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Spinosaurus aegyptiacus ✝

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Photo Gallery

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Egypt

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Taouz Caïdat, Er-Rissani Cercle, Errachidia Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Taouz Caïdat, Er-Rissani Cercle, Errachidia Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Egypt

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Taouz Caïdat, Er-Rissani Cercle, Errachidia Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Egypt

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Taouz Caïdat, Er-Rissani Cercle, Errachidia Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco

Description

Spinosaurus (meaning "spine lizard") is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in what now is North Africa during the upper Albian to upper Turonian stages of the Cretaceous period, about 112 to 93.5 million years ago. This genus was known first from Egyptian remains discovered in 1912 and described by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. The original remains were destroyed in World War II, but additional material has come to light in the early 21st century. It is unclear whether one or two species are represented in the fossils reported in the scientific literature. The best known species is S. aegyptiacus from Egypt, although a potential second species, S. maroccanus, has been recovered from Morocco.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	4967112	https://www.gbif.org/species/4967112
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	53372	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53372

Rank

species

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Spinosauridae : Spinosaurus : Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Spinosauridae : Spinosaurus : Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
-	Orionides	Carrano et al. 2012
superfamily	Megalosauroidea
family	Spinosauridae	Stromer 1915
genus	Spinosaurus	Stromer 1915
species	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	Stromer 1915

Generic Name

Spinosaurus

Scientific Name

Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer, 1915

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated without evidence	Stromer, 1915
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated with evidence	Tatarinov, 1964
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated without evidence	Maleev, 1968
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated with evidence	Molnar et al., 1990
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated without evidence	Buffetaut et al., 1990
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated with evidence	Sereno et al., 1998
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated without evidence	Buffetaut and Ouaja, 2002
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated with evidence	Holtz et al., 2004
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated without evidence	Dal Sasso et al., 2005
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated with evidence	Carrano et al., 2012
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated without evidence	Le Loeuff et al., 2012
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated with evidence	Ibrahim et al., 2014
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus	species	belongs to Spinosaurus	stated without evidence	Serrano-Martínez et al., 2016

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

113 - 109 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Last Recorded Appearance

99.6 - 93.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Theropoda)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

E. Stromer. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse Abhandlung 28(3):1-31

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus

Fossil Distribution

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Spinosaurus marrocannus Russell, 1996	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Spinosauridae : Spinosaurus : *Spinosaurus marrocannus*
Spinosaurus aegypticus Stromer, 1915	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Spinosauridae : Spinosaurus : *Spinosaurus aegypticus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1915	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer p. 28 figs. Pl. 1-2
1923	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Huene p. 457 fig. 3
1926	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Huene p. 89
1927	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Huene p. 266
1928	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Depéret and Savornin p. 264
1934	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer p. 8
1936	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer p. 64
1957	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Lapparent p. 109
1963	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Furon p. 154
1964	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Tatarinov p. 538
1968	Spinosaurus aegypticus Maleev p. 95
1970	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Steel p. 38
1970	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Swinton p. 143
1974	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Langston p. 84
1974	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar p. 1014
1980	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar and Pledge p. 285 fig. 3
1984	Spinosaurus aegypticus Taquet p. 81
1984	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Taquet p. 217
1986	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Bonaparte p. 74
1986	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Chabli p. 71
1988	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Bouaziz et al. pp. 336-338
1988	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Paul p. 273
1989	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut p. 81
1990	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut et al. p. 192
1990	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar et al. p. 192
1991	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar p. 166
1992	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut
1996	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Kellner p. 614
1996	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Kellner and Campos p. 155
1996	Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Russell pp. 361-362 figs. 10-12
1997	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Le Loeuff p. 454
1997	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Milner p. 699

Year	Name and Author
1997	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Novas p. 685
1997	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Vickaryous and Ryan p. 488
1998	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Sereno et al. p. 1302
2002	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut and Ouaja p. 418
2002	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Sues et al. p. 543
2003	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Rauhut p. 34
2004	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 73
2004	Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 74
2005	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Dal Sasso et al. p. 888
2005	Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Novas et al. p. 229
2006	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Candeiro et al. p. 936
2006	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Medeiros p. 335
2007	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut
2007	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 190
2009	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Lü et al. p. 50
2010	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut p. 175
2010	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Cavin et al. p. 399
2010	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Hasegawa et al. p. 12
2010	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Lü et al. p. 386
2010	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Taquet p. 96
2011	Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Hone et al. p. 502
2011	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Hone et al. p. 502
2011	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Kellner et al. p. 101
2011	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Vila et al. p. 157
2012	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Carrano et al. p. 243
2012	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Le Loeuff et al. p. 489
2013	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Bertozzo et al. p. 120
2013	Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis McFeeters et al. p. 636
2014	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Ibrahim et al. p. S9
2016	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Serrano-Martínez et al. p. 403
2018	Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Hassler et al. p. 2
2018	Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Hassler et al. p. 2

References

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Huene F. v. (1923) Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 34, 449-458

Huene F. v. (1926) The carnivorous Saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations, principally in Europe, Revista del Museo de La Plata 29, 35-167

Huene F. v. (1927) Contribución a la paleogeografía de Sud América [Contribution to the paleogeography of South America], Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina 30, 231-294

Depéret C., Savornin J. (1928) La faune de Reptiles et de Poissons albiens de Timimoun (Sahara algérien) [The Albian reptile and fish fauna of Timimoun (Algerian Sahara)], Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France, 4e série 27, 257-265

Stromer E. (1934) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 13. Dinosauria [Results of the expeditions of Professor E. Stromer in the Egyptian deserts. II. Vertebrate animal remains from the Baharîje bed (lowest Cenomanian). 13. Dinosauria], Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Neue Folge 22, 1-79

Lapparent A. F. d. (1957) The Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa and India, Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 2, 109-112

Furon R. (1963) Geology of Africa, xii-377

Tatarinov L. P. (1964) Nadotryad Dinosauria. Dinozavry [Superorder Dinosauria. Dinosaurs], Osnovy Paleontologii [Fundamentals of Paleontology] 12, 523-589

Maleev E. A. (1968) K sistematike karnozavrov [On the systematics of carnosaurs], Verkhnepaleozoiskie i Mezozoiskie Zemnovodnye i Presmykaiushchiesia SSSR [Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic Amphibians and Reptiles of the USSR], 92-96

Steel R. (1970) Part 14. Saurischia, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie/Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1-87

Swinton W. E. (1970) , The Dinosaurs, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1-331

Langston W. (1974) Nonmammalian Comanchean tetrapods, Aspects of Trinity Division Geology. A Symposium on the Stratigraphy, Sedimentary Environments, and Fauna of the Comanche Cretaceous Trinity Division (Aptian and Albian) of Texas and Northern Mexico. Geoscience and Man 8, 77-102

Molnar R. E. (1974) A distinctive theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Baja California (Mexico), Journal of Paleontology 48 5, 1009-1017

Molnar R. E., Pledge N. S. (1980) A new theropod dinosaur from South Australia, Alcheringa 4, 281-287

Bouaziz S., Buffetaut E., et al (1988) Nouvelles découvertes de vertébrés fossiles dans l'Albien du sud tunisien [New discoveries of fossil vertebrates in the Albian of southern Tunisia], Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 8e série 4 2, 335-339

Paul G. S. (1988) , Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1-464

Buffetaut E. (1989) New remains of the enigmatic dinosaur Spinosaurus from the Cretaceous of Morocco and the affinities between Spinosaurus and Baryonyx, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 1989 2, 79-87

Buffetaut E., Bussert R., et al (1990) A new nonmarine vertebrate fauna in the Upper Cretaceous of northern Sudan, Berliner Geowissenschaftlische Abhandlungen A 120 1, 183-202

Molnar R. E. (1991) The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex, Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217 4-6, 137-176

Kellner A. W. A., Campos D. d. A. (1996) First Early Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Brazil with comments on Spinosauridae, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 199 2, 151-166

Russell D. A. (1996) Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco, Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e série, section C 18 2-3, 349-402

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Buffetaut E., Ouaja M. (2002) A new specimen of Spinosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173 5, 412-421

Rauhut O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs, Special Papers in Palaeontology 69, 1-213

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D. A. Russell (1996) Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco: Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e série, section C 2-3: 349--402 - via Catalogue of Life

E. Stromer (1915) Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec: Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse Abhandlung 3: 1--31 - via Catalogue of Life

M. T. Carrano, R. B. J. Benson, S. D. Sampson (2012) The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda): Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 211--300 (10.1080/14772019.2011.630927) - via Catalogue of Life

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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