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Rhineura

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Description

Rhineura floridana, known commonly as the North American worm lizard, Florida worm lizard, graveyard snake, or thunderworm, is a species of amphisbaeninan in the family Rhineuridae. The species is the only member of the monotypic genus Rhineura, and is found primarily in Florida but has been recorded in Lanier County, Georgia. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineura, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2450967	https://www.gbif.org/species/2450967
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	37982	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37982

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Rhineuridae : Rhineura

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Lepidosauromorpha
superorder	Lepidosauria
order	Squamata	Oppel 1811
infraorder	Amphisbaenia	Gray 1844
-	Rhineuroidea	Kearney 2003
family	Rhineuridae	Vanzolini 1951
genus	Rhineura	Cope 1861

Common Name

worm lizard

Scientific Name

Rhineura Cope, 1861

Name Published In

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Amphisbaenidae	stated with evidence	Cope, 1875
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Amphisbaenidae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Rhineurinae	stated without evidence	Hecht, 1959
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Rhineuridae	stated without evidence	Yatkola, 1976
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Rhineuridae	stated with evidence	Estes, 1983
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Rhineuridae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Rhineuridae	stated without evidence	Frank and Ramus, 1996
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Rhineuridae	stated with evidence	Smith, 2006
Rhineura	genus	belongs to Rhineuridae	stated without evidence	Jiménez-Hidalgo et al., 2015

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (50%)

First Recorded Appearance

50.3 - 46.2 Ma
Eocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Amphisbaenia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

insectivore (based on Amphisbaenia)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Common Name(s)

North American Worm Lizards, Worm Lizard

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineura

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Rhineura floridana species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	North American Worm Lizard	2	0.30 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Rhineura hatcherii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	37.2 Ma Eocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Rhineura marslandensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1861	Rhineura Cope
1875	Rhineura Cope p. 44
1902	Rhineura Hay p. 476
1938	Rhineura Gilmore p. 11
1951	Gilmoreia Taylor
1951	Pseudorhineura Vanzolini
1953	Rhineura Galbreath p. 39
1959	Rhineura Hecht p. 137
1976	Rhineura Yatkola p. 646
1983	Pseudorhineura Estes

Year	Name and Author
1983	Rhineura Estes
1988	Pseudorhineura Carroll
1988	Rhineura Carroll
1996	Rhineura Frank and Ramus
1998	Rhineura Maddox and Wall p. 6
2003	Rhineura Kearney
2006	Rhineura Smith p. 5
2015	Rhineura Jiménez-Hidalgo et al.
2015	Rhineura Longrich et al.

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Gilmore C. W. (1938) Descriptions of new and little-known fossil lizards from North America, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 86 3042, 11-26

Taylor E. H. (1951) Concerning Oligocene amphisbaenid reptiles, University of Kansas Science Bulletin 34 9, 521-579

Galbreath E. C. (1953) A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology of northeastern Colorado, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Vertebrata 4, 1-120

Hecht M. K. (1959) Amphibians and Reptiles (in: The Geology and Paleontology of the Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area, Wyoming), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 117 3, 130-176

Yatkola D. A. (1976) Mid-Miocene lizards from western Nebraska, Copeia 1976 4, 645-654

Estes R. (1983) Sauria terrestria, Amphisbaenia, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 10A, 1-249

Frank N., Ramus E. (1996) A Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Reptiles and Amphibians of the World, 1-377

Maddox D., Wall W. P. (1998) A systematic review of the fossil lizards and snakes (Squamata) from the White River Group of Badlands National Park, National Park Service Paleontological Research Vol. 3 Technical Report NPS/NRGRD/GRDTR-98/1, 4-7

Kearney M. (2003) Systematics of the Amphisbaenia (Lepidosauria: Squamata) based on morphological evidence from Recent and fossil forms, Herpetological Monographs 17, 1-74

Smith K. T. (2006) A diverse new assemblage of late Eocene squamates (Reptilia) from the Chadron Formation of North Dakota, U.S.A., Palaeontologia Electronica 9 2, 1-44

Jiménez-Hidalgo E., Smith K. T., et al (2015) The first Late Eocene continental faunal assemblage from tropical North America, Journal of South American Earth Sciences 57, 39-48 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2014.12.001

Longrich N. R., Vinther J., et al (2015) Biogeography of worm lizards (Amphisbaenia) driven by end-Cretaceous mass extinction, Proceedings of the Royal Society, B 282, 20143034 doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.3034

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2004: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, draft (2004). - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Duellman, 1982, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1861 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Duellman, 1982 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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