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Anguidae

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Description

Anguidae refers to a large and diverse family of lizards native to the Northern Hemisphere. Common characteristics of this group include a reduced supratemporal arch, striations on the medial faces of tooth crowns, osteoderms, and a lateral fold in the skin of most taxa. The group includes the slowworms, glass lizards, and alligator lizards, among others. The family is divided into three subfamilies (Anguinae, Diploglossinae, and Gerrhonotinae), and contains about 100 species in 10 genera.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	9198	https://www.gbif.org/species/9198
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	37992	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37992

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Anguidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Lepidosauromorpha
superorder	Lepidosauria
order	Squamata	Oppel 1811
-	Episquamata	Pyron et al. 2013
-	Toxicofera	Vidal and Hedges 2005
suborder	Anguimorpha	Fürbringer 1900
-	Anguiformes	Conrad 2006
superfamily	Anguioidea	Fitzinger 1826
family	Anguidae	Gray 1825

Scientific Name

Anguidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Anguidae	family	belongs to Diploglossa	stated with evidence	Cope, 1871
Anguidae	family	belongs to Lacertilia	stated with evidence	Zittel, 1890
Anguidae	family	belongs to Sauria	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Anguidae	family	belongs to Lacertilia	stated without evidence	Lambe, 1908
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguoidea	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1946
Anguidae	family	belongs to Lacertilia	stated without evidence	McGrew et al., 1959
Anguidae	family	belongs to Diploglossa	stated with evidence	Estes, 1964
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguioidea	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1966
Anguidae	family	belongs to Diploglossa	stated without evidence	Estes and Berberian, 1970
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguoidea	stated without evidence	Seiffert, 1975
Anguidae	family	belongs to Diploglossa	stated without evidence	Sahni and Srivastava, 1976
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguioidea	stated with evidence	Estes, 1983
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	stated without evidence	Sullivan, 1986
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	stated with evidence	Estes et al., 1988
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguoidea	implied	Carroll, 1988
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	stated without evidence	Sullivan, 1991
Anguidae	family	belongs to Lacertilia	stated without evidence	Frank and Ramus, 1996
Anguidae	family	belongs to Squamata	stated without evidence	Khajuria and Prasad, 1998
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	stated with evidence	Lee and Caldwell, 2000
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	stated without evidence	Alifanov, 2000
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguioidea	stated with evidence	Conrad, 2006
Anguidae	family	belongs to Lacertilia	implied	Venczel and Stiuca, 2008
Anguidae	family	belongs to Squamata	implied	Böhme, 2008
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	implied	Böhme, 2010
Anguidae	family	belongs to Squamata	stated without evidence	Hugues-Alexandre et al., 2013
Anguidae	family	belongs to Squamata	implied	Vianey-Liaud et al., 2014
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	implied	Cernansky et al., 2015
Anguidae	family	belongs to Anguimorpha	stated without evidence	Stocker and Kirk, 2016

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

140

Extant Size (PBDB)

50 (36%)

First Recorded Appearance

125 - 113 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Diapsida)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

insectivore, carnivore

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Common Name(s)

Kopparödlor, Hazelwormen, Alligator Lizards, Anguid Lizards, Anguids, Galliwasps, Glass Lizards

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Anguinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		483	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Anniellinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		8	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Diploglossinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		9	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Gerrhonotinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		32	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Glyptosaurinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		302	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	16.9 Ma Miocene
Odaxosaurinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		2	63.3 Ma Paleocene	63.3 Ma Paleocene
Abronia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Arboreal Alligator Lizards			0 Ma Extant
Anguis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Slow Worm	96	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Apodosauriscus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Arpadosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Bainguis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Barisia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Alligator Lizards			0 Ma Extant
Coloptychon genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Dopasia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Elgaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Entomophontes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	55.8 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Eodiploglossus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	55.8 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Eoglyptosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	55.8 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Gaultia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Gerrhonotus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Alligator Lizard	23	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Glyptosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		34	55.8 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Helodermoides ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		37	46.2 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Helvetisaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	41.3 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Machaerosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	50.3 Ma Eocene
Melanosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		39	58.7 Ma Paleocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Mesaspis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Odaxosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		59	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	46.2 Ma Eocene
Ophisauriscus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	48.6 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Ophisauromimus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Ophisaurus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Glass Lizard	173	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Paragerrhonotus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	13.6 Ma Miocene
Paraglyptosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		24	55.8 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Paraplacosauriops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Paraxestops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Parodaxosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	63.3 Ma Paleocene	63.3 Ma Paleocene
Parophisaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	55.8 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Peltosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		38	63.3 Ma Paleocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Placosauriops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	55.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Placosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		30	56.0 Ma Paleocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Proxestops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	55.8 Ma Eocene
Pseudopus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rajaurisaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Xestops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		31	58.7 Ma Paleocene	16.9 Ma Miocene
Brachyrhinodon taylori ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Xestops microdus Marsh, 1872	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Anguidae : *Xestops microdus*
Xestops lentus Marsh, 1872	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Anguidae : *Xestops lentus*
Xestops minutus Marsh, 1872	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Anguidae : *Xestops minutus*
Xestops piercei Gilmore, 1938	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Anguidae : *Xestops piercei*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1825	Anguidae Gray
1871	Anguidae Cope p. 236
1875	Anguidae Cope p. 18
1890	Anguidae Zittel p. 607
1898	Anguidae Gadow p. 26
1902	Anguidae Hay p. 474
1908	Anguidae Lambe
1938	Xestops piercei Gilmore p. 22 figs. 6-7
1946	Anguidae Kuhn p. 61
1954	Anguinidae McDowell and Bogert p. 130
1959	Anguidae McGrew et al. p. 132
1964	Anguidae Estes p. 119
1966	Anguidae Kuhn p. 54
1970	Anguidae Estes and Berberian p. 5
1975	Anguidae Seiffert p. 10
1976	Anguidae Sahni and Srivastava p. 925
1983	Anguidae Estes
1986	Anguidae Sullivan p. 109
1987	Anguidae Sullivan p. 118
1988	Anguidae Carroll

Year	Name and Author
1988	Anguidae Estes et al.
1991	Anguidae Sullivan p. 296
1993	Anguidae Alifanov p. 12
1996	Anguidae Frank and Ramus
1996	Anguidae Gao and Fox p. 67
1996	Anguidae Gao and Hou p. 589
1998	Anguidae Khajuria and Prasad
2000	Anguidae Alifanov p. 382
2000	Anguidae Lee and Caldwell
2001	Anguidae Peng et al. p. 28
2006	Anguidae Conrad p. 122
2006	Anguidae Smith p. 5
2008	Anguidae Böhme p. 169
2008	Anguidae Venczel and Stiuca p. 753
2010	Anguidae Böhme p. 24
2011	Anguinidae Poinar p. 302
2013	Anguidae Hugues-Alexandre et al. p. 810
2014	Anguidae Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 573
2015	Anguidae Cernansky et al. p. 106
2016	Anguidae Stocker and Kirk

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Cope E. D. On the homologies of some of the cranial bones of the Reptilia, and on the systematic arrangement of the class, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 19, 194-247

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444

Gilmore C. W. (1938) Descriptions of new and little-known fossil lizards from North America, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86 3042, 11-26

Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67

McDowell S. B., Bogert C. M. (1954) The systematic postition of Lanthanotus and the affinities of the anguinomorphan lizards, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 105 1, 1-142

McGrew P. O., Berman J. E., et al (1959) The geology and paleontology of the Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area, Wyoming, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 117 3, 117-176

Estes R. (1964) Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49, 1-187

Kuhn O. W. M. (1966) , Die Reptilien. System und Stammesgeschichte [The Reptiles. Systematics and Phylogeny.], 1-154

Estes R., Berberian P. (1970) Paleoecology of a Late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana, Breviora 343, 1-35

Seiffert J. (1975) Upper Jurassic lizards from central Portugal, Contribuição para o conhecimento da Fauna do Kimerridgiano da Mina de Lignito Guimarota (Leiria, Portugal). Serviços Geológicos de Portugal, Memória (Nova Série) 22, 7-85

Sahni A., Srivastava V.C. (1976) Eocene rodents and associated reptiles from the Subathu Formation of northwestern India, Journal of Paleontology 50 5, 922-928

Estes R. (1983) Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 10A, 1-249

Sullivan R. M. (1986) A new fossil anguid lizard Parodaxosaurus sanjuanensis, new genus, new species from the middle Paleocene (Torrejonian) Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Journal of Herpetology 20 1, 109-111

Sullivan R. M. (1987) Parophisaurus pawneensis (Gilmore, 1928) new genus of anguid lizard from the middle Oligocene of North America, Journal of Herpetology 21 2, 115-133

Estes R., de Queiroz K., et al (1988) Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata, Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families, 119-282

Sullivan R. M. (1991) Paleocene Caudata and Squamata from Gidley and Silberling quarries, Montana, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11 3, 293-301

Alifanov V. (1993) Some peculiarities of the Cretaceous and Palaeogene lizard faunas of the Mongolian people's Republic, Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte 3, 9-13

Frank N., Ramus E. (1996) A Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Reptiles and Amphibians of the World, 1-377

Gao K. -Q., Fox R. C. (1996) Taxonomy and evolution of Late Cretaceous lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from western Canada, Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of natural History 33, 1-107

Gao K. -Q., Hou L. -H. (1996) Systematics and taxonomic diversity of squamates from the Upper Cretaceous Djadochta Formation, Bayan Mandahu, Gobi Desert, People's Republic of China, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, 578-598

Khajuria C. K., Prasad G. V. R. (1998) Taphonomy of a Late Cretaceous mammal-bearing microvertebrate assemblage from the Deccan inter-trappean beds of Naskal, peninsular India, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 137, 153-172

Alifanov V. R. (2000) The fossil record of Cretaceous lizards from Mongolia, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 368-389

Lee M. S. Y., Caldwell M. W. (2000) Adriosaurus and the affinities of mosasaurs, dolichosaurs, and snakes, Journal of Paleontology 74 3, 915-937

Peng J., Russell A. P., et al (2001) Vertebrate microsite assemblages (exclusive of mammals) from the Foremost and Oldman Formations of the Judith River Group (Campanian) of southeastern Alberta: an illustrated guide, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Natural History Occasional Paper 25, 1-54

Conrad J. L. (2006) An Eocene shinisaurid (Reptilia, Squamata) from Wyoming, U.S.A., Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 1, 113-126

Smith K. T. (2006) A diverse new assemblage of late Eocene squamates (Reptilia) from the Chadron Formation of North Dakota, U.S.A., Palaeontologia Electronica 9 2, 1-44

Böhme M. (2008) Ectothermic vertebrates (Teleostei, Allocaudata, Urodela, Anura, Testudines, Choristodera, Crocodylia, Squamata) from the Upper Oligocene of Oberleichtersbach (Northern Bavaria, Germany), Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 260, 161-183

Venczel M., Stiuca E. (2008) Late middle Miocene amphibians and squamate reptiles from Taut, Romania, Geodiversitas 30 4, 731-763

Böhme M. (2010) Ectothermic vertebrates (Actinopterygii, Allocaudata, Urodela, Anura, Crocodylia, Squamata) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Germany, Bavaria) and their implications for environment reconstruction and palaeoclimate, Paläontologische Zeitschrift 84 1, 3-41 doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0050-4

Poinar G. O. (2011) , The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As Revealed in Stone, Amber and Mummies, 1-429

Hugues-Alexandre B., Agusti J., et al (2013) Amphibians and Squamate Reptiles from the Late Miocene (Vallesian) of Eastern Morocco (GuefaIT-1, Jerada Province), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 4, 804-816 doi:10.1080/039.033.0404

Vianey-Liaud M., Comte B., et al (2014) A new early late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France), Geodiversitas 36 4, 565-622 doi:10.5252/g2014n4a4

Cernansky A., Rage J. C., et al (2015) The Early Miocene squamates of Amöneburg (Germany): the first stages of modern squamates in Europe, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 2, 97-128 doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.897266

Stocker M. R., Kirk E. C. (2016) The first amphisbaenians from Texas, with notes on other squamates from the middle Eocene Purple Bench locality, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1094081, 1-15 doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1094081

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

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Flores-Villela, Oscar / McCoy, C. J., ed., 1993: Herpetofauna Mexicana: Lista anotada de las especies de anfibios y reptiles de México, cambios taxonómicos recientes, y nuevas especies. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, no. 17. iv + 73. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

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Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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