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Lygaeidae

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Description

The Lygaeidae are a family in the Hemiptera (true bugs), with more than 110 genera in 4 subfamilies. The family includes the insects commonly known as milkweed bugs, and also some of those known as seed bugs. The family used to be vastly larger, as numerous former subfamilies have been removed and given independent family status, including Artheneidae, Blissidae, Cryptorhamphidae, Cymidae, Geocoridae, Heterogastridae, Ninidae, Oxycarenidae, Pachygronthidae, and Rhyparochromidae, which together constituted well over half of the former family. Many of the species feed on seeds, although some feed on sap (mucivory), and a few, such as the wekiu bug, feed on insects.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygaeidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	7888	https://www.gbif.org/species/7888
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	179832	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=179832

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Hemiptera : Lygaeidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ecdysozoa
-	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
subphylum	Mandibulata
-	Pancrustacea
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825
-	Cercofilata	Kukalová-Peck 1987
class	Insecta	Linnaeus 1758
-	Dicondylia
-	Paranotalia	Sroka et al. 2014
subclass	Pterygota	Brauer 1885
-	Neopterygota	Crampton 1924
infraclass	Neoptera	Martynov 1923
-	Clareocercaria	Prokop et al. 2017
-	Acercaria
superorder	Pancondylognatha	Yoshizawa and Leinhard 2016
-	Condylognatha	Börner 1904
order	Hemiptera	Linnaeus 1758
suborder	Heteroptera	Latreille 1810
infraorder	Pentatomomorpha	Leston et al. 1954
superfamily	Lygaeoidea	Schilling 1829
family	Lygaeidae	Schilling 1829

Common Name

milkweed bug

Scientific Name

Lygaeidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Lygaeidae	family	belongs to Pentatomoidea	stated with evidence	Statz and Wagner, 1950
Lygaeidae	family	belongs to Hemiptera	stated without evidence	Park and Downing, 2001
Lygaeidae	family	belongs to Heteroptera	stated with evidence	Wappler, 2003
Lygaeidae	family	belongs to Lygaeoidea	stated with evidence	Cassis and Schuh, 2010

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

129

Extant Size (PBDB)

24 (19%)

First Recorded Appearance

170 - 166 Ma
Middle Jurassic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Insecta)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Arthropoda)

Taphonomy

chitin (based on Insecta)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

L. E. Park and K. F. Downing. 2001. Paleoecology of an exceptionally preserved arthropod fauna from lake deposits of the Miocene Barstow Formation, Southern California, U.S.A. Palaios 16(2):175-184

Common Name(s)

Fröskinnbaggar, Milkweed Bug, Frøteger, Groundbugs, Chinch Bugs, Seed Bugs, Punaises Des Céréales

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygaeidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Aphaninae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		5	28.4 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Artheneinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Astacopinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Blissinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		2	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Cyminae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		4	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Geocorinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		2	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Heterogasterinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Lygaenocorinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	166 Ma Middle Jurassic	166 Ma Middle Jurassic
Aborsillus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Acanthocrompus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Achlyosomus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Acrobrachys genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Acroleucus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aethalotus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Afraethalotus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Anochrostomus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aphanus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		40	50.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Apterola genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arocatus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aspilocoryphus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aspilogeton genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Astacops genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aulacopeltus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Austronysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Balionysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Belonochilus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Biblochrimnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Caenocoris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Camptocoris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Capitostylus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Caprhiobia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cerocrompus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coleonysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Congolorgus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coptochromus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Coriopachys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Cosmopleurus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Craspeduchus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Crompus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cryptochromus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Dalmochrimnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Darwinysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Diniella genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Ektyphonotus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Emphanisis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eurynysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Exitelus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Geocoris genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Glyptonysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gondarius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Graptostethus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hadrosomus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Haematorrhytus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Haemobaphus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Heterogaster genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		21	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Hispanocoris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hormopleurus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Horvathiolus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hyalonysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Idiostolus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Idiotropus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Karachicoris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kleidocerys genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Koscocrompus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kualisompus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Latochrimnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Leipolygaeus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	170 Ma Middle Jurassic	170 Ma Middle Jurassic
Lepionysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lepiorsillus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lithochromus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Lygaeites ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	38.0 Ma Eocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Lygaenocoris ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	166 Ma Middle Jurassic	166 Ma Middle Jurassic
Lygaeodema genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lygaeosoma genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Lygaeospilus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lygaeus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		16	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Macrocranum ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Madrorgus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melacoryphus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melanerythrus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melanocoryphus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melanopleuroides genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melanopleurus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melanostethus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melanotelus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mesolygaeus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		53	145 Ma Late Jurassic	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Metrarga genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Microspilus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Miogonates ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Neacoryphus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Necrochromus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Neocrompus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neokleidocerys genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neortholomus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neseis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nesoclimacias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nesocryptias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nesomartis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nesostethus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nicuesa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nithecus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nysius genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0 Ma Extant
Oceanides genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ochrimnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ochrostomus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Oligacanchus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Oligacanthus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Oncopeltus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Oreolorgus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Oreonysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Orsillacis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Orsillus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ortholomus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Oxygranulobaphus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pachyphylegyas genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Paranysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Peritrechus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Potamiaea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Procrophius ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Procymophyes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Prolygaeus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Pseudoacroleucoides genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Psileula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pylorgus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pyrrhobaphus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Reticulatonysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rhiophila genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rhypodes genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Robinsonocoris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scolopostethus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Scopiastella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scopiastes genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sinolygaeus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sinorsillus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Spilostethus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Stalagmostethus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Stenaptula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Stictocricus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Syzygitis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tempereocoris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Thunbergia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Torvochrimnus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tropidothorax genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Unicageocoris genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Woodwardiastes genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Xanthochilus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Xyonysius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Caenusia obrienorum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Crophus bohemani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cryphuia bennetti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hetergaster behrensii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hetergaster flavicosta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ischodemus brincki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ischodemus congoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ischodemus ochripoides species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ischodemus wittei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Kalinckacoris matucanae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Melanopleurs maculicorium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Migdilbys nudus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neacroyphus buenoi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neacroyphus campestris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Opistholeptis pallidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Torpicoparapanphanatus amazonicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Orsillinae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Hemiptera : Orsillinae
Ischnorhynchinae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Hemiptera : Ischnorhynchinae
Myodochidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Hemiptera : Myodochidae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1829	Lygaeidae Schilling
1890	Nysius vecula Scudder p. 378 figs. Pl 22 fig 7
1890	Nysius vinctus Scudder p. 378
1890	Nysius terrae Scudder p. 379 figs. Pl 23 fig 31
1890	Nysius tritus Scudder p. 379 figs. Pl 23 fig 20
1890	Nysius stratus Scudder p. 380 figs. Pl 23 figs 14, 27; Pl 25 figs 2, 8

Year	Name and Author
1950	Lygaeidae Statz and Wagner p. 107
2001	Lygaeidae Park and Downing p. 179
2003	Lygaeidae Wappler
2010	Lygaeidae Cassis and Schuh
2018	Lygaeidae Szwedo p. 113
2019	Lygaeidae Popov p. 385

References

Park L. E., Downing K. F. (2001) Paleoecology of an exceptionally preserved arthropod fauna from lake deposits of the Miocene Barstow Formation, Southern California, U.S.A., Palaios 16 2, 175-184

Scudder S. H. The Tertiary Insects of North America, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories XIII, 1-734

Statz G., Wagner E. (1950) Geocorisae (Landwanzen) aus den Oberoligocanen Ablagerungen von Rott, Palaeontographica Abteilung A 98, 97-136

Wappler T. (2003) Die Insekten aus dem Mittel-Eozän des Eckfelder Maares, Vulkaneifel, Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv, Beiheft 27, 1-234

Cassis G., Schuh R. T. (2010) Systematic methods, fossils, and relationships within Heteroptera (Insecta), Cladistics 26, 262-280

Szwedo J. (2018) The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time, Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 107, 109-128

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Brands, S.J. (comp.) (2014) The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/]. 1989-present. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Ashlock, P.D. & A. Slater. 1988. In Henry & Froeschner. Family Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829 (= Infericornes Amyot and Serville, 1843< Myodochidae Kirkaldy, 1899< Geocoridae Kirkaldy, 1902). Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States., E. J. Brill Publ., Leiden and New York 167-245 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Barber, H.G. 1947. The family Lygaeidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) of the island of Cuba & the Isle of Pines. Mem. Soc. cubana Hist. nat. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Bergroth, E. 1906. Systematische & synonymische Bemerkungen uber Hemipteren. Wien. ent. Ztg - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Bergroth, E. 1912. Nomenclatorisches uber Hemipteren. Wien. ent. Ztg - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Bianki & A.N. Kiritshenko. 1923. Practical entomology. Handbook of practical studies in entomology. Handbook of practical studies in entomology. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Brindley. 1934. The metasternum & pleuron of Heteroptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Burmeister. 1835. Handbuch der Entomolgie Zweiter Band: II Ordnung Rhynchota. Handbuch der Entomolgie Zweiter Band: II Ordnung Rhynchota., Berlin: Theod. Ehr. Friedr. Enslin 279 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Cassis & G.F. Gross. 2002. In Houston & A. Wells. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha) 27.3B:209-203 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

China, W.E. & Miller. 1959. Checklist & keys to the families & subfamilies of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Costa Lima. 1940. Insectos do Brazil II. Hemipteros. Insectos do Brazil II. Hemipteros. Rio de Janeiro: Escola Nacional de Agronomia pp. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Costa, A. 1847. Cimicum Regni Neapolitani centuria. Atti del Reale Instituto d'Incorragiamento alle scienze Naturali (Atti Ist. Sci. nat. Napoli) 178-179 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Costa, A. 1863. Additamenta ad centurias cimicum regni Neapolitani. Additamenta ad centurias cimicum regni Neapolitani. Atti Ist. Sci. nat. Napoli pp. (i-ii), - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Darlington, C.D. 1939. The genetical & mechanical properties of the sex chromosomes. V. Cimex & the Heteroptera. J. Gent. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Douglas, J.W. & J. Scott. 1876. A catalogue of British Hemiptera. A catalogue of British Hemiptera. London: Alex Napier (and Longman, Green, Reader & Dyer). 12 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Ekblom. 1929. New contributions to the systematic classification of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Ent. Tidskr. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Ekblom. 1944. Chromosomenuntersuchungen bei Salda littoralis L., Calocoris chenopodii Fall. & Mesovelia fureata Muls. & Rey sowie studien uber die chromosomen bei verschiedenen Hemiptera-Heteroptera im Hinblick auf phylogenetische betrachtungen. Chromosoma - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Flor. 1860. 223-219 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Guerin, J. & Peneau. 1905. Faune entomologique amoricaine. Hemipteres. Faune entomologique amoricaine. Hemipteres. Bull. Soc. Sci. med. Ouest (Supp.) - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Gulde, J. 1902. Die dorsaldrusen der Larven der Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Ber. senckenb. naturf. Ges. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Henry, P. M. Dellapé & de Paula. 2015. Chapter 16. The Big-Eyed Bugs, Chinch Bugs, and Seed Bugs (Lygaeoidea). True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics, Antônio Panizzi y Jocelia Grazia editores. Springer publishing Co., Inglaterra 478-483 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Henry. 1997. Phylogenetic Analysis of Family Groups within the Infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with Emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Ann. Entomol. Soc. .Am.) 90(3):282 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Henry. 2009. In Foottit & Adler. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Chapter 10. Biodiversity of the Heteroptera 226, 241-243 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Hoffman, W.E. 1932. The economic status of the lygaeids & notes on the life history of Lygaeus hospes Fabr. & Aphanus sordidus Fabr. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Lingnan Sci. J. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Horvath, G. 1912. Sur les noms des familles & des sous - familles du regne animal. Int. Congr. Zool. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Hutchinson. 1934. Report on terrestrial families of Hemiptera-Heteroptera . . . Yale North India Expedition. Mem. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

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Kirkaldy, G.W. 1909. A list of the Hemiptera of the Maorian sub-region. Trans. N.Z. Inst. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Lameere. 1900. Manuel de la faune de Belgique Tome 2. Insectes inferieurs. Manuel de la faune de Belgique Tome - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Lawson. 1959. Identification of the nymphs of common families of Hemiptera. J. Kans. ent. Soc. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Leston & G.G.E. Scudder. 1956. A key to larvae of the families of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Entomologist - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Leston. 1952. Antennal oligomery in Heteroptera. Nature, Lond. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Oshanin. 1910. Contribution a la question de la nomenclature zoologique. Rev. russe Ent. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Oshanin. 1912. Katalog der palaarktischen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Auchenorhyncha & Psylloideae). Katalog der palaarktischen Hemipteren (Heteroptera, Homoptera-Auchenorhyncha & Psylloideae). Berlin: xvi + - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Pfaler, E.V. 1936. Lebenszyklen der Lygaeiden (Hem.). Notul. ent., Helsingf. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Puton, A. 1879. Synopsis des Hemipteres-Heteropteres de France de la famille des Lygaeides. Synopsis des Hemipteres-Heteropteres de France de la famille des Lygaeides. Mem. Soc. Sci. Lille 276, 278-280 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Reuter, O.M. 1881. Finlands och den skandinaviska Halfons Hemiptera Heteroptera. Ent. Tidskr. 61-63 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Reuter, O.M. 1912. Bemerkungen uber mein neues Heteropterensystem. Ofvers. finska VetenskSoc. Forh. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Sahlberg, R.F. 1848. Monographia Geocorisarum Fenniae. Monographia Geocorisarum Fenniae. Helsingforsiae: Frenckelliana. pp. 50 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Saunders, E. 1875. Synopsis of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera Pt. I. Synopsis of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera Pt. I. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 138-140 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Schiodte. 1869. 266 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Seabra, A.F. & de. 1930. Lygaeidae:Sinopse dos Hemipteros Heteropteros de Portugal. Lygaeidae:Sinopse dos Hemipteros Heteropteros de Portugal. Mem. Mus. zool. Univ. Coimbra - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Slater, J.A. 1952. An annotated list of the Lygaeidae of Iowa and Illinois. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Southwood. 1956. The structure of the eggs of the terrestrial Heteroptera and its relationship to the classification of the group. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Stal, C. 1872. Genera Lygaeidarum Europae disposuit. Öfversigt Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar (Ofvers. VetenskAkad. Forh., Stockh.) 37-40 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Tanaka. 1926. Homologies of the wing veins of the Hemiptera. Annot. zool. jap. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Torre-Bueno, J.R. 1911. Algunos Hemipteros Heteropteros de Espana (Conclusion). Boll. Soc. aragon. Cienc. nat. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Torre-Bueno, J.R. 1917. New York Scolopostethi (Family Lygaeidae: Heter.). Ent. News. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Uhler, P.R. 1876. List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 1873. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Bull. U. S. geol. geog. Surv. Terr.) 1:302 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Van Duzee, E.P. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Vollenhoven. 1870. De inlandsche Hemipteren beschreven en Meerendeels ook Afgebeeld. Tijdschrift Entomologie (Tijdschr. Ent.) 263-266 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Vollenhoven. 1878. Hemiptera Heteroptera Neerlandica. Hemiptera Heteroptera Neerlandica. 'S Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. 8 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Westwood. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of Insects: founded on the natural habits and corresponding organization of the different families. An introduction to the modern classification of Insects: founded on the natural habits and corresponding organization of the different families. Vol. II. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. 480-482 - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Zimmerman. 1948. Insects of Hawaii Vol. 3. Heteroptera. Insects of Hawaii Vol. - via Lygaeoidea Species File

Henry, Thomas J., 1997: Phylogenetic Analysis of Family Groups within the Infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with Emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, vol. 90, no. 3. 275-301. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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