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Cervus

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Description

Cervus is a genus of deer that primarily are native to Eurasia, although one species occurs in northern Africa and another in North America. In addition to the species presently placed in this genus, it has included a whole range of other species now commonly placed in other genera, but some of these should perhaps be returned to Cervus. Additionally, the species-level taxonomy is in a state of flux.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2440948	https://www.gbif.org/species/2440948
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42666	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42666

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : Cervus

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : Cervus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Ungulata
order	Artiodactyla	Owen 1848
-	Ruminantiamorpha	Spaulding et al. 2009
-	Ruminantia
-	Pecora
family	Cervidae	Gray 1821
-	Plesiometacarpalia
tribe	Cervini	Goldfuss 1820
genus	Cervus	Linnæus 1758

Scientific Name

Cervus Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Cervus	genus	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Linnaeus, 1758
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervina	stated without evidence	Gray, 1825
Cervus	genus	belongs to Ruminantia	stated without evidence	Owen, 1848
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervinae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervidae	stated without evidence	Wilson, 1967
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervinae	stated without evidence	Kurten and Anderson, 1980
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervidae	stated without evidence	Shoshani et al., 1989
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervini	stated without evidence	Grubb, 2000
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervini	stated with evidence	Hassanin and Douzery, 2003
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervinae	stated without evidence	Pitra et al., 2004
Cervus	genus	belongs to Cervidae	stated without evidence	Albright et al., 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

20 (49%)

First Recorded Appearance

23.0 - 7.2 Ma
Miocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

grazer

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Cervidae)

Ecospace Comments

based on Walker (1975)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Deer, Red Deer, Wapiti

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Cervus (Cervequus) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Cervus (Cervus) subgenus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus (Furcifer) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Cervus (Leptocervus) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Cervus (Metacervocerus) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		20	11.6 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Cervus (Panolia) subgenus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Alces brevitrabalis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	1.80 Ma Pleistocene	1.80 Ma Pleistocene
Cervus affinis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus albicornis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus albirostris species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus alfredi species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus anocerus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus bactrianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus bedfordianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus bertholdi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus browni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus elaphus canadensis subspecies	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Elk	25	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervus cashmeerianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus cashmerensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus cashmirianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus casperianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus cornaliai species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Cervus costrizensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus curtocerus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus dawkinsi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus dichotomus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus dicranocerus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Cervus dimorphe species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus duvaucelii species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus dybowskii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus elaphoides species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus elaphus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Red Deer	110	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervus eldii species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus euopis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus eustephanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus feae species	listed (PBDB)	Fea's Muntjac			0 Ma Extant
Cervus fortis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus gouazoubira species	listed (PBDB)		3	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervus gouazoupira species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus heterocerus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus hortulorum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus latus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Cervus lydekkeri species	listed (PBDB)		3	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervus macneilli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus mandarinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus maral species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus mariannus species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus mediterraneus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus megaceros species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus mexicanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus muntjak species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus nanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus nippon species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervus obscurus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Cervus partschii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus peruvianus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus porcinus species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus pyrenaicus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	8.70 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Cervus ruscinensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Cervus savini species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus schomburgki species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cervus sedgwickii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Cervus spatulatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus tavistocki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus thoroldi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus tibetanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus timorensis species	listed (PBDB)		1	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Cervus timoriensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cervus trigonocerus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cervus unicolor species	listed (PBDB)	Sambar	7	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Elaphurus davidianus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Rusa equina species	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Cerous d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1847	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Cerous*
Sikelaphus Heude, 1894	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Sikelaphus*
Cervus lucasi Hay, 1927	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : Cervus : *Cervus lucasi*
Elaphus Smith, 1827	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Elaphus*
Sica Trouessart, 1898	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Sica*
Harana Hodgson, 1838	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Harana*
Pseudocervus Hodgson, 1841	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Pseudocervus*
Cervus aguangae Frick, 1937	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : Cervus : *Cervus aguangae*
Sika Sclater, 1870	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Sika*
Cervus fortisi Cope, 1878	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : Cervus : *Cervus fortisi*
Sikaillus Heude, 1898	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Sikaillus*
Sikailus Heude, 1898	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Sikailus*
Pseudaxis Gray, 1872	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Pseudaxis*
Ceruus Murr, 1775	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Ceruus*
Elaphoceros Fitzinger, 1873	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Elaphoceros*
Eucervus Acloque, 1899	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Cervidae : *Eucervus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Cervus Linnaeus p. 66
1825	Cervus Gray p. 342
1827	Rusa Smith
1838	Rucervus Hodgson
1848	Cervus Owen p. 139
1860	Cervus Leidy p. 109
1866	Elaphurus Milne-Edwards
1878	Cervus fortisi Cope
1902	Cervus Hay p. 684
1927	Cervus lucasi Hay
1930	Przewalskium Flerov
1937	Cervus aguangae Frick
1967	Cervus Wilson p. 215
1980	Cervus Kurten and Anderson p. 317
1980	Rusa Zhang et al.
1987	Cervus (Rucervus) Groves and Grubb

Year	Name and Author
1987	Cervus (Rusa) Groves and Grubb
1988	Cervus Carroll
1988	Elaphurus Carroll
1989	Cervus Shoshani et al. p. 436
1995	Cervus Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 251
2000	Cervus Grubb p. 302
2000	Elaphurus Grubb p. 302
2000	Przewalskium Grubb p. 302
2000	Rucervus Grubb p. 302
2000	Rusa Grubb p. 302
2003	Cervus Hassanin and Douzery p. 212
2004	Cervus Pitra et al. p. 881 figs. Table 1
2004	Cervus (Elaphurus) Pitra et al. p. 893
2008	Cervus Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 5
2008	Elaphurus Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 5
2019	Cervus Albright et al. p. 188

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Owen R. Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the NW coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the number of their toes, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4, 103-141

Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Frick C. (1937) Horned ruminants of North America, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 69, 1-669

Wilson R. L. (1967) The Pleistocene vertebrates of Michigan, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 52, 197-234

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Zhang Z.-h., Zou B.-k., et al (1980) The discovery of fossil mammals at Anping, Liaoyang, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 18 2, 154-162

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Capasso Barbato L., Gliozzi E. (1995) Biochronological and palaeogeographical implications of a well-balanced late Middle Pleistocene fauna from Quisiana-Certosa (Capri, Southern Italy), Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 34 2, 235-261

Grubb P. (2000) Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae, Acta Theriologica 45 3, 289-307

Hassanin A., Douzery E. J. P. (2003) Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae, Systematic Biology 52 2, 206-228

Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985

Albright L. B., Sanders A. E., et al (2019) Cenozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy of South Carolina, U.S.A. and additions to the fauna, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 57 2, 77-236

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2,142 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 91 Thirty-five generic names of Mammals placed on the Official List of Generic Names.Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 73(4), 1 (1926) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Charleston,W. A. (1980) Lungworm and lice of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the fallow deer (Dama dama)--a review - via Phthiraptera.info

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Cameron,A. E. (1932) Arthropod parasites of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Scotland - via Phthiraptera.info

Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Hall, R. (2004) Däggdjur - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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