ⓘ Siderite | FeCO3 |
Cu | Copper | |
Cu | ⓘ Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
Cu | ⓘ Clinoatacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
Cu | ⓘ Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
Cu | ⓘ Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
Cu | ⓘ Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
Zn | Zinc | |
Zn | ⓘ Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
Zn | ⓘ Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
Zn | ⓘ Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
Zn | ⓘ Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
As | Arsenic | |
As | ⓘ Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
As | ⓘ Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
Mo | Molybdenum | |
Mo | ⓘ Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
Ag | Silver | |
Ag | ⓘ Acanthite | Ag2S |
Ag | ⓘ Chlorargyrite | AgCl |
Ag | ⓘ Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
Ag | ⓘ Galena var. Silver-bearing Galena | PbS with Ag |
Sb | Antimony | |
Sb | ⓘ Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
Sb | ⓘ Stetefeldtite | Ag2Sb2(O,OH)7 |
Ba | Barium | |
Ba | ⓘ Baryte | BaSO4 |
Pb | Lead | |
Pb | ⓘ Anglesite | PbSO4 |
Pb | ⓘ Bindheimite | Pb2Sb2O6O |
Pb | ⓘ Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
Pb | ⓘ Cerussite | PbCO3 |
Pb | ⓘ Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
Pb | ⓘ Fornacite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH) |
Pb | ⓘ Galena | PbS |
Pb | ⓘ Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
Pb | ⓘ Leadhillite | Pb4(CO3)2(SO4)(OH)2 |
Pb | ⓘ Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
Pb | ⓘ Massicot | PbO |
Pb | ⓘ Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
Pb | ⓘ Minium | Pb3O4 |
Pb | ⓘ Plattnerite | PbO2 |
Pb | ⓘ Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
Pb | ⓘ Wickenburgite | CaPb3Al2Si10O24(OH)6 |
Pb | ⓘ Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
Pb | ⓘ Galena var. Silver-bearing Galena | PbS with Ag |
Other Databases
Link to USGS MRDS: | 10027196 |
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Other Regions, Features and Areas containing this locality
North America
- Sonoran DesertDesert
North America PlateTectonic Plate
- Basin and Range BasinsBasin
- Mojave DomainDomain
USA
- Arizona
- La Paz County
- Trigo MountainsMountain Range
- La Paz County
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References
Foshag, William F. (1919) Famous mineral localities: Yuma County, Arizona. American Mineralogist, 4 (12) 149-150
Fleischer, Michael (1959) The geochemistry of rhenium, with special reference to its occurrence in molybdenite. Economic Geology, 54 (8) 1406-1413 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.54.8.1406
Grant, Raymond W. (1986) A 1989 Report: Arizona's Red Cloud Mine. Rocks & Minerals, 61 (2) 54-56 doi:10.1080/00357529.1986.11768438
Bideaux, Richard A. (1990) Featured Mineral at the 1990 Tucson Show:The Desert Mineral WULFENITE. Rocks & Minerals, 65 (1) 11-30 doi:10.1080/00357529.1990.9926437
Anthony, John W., Williams, Sidney A., Bideaux, Richard A., Grant, Raymond W. (1995) Mineralogy of Arizona (3rd ed.) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.158, 169, 228, 241, 248, 254, 299, 331, 381, 410, 419, 420, 425.
mineralsocal.org (2020) https://mineralsocal.org/fieldtrip-information-reports/red-cloud-mine-az-oct-24-2020/
Red Cloud Mine, Silver Mining District, La Paz County, Arizona, USA