Thermaerogenite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Thermaerogenite
Formula:
CuAl2O4
Colour:
Brown, yellow-brown, red-brown, brown-yellow, brown-red
Lustre:
Vitreous
Specific Gravity:
4.87 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Well known as a synthetic compound. The Al analogue of cuprospinel. Forms a continuous solid solution with gahnite.
The first described natural copper-rich oxide spinel.
Found in oxidizing-type fumaroles together with cuprospinel, gahnite, magnesioferrite, franklinite, chromite, and zincochromite. The Al- and Fe3+-dominant minerals of the listed spinels formed directly from the gas phase (a desublimation process), likely at 600-800 oC (Pekov et al., 2018).
The first described natural copper-rich oxide spinel.
Found in oxidizing-type fumaroles together with cuprospinel, gahnite, magnesioferrite, franklinite, chromite, and zincochromite. The Al- and Fe3+-dominant minerals of the listed spinels formed directly from the gas phase (a desublimation process), likely at 600-800 oC (Pekov et al., 2018).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
53041
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:53041:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
7fcb5f82-583a-4139-814f-a04295e25306
IMA Classification of Thermaerogenite
Approved
Approval year:
2018
First published:
2018
Classification of Thermaerogenite
4.BB.
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Tag | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Thermaerogenite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Strong
Colour:
Brown, yellow-brown, red-brown, brown-yellow, brown-red
Comment:
May also be semitransparent
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
4.87 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Chemistry of Thermaerogenite
Mindat Formula:
CuAl2O4
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Thermaerogenite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.039(9) Å
Unit Cell V:
530.1 ų
Comment:
Spacegroup Fd3m
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.873 Å | (65) |
| 2.451 Å | (100) |
| 2.033 Å | (10) |
| 1.865 Å | (6) |
| 1.660 Å | (16) |
| 1.565 Å | (28) |
| 1.438 Å | (30) |
| 1.240 Å | (6) |
Comments:
From Type Description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Thermaerogenite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Octahedral crystals( up to 0.02 mm in diameter), usually intergrown to constitute open-work clusters (up to 1 mm across)
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Type material is deposited in the collections of the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, registration number 5192/1
Empirical Formula of Type Material:
(Cu0.619Zn0.422)Σ1.041(Al1.523Fe3+0.443Cr0.007)Σ1.973O4
Chemical Analysis of Type Material:
| CuO | 25.01 % |
|---|---|
| ZnO | 17.45 % |
| Al2O3 | 39.43 % |
| Cr2O3 | 0.27 % |
| Fe2O3 | 17.96 % |
| Total: | 100.12 % |
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidizing fumaroles
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Pekov, I.V., Sandalov, F.D., Koshlyakova, N.N., Vigasina, M.F., Polekhovsky, Y.S., Britvin, S.N., Sidorov, E.G., Turchkova, A.G. (2018): Copper in Natural Oxide Spinels: The New Mineral Thermaerogenite CuAl2O4, Cuprospinel and Cu-Enriched Varieties of Other Spinel-Group Members from Fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Minerals, 8: 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/min8110498.
Synonyms of Thermaerogenite
Relationship of Thermaerogenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Cochromite | CoCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 | Tet. 4 2m : P4m2 |
| Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 | Iso. |
| Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Jacobsite-Q | Mn2+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P41 3 2 |
| Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P43 3 2 |
| Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| UM1994-06-O:AlCo | CoAl2O4 | |
| Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.BB. | Elgoresyite | (Mg5Si2)O9 |
| 4.BB. | Chenmingite | FeCr2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Dellagiustaite | V2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB. | Chukochenite | LiAl5O8 |
| 4.BB. | Garpenbergite | Mn6◻AsSbO10(OH)2 |
| 4.BB. | Magnéliite | Ti3+2Ti4+2O7 |
| 4.BB. | Jianmuite | ZrTi4+Ti3+5Al3O16 |
| 4.BB.05 | Chromite | Fe2+Cr3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cochromite | CoCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Coulsonite | Fe2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Cuprospinel | Cu2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Filipstadite | (Fe3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mn2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Gahnite | ZnAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Galaxite | Mn2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Jacobsite | Mn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Manganochromite | Mn2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiocoulsonite | MgV2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesiochromite | MgCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Nichromite | (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Qandilite | (Mg,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+,Al)O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Trevorite | Ni2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Ulvöspinel | TiFe2+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Vuorelainenite | Mn2+V3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Zincochromite | ZnCr2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Harmunite | CaFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Wernerkrauseite | Ca(Fe3+,Mn3+)2Mn4+O6 |
| 4.BB.05 | Deltalumite | (Al0.67◻0.33)Al2O4 |
| 4.BB.05 | Guite | Co2+Co3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
| 4.BB.10 | Manganostibite | (Mn,Fe)7SbAsO12 |
| 4.BB.15 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.15 | Titanomaghemite | (Ti4+0.5◻0.5)Fe3+2O4 |
| 4.BB.20 | Tegengrenite | (Mn3+0.5Sb5+0.5)Mg2O4 |
| 4.BB.25 | Xieite | Fe2+Cr2O4 |
| 4.BB.30 | Carmeltazite | ZrAl2Ti4O11 |
| 4.BB.35 | Feiite | Fe2+2(Fe2+Ti4+)O5 |
| 4.BB.40 | Maohokite | MgFe2O4 |
| 4.BB.45 | Tschaunerite | (Fe2+)(Fe2+Ti4+)O4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Thermaerogenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-53041.html
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References for Thermaerogenite
Localities for Thermaerogenite
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The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Russia (TL) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine. 82: xxx–xxx. +3 other references |
Quick NavTopAbout ThermaerogeniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Chemistry Crystallography X-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsRelationshipsStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Arsenatnaya fumarole, Second scoria cone, Northern Breakthrough, Great Fissure eruption, Tolbachik Volcanic field, Milkovsky District, Kamchatka Krai, Russia