Wernerkrauseite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Wernerkrauseite
Werner Krause
Formula:
Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Specific Gravity:
4.66 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Dr. Werner Krause (b. 1949), a research chemist in the chemical industry who has described several new secondary minerals.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Ca-deficient structural analogue of harmunite. Post-spinel structure type.
Crystallisation of wernerkrauseite took place at temperatures below 850–900°C under high oxygen fugacity.
Crystallisation of wernerkrauseite took place at temperatures below 850–900°C under high oxygen fugacity.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
46107
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:46107:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
21d635c2-0ba5-4ce9-90cc-f463b49975ee
IMA Classification of Wernerkrauseite
Approved
IMA Formula:
CaFe3+2Mn4+O6
Approval year:
2014
Type description reference:
Galuskin, Evgeny V., Krüger, Biljana, Krüger, Hannes, Blass, Günter, Widmer, Remo, Galuskina, Irina O. (2016) Wernerkrauseite, CaFe3+2Mn4+O6: the first nonstoichiometric post-spinel mineral, from Bellerberg volcano, Eifel, Germany. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28 (2) 485-493 doi:10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2509
Classification of Wernerkrauseite
4.BB.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Wkr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Wernerkrauseite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Strong submetallic lustre
Colour:
Black
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
VHN25=154(5) kg/mm2 - Vickers
Density:
4.66 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Wernerkrauseite
Anisotropism:
weak
Bireflectance:
weak
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 470nm | 28.1% | 19.8% |
| 546nm | 25.7% | 19.0% |
| 589nm | 25.0% | 19.1% |
| 650nm | 24.3% | 19.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 28.1%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
gray
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
very weak
Chemistry of Wernerkrauseite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Wernerkrauseite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Setting:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.0548(2) Å, b = 2.8718(1) Å, c = 10.9908(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.153 : 1 : 3.827
Unit Cell V:
285.8 ų
Z:
8
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.698 Å | (44) |
| 4.527 Å | (54) |
| 2.748 Å | (62) |
| 2.646 Å | (100) |
| 2.450 Å | (77) |
| 2.425 Å | (37) |
| 1.818 Å | (43) |
| 1.778 Å | (30) |
Comments:
From Type Description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 39 : High-𝑃 metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh 𝑃 facies) |
Type Occurrence of Wernerkrauseite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Black prismatic crystals
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Museum of Natural History, Bernastrasse 5, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland, catalogued number NMBE 42804
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Altered xenoliths within alkaline basalts
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Galuskin, E.V., Krüger, B., Krüger, H., Blass, G., Widmer, R., Galuskina, I.O. (2016): Wernerkrauseite, CaFe3+2Mn4+O6 - the first non-stoichiometric post-spinel mineral, from Bellerberg volcano, Eifel, Germany. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28, 485-493
Synonyms of Wernerkrauseite
Relationship of Wernerkrauseite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Ellinaite | CaCr2O4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Harmunite | CaFe2O4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcm |
| Marokite | CaMn3+2O4 | Orth. |
| Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Thermaerogenite | CuAl2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Wernerkrauseite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-46107.html
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References for Wernerkrauseite
Reference List:
Williams, P. A., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2014) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2014, CNMNC Newsletter No 20. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (3) 549-558 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.05
Galuskin, Evgeny V., Krüger, Biljana, Krüger, Hannes, Blass, Günter, Widmer, Remo, Galuskina, Irina O. (2016) Wernerkrauseite, CaFe3+2Mn4+O6: the first nonstoichiometric post-spinel mineral, from Bellerberg volcano, Eifel, Germany. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28 (2) 485-493 doi:10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2509
Localities for Wernerkrauseite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Germany (TL) | |
| Galuskin et al. (2016) |
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Wernerkrauseite-bearing xenolith, Caspar quarry, Ettringen, Vordereifel, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany