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Spirifer ✝

Photos

Photo Gallery

Spirifer bisulcatus

Treak Cliff Cavern, Castleton, High Peak, Derbyshire, England, UK

Spirifer sp.

Barvaux-sur-Ourthe, Durbuy, Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium

Spirifer bisulcatus

Treak Cliff Cavern, Castleton, High Peak, Derbyshire, England, UK

Spirifer sp.

Barvaux-sur-Ourthe, Durbuy, Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium

Spirifer bisulcatus

Treak Cliff Cavern, Castleton, High Peak, Derbyshire, England, UK

Spirifer sp.

Barvaux-sur-Ourthe, Durbuy, Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	29638	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=29638

Rank

genus (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Brachiopoda : Rhynchonellata : Spiriferida : Spiriferidae : Spirifer

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
-	Lophophorata
phylum	Brachiopoda	Cuvier 1805
subphylum	Rhynchonelliformea	Williams et al. 1996
class	Rhynchonellata	Williams et al. 1996
order	Spiriferida	Waagen 1883
suborder	Spiriferidina	Waagen 1883
superfamily	Spiriferoidea
family	Spiriferidae	King 1846
subfamily	Spiriferinae	King 1846
genus	Spirifer	Sowerby 1818

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Spirifer	subgenus	belongs to Delthyris	stated with evidence	von Buch, 1831
Spirifer	genus	belongs to Spiriferinae	stated without evidence	Campbell and Engel, 1963
Spirifer	genus	belongs to Spiriferida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Spirifer	genus	belongs to Spiriferinae	stated with evidence	Williams et al., 2006

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

450 - 444 Ma
Paleozoic

Last Recorded Appearance

235 - 232 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic

Motility

stationary (based on Spiriferida)

Vision

blind (based on Rhynchonellata)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Spiriferida)

Ecospace Comments

BODY SIZE: Data from Williams et al. (2006).

Taphonomy

minor ribbing (based on Spirifer)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. Sowerby. 1818. No. XXX in the mineral conchology of Great Britain; or colored figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the Earth. The mineral conchology of Great Britain 3:1-194

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Spirifer (Spirisosium) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Spirifer acutiplicatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	272 Ma Permian	272 Ma Permian
Spirifer albertensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian
Spirifer bambadhurensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Spirifer baschkirica ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer battu ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	269 Ma Permian	269 Ma Permian
Spirifer battus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	299 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer bistritzae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	299 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer bisulcatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	29	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	326 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer brandis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer byrangi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer cascadensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	8	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian
Spirifer centronatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	21	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	354 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer chappelensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	3	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian
Spirifer concentricus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	269 Ma Permian	269 Ma Permian
Spirifer crebristria ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer dichotomus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Spirifer distefanii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	269 Ma Permian	269 Ma Permian
Spirifer duodecimcostata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	1	296 Ma Permian	296 Ma Permian
Spirifer dvinaensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer enderlei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer engelgardthi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer fayettevillensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer gregeri ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	3	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian
Spirifer holodnensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer incertus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	326 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer insignis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	4	427 Ma Silurian	421 Ma Silurian
Spirifer jilinensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	299 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer liangchowensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	331 Ma Carboniferous	331 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer lirellus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	17	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	336 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer macrus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	4	419 Ma Early/Lower Devonian	393 Ma Early/Lower Devonian
Spirifer malistanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	347 Ma Carboniferous	347 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer munsteri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer octoplicatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer opimus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	17	359 Ma Late/Upper Devonian	314 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer pentagonoides ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	345 Ma Carboniferous	345 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer pentlandi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	315 Ma Carboniferous	315 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer piassinaensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer postventricosus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer pseudotasmaniensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer rakuszi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Spirifer rariplectus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Spirifer rockymontanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	16	318 Ma Carboniferous	314 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer schellwieni ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	299 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer siculus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	269 Ma Permian	269 Ma Permian
Spirifer spitiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer spurius ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Spirifer subgrandiformis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	345 Ma Carboniferous	345 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer subtrigonalis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	269 Ma Permian	269 Ma Permian
Spirifer supracarbonicus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer supramosquensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	299 Ma Carboniferous	299 Ma Carboniferous
Spirifer tareiaensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer undata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirifer uralicus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1818	Spirifer Sowerby
1831	Delthyris (Spirifer) von Buch
1963	Spirifer Campbell and Engel p. 72
2002	Spirifer Sepkoski, Jr.
2006	Spirifer Williams et al. p. 1769

References

Sowerby J. No. XXX in the mineral conchology of Great Britain; or colored figures and descriptions of those remains of testaceous animals or shells, which have been preserved at various times and depths in the Earth, The mineral conchology of Great Britain 3, 1-194

Campbell K. S. W., Engel B. A. (1963) The faunas of the Tournaisian Tulcumba Sandstone and its members in the Werrie and Belvue synclines, New South Wales, Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 10 1, 55-122

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Williams A., Brunton C. H. C., et al (2006) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part H, Brachiopoda. Volume 5: Rhynchonelliformea (part) 5, 1689-2320

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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