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Protocardiinae

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	61927	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=61927

Rank

subfamily (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Cardiida : Cardiidae : Protocardiinae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Cardiiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Cardiida	Ferussac 1822
suborder	Cardiidina	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioidei	Ferussac 1822
superfamily	Cardioidea
family	Cardiidae	Lamarck 1809
subfamily	Protocardiinae	Reuss 1846

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Protocardiinae	subfamily	belongs to Cardiidae	stated without evidence	Moore, 1976
Protocardiinae	subfamily	belongs to Cardiidae	stated with evidence	Vokes, 1980
Protocardiinae	subfamily	belongs to Cardiidae	stated without evidence	Dockery, 1982
Protocardiinae	subfamily	belongs to Cardiidae	stated with evidence	Schneider, 1995
Protocardiinae	subfamily	belongs to Cardiidae	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010
Protocardiinae	subfamily	belongs to Cardiidae	stated with evidence	Carter et al., 2011
Protocardiinae	subfamily	belongs to Cardiidae	stated without evidence	Hickman, 2015

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

4 (8.2%)

First Recorded Appearance

237 - 228 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic

Motility

facultatively mobile (based on Cardiidae)

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Cardiidae)

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Bivalvia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

H. E. Vokes. 1980. Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue. Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Anechinocardium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	29	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Frigidocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)			0 Ma Extant
Lyrocardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)			0 Ma Extant
Microcardium genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	22	37.2 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Protocardia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1,160	237 Ma Middle Triassic	0.78 Ma Pleistocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1846	Protocardiinae Reuss
1976	Protocardiinae Moore p. 47
1978	Protocardiinae Maxwell p. 16
1980	Protocardiinae Vokes p. 128
1982	Protocardiinae Dockery p. 72
1982	Protocardiinae Woodring p. 644
1984	Protocardiinae Squires p. 49

Year	Name and Author
1987	Protocardiinae Squires p. 65
1995	Protocardiinae Schneider p. 339
2006	Protocardiinae Poutiers
2010	Protocardiinae Bouchet et al.
2011	Protocardiinae Carter et al. p. 15
2015	Protocardiinae Hickman p. 18

References

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Moore E. J. (1976) Oligocene marine mollusks from the Pittsburg Bluff Formation in Oregon, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 922, 1-66

Maxwell P. A. (1978) Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on some New Zealand Cenozoic Mollusca, with descriptions of new taxa, New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5 1, 15-46 doi:10.1080/03014223.1978.10423743

Dockery D. T. (1982) Lower Oligocene Bivalvia of the Vicksburg Group in Mississippi, Mississippi Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Geology 123, 1-261

Woodring W. P. (1982) Geology and paleontology of canal zone and adjoing parts of Panama: Description of Tertiary mollusks (Pelecypods: Propeamussiidae to Cuspidariidae)., United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 306 F

Squires R. L. (1984) Megapaleontology of the Eocene Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 350, 1-76

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Schneider J. A. (1995) Phytogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n., Zoologica Scripta 24, 321-346

Poutiers J.-M. (2006) Two new species of protocardiine cockles (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Cardiidae) from the tropical Southwest Pacific, Zoosystema 28 3, 635-654

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Carter J. G., Altaba C. R., et al (2011) A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca), University of Kansas Paleontological Institute Paleontological Contributions 4, 1-47

Hickman C. S. (2015) Paleogene marine bivalves of the deep-water Keasey Formation in Oregon, Part III: The heteroconchs, PaleoBios 32, 1-44

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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