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Metatheria

Photos

Photo Gallery

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	39936	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39936

Rank

subclass (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Metatheria

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Theriamorpha
-	Theriiformes
-	Trechnotheria	McKenna 1975
-	Cladotheria	McKenna 1975
-	Boreosphenida
subclass	Theria	Parker and Haswell 1897
subclass	Metatheria	Huxley 1880

Common Name

metatherian

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Mammalia	stated with evidence	Huxley, 1880
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Flower, 1883
Metatheria	unranked clade	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Parker and Haswell, 1897
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Mammalia	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Gregory, 1910
Metatheria	infraclass	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Marshall, 1974
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Lillegraven and McKenna, 1986
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	implied	Carroll, 1988
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Wible, 1991
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Tribosphenida	stated with evidence	Cifelli, 1993
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Springer et al., 1994
Metatheria	subclass	subjective synonym of Marsupialia	stated without evidence	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	stated with evidence	Luo et al., 2003
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Beck et al., 2008
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Asher and Helgen, 2010
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Theria	stated with evidence	Luo et al., 2011
Metatheria	unranked clade	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Averianov and Lopatin, 2011
Metatheria	subclass	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Forasiepi et al., 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

1,542

Extant Size (PBDB)

328 (21%)

First Recorded Appearance

168 - 166 Ma
Middle Jurassic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Mammalia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

omnivore (based on Metatheria)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Theria)

Ecospace Comments

all "Late Cretaceous marsupials" from North America except Didelphodon and Glasbius had "omnivorous diets" like that of Marmosa; this includes several stem group members of Metatheria

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

T. H. Huxley. 1880. On the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 43:649-662

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Diprotodonta superorder	listed (PBDB)		10	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Deltatheroida ✝ order	listed (PBDB)		34	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Sparassodonta ✝ order	listed (PBDB)		304	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	4.00 Ma Pliocene
Polydolopimorphia ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)		190	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Polyprotodontia suborder	listed (PBDB)		7	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Anatoliadelphyidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)		2	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Jaskhadelphyidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Mayulestidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Pappotheriidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Pucadelphydae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Adelodelphys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Anchistodelphys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Archaeonothos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Asiatherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Dakotadens ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	105 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Fieratherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	29.0 Ma Oligocene	29.0 Ma Oligocene
Protalphadon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		17	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Sinbadelphys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Wirunodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Asiadelphia ✝ unranked clade	listed (PBDB)
Marsupialia family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Marsupial	3,308	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Marsupialiformes unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		2	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Peradectidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		443	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1811	Pollicata Illiger p. 65
1811	Marsupialia Illiger p. 75
1811	Salientia Illiger p. 79
1821	Ferae Gray p. 307
1825	Ferae Gray p. 339
1837	Marsupiata Richardson p. 149
1838	Didelpha Bonaparte p. 8
1850	Marsupialia Bonaparte p. 1
1880	Metatheria Huxley p. 654
1880	Marsupialia Huxley p. 658
1880	Metatheria Huxley p. 659
1883	Marsupialia Flower p. 184
1883	Metatheria Flower p. 184
1889	Marsupialia Cope p. 874
1891	Marsupialia Flower and Lydekker p. 88
1891	Metatheria Flower and Lydekker p. 88
1897	Pharsophorus tenuis Ameghino
1897	Metatheria Parker and Haswell p. 449
1898	Metatheria Gadow p. 40
1902	Odontomysopidae Ameghino p. 35
1902	Odontomysops Ameghino p. 35
1902	Odontomysops spiniferus Ameghino p. 35
1902	Promysops primarius Ameghino p. 36
1902	Ideodelphys Ameghino p. 43
1902	Ideodelphys microscopicus Ameghino p. 43
1902	Marsupialia Hay p. 563
1908	Marsupialia Lambe
1910	Marsupialia Gregory p. 464
1910	Metatheria Gregory p. 464
1914	Notogale tenuis Loomis
1948	Odontomysops Simpson
1948	Odontomysops spiniferus Simpson
1965	Metatheria Sloan and Van Valen p. 221
1966	Marsupialia Olson p. 302
1973	Marsupiata Lundelius and Turnbull p. 15
1974	Marsupialia Marshall p. 66
1974	Metatheria Marshall p. 66
1975	Marsupialia McKenna p. 40

Year	Name and Author
1979	Marsupialia Clemens p. 193
1982	Marsupialia Gardiner p. 229
1982	Marsupiata Lundelius and Turnbull p. 2
1984	Metadelphia Archer p. 786
1986	Marsupialia Hooker p. 212
1986	Metatheria Hooker p. 212
1986	Marsupialia Lillegraven and McKenna p. 27
1986	Metatheria Lillegraven and McKenna p. 27
1987	Cimolestes lucasi Rigby, Jr. and Wolberg
1988	Metatheria Carroll
1991	Metatheria Wible
1993	Marsupialia Cifelli p. 9415
1993	Metatheria Cifelli p. 9415
1994	Marsupialia Springer et al. p. 86
1994	Metatheria Springer et al. p. 86
1997	Ideodelphys McKenna and Bell
1997	Marsupialia McKenna and Bell
1998	Marsupialia Kirsch and Mayer p. 1234
2003	Marsupialia Luo et al. p. 1938
2003	Metatheria Luo et al. p. 1938
2004	Marsupialia Kielan-Jaworowska et al. pp. 443, 448-449
2007	Marsupialia Davis p. 218
2007	Marsupialia Goin et al.
2007	Marsupialia Sánchez-Villagra et al. p. 321
2007	Metatheria Wible et al.
2008	Marsupialia Beck et al. p. 750
2008	Metatheria Beck et al. p. 750
2009	Marsupialia Horovitz et al. p. 2
2010	Metatheria Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2010	Marsupialia Kramarz et al.
2010	Marsupialia Ladaveze and Muizon
2011	Metatheria Averianov and Lopatin p. 34
2011	Marsupialia Luo et al. p. 444
2011	Metatheria Luo et al. p. 444
2011	Marsupialia Oliveira and Goin
2014	Metatheria Forasiepi et al.
2014	Marsupialia Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 576

References

Huxley T. H. On the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particularly of the Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 43, 649-662

Illiger C. , Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Ameghino F. Mammiféres crétacés de l’Argentine (Deuxième contribution à la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique de couches à Pyrotherium) [Cretaceous mammals of Argentina (second contribution to the knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Pyrotherium Beds)], Boletin Instituto Geografico Argentino 18 4–9, 406-521

Parker T. J., Haswell W. A. , A Text-Book of Zoology II, xx-680

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Ameghino F. (1902) Notices préliminaires sur des mammifères nouveaux des terrains Crétacé de Patagonie {preliminary notes on new mammals from the Cretaceous terrains of Patagonia], Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba 17, 5-70

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444

Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524

Loomis F. B. (1914) , The Deseado Formation of Patagonia, 1-232

Simpson G. G. (1948) The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part I, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 91, 1-232

Sloan R. E., Van Valen L. (1965) Cretaceous mammals from Montana, Science 148 3667, 220-227

Olson E. C. (1966) Community evolution and the origin of mammals, Ecology 47 2, 291-302

Lundelius E. L., Turnbull W. D. (1973) The mammalian fauna of Madura Cave, Western Australia Part I, Fieldiana: Geology 31 1, 1-35

Marshall L. G. (1974) Late Pleistocene mammals from the "Keilor cranium site," southern Victoria, Australia, Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 35, 63-86

McKenna M. C. (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia, Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Publishing, New York, 21-46

Lundelius E. L., Turnbull W. D. (1982) The mammalian fauna of Madura Cave, Western Australia Part V: Diprotodonta (Part), Fieldiana Geology 11, 1-32

Hooker J. J. (1986) Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39 4, 191-478

Lillegraven J. A., McKenna M. C. (1986) Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages", American Museum Novitates 2840, 1-68

Rigby, Jr. J. K., Wolberg D. L. (1987) The therian mammalian fauna (Campanian) of Quarry 1, Fossil Forest study area, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Geological Society of America Special Paper 209, 51-79

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Wible J. R. (1991) Origin of Mammalia: the craniodental evidence reexamined, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11 1, 1-28

Cifelli R. L. (1993) Early Cretaceous mammal from North America and the evolution of marsupial dental characters, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90 20, 9413-9416

Springer M. S. Y., Westerman M., et al (1994) Relationships among orders and families of marsupials based on 12S ribosomal DNA sequences and the timing of the marsupial radiation, Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2 2, 85-115

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Luo Z.-X., Ji Q., et al (2003) An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution, Science 302, 1934-1939

Kielan-Jaworowska Z., Cifelli R. L., et al (2004) Mammals from the age of dinosaurs: Origins, evolution, and structure, Columbia University Press, New York, 1-630

Davis B. M. (2007) A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 2, 217-256

Goin F., Abello A., et al (2007) Los Metatheria sudamericanos de comienzos del Neógeno (Mioceno Temprano, Edad-mamífero Colhuehuapense). Parte I: Introducción, Didelphimorphia y Sparassodonta, Ameghiniana 44 1, 29-71

Sánchez-Villagra M., Ladevèze S., et al (2007) Exceptionally preserved North American Paleogene metatherians: adaptations and discovery of a major gap in the opossum fossil record, Biology Letters 3, 318-322 doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0090

Wible J. R., Rougier G. W., et al (2007) Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary, Nature 447, 1003-1006

Beck R. M. D., Archer M., et al (2008) A bizarre new family of Marsupialia (Incertae sedis) from the Early Pliocene of northeastern Australia: implications for the phylogeny of bunodont marsupials, Journal of Paleontology 82 4, 749-762 doi:10.1666/06-124.1

Horovitz I., Martin T., et al (2009) Cranial anatomy of the earliest marsupials and the origin of opossums, PLoS One 4 12, e8278. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008278

Asher R. J., Helgen K. M. (2010) Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny, BMC Evolutionary BIology 10 102, 1-9

Kramarz A. G., Vucetich M. G., et al (2010) A new mammal fauna at the top of the Gran Barranca sequence and its biochronological significance, The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia, 264-277

Ladaveze S., Muizon C. (2010) Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 3, 746-784

Averianov A. O., Lopatin A. V. (2011) Phylogeny of Triconodonts and Symmetrodonts and the Origin of Extant Mammals, Doklady Biological Sciences 436, 32-35

Luo Z.-X., Yuan C.-X., et al (2011) A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals, Nature 476, 442-445 doi:10.1038/nature10291

Oliveira E. V., Goin F. J. (2011) A reassessment of bunodont metatherians from the Paleogene of Itaborai (Brazil): Systematics and the age of the Itaborian SALMA, Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 14 2, 105-136

Forasiepi A. M., Goin F. J., et al (2014) A unique, Late Oligocene shrew-like marsupial from western Argentina and the evolution of dental morphology, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 5, 549-564 doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.799611

Vianey-Liaud M., Comte B., et al (2014) A new early late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France), Geodiversitas 36 4, 565-622 doi:10.5252/g2014n4a4

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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