Mackinawite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Mackinawite
Formula:
FeS
Formerly accepted formula: (Fe,Ni)9S8; also given as (Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0 to 0.11).
The current formula (FeS) is from Rickard (2023) and was subsequently approved by the IMA (Newsletter 78).
The current formula (FeS) is from Rickard (2023) and was subsequently approved by the IMA (Newsletter 78).
Colour:
Bronzy
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
4.17 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named after the discovery locality.
Dimorph of:
May be confused with valleriite (which it was initially believed to be in the type location).
Mackinawite may form as a metastable product of sulfidation of goethite in the CH4 atmosphere but only when CO2 is added, as shown by an experiment of Wang et al. (2015); it is followed by pyrrhotite.
One of six minerals proposed to be essential for the emergence of life. Actually, one of two minerals, aside from fougèrite, to be vital in this matter due to "comprising precipitate membranes" (Russell & Ponce, 2020).
Related to buseckite, keilite and rudashevskyite, all of which are stabilised by additional essential divalent cations.
Mackinawite may form as a metastable product of sulfidation of goethite in the CH4 atmosphere but only when CO2 is added, as shown by an experiment of Wang et al. (2015); it is followed by pyrrhotite.
One of six minerals proposed to be essential for the emergence of life. Actually, one of two minerals, aside from fougèrite, to be vital in this matter due to "comprising precipitate membranes" (Russell & Ponce, 2020).
Related to buseckite, keilite and rudashevskyite, all of which are stabilised by additional essential divalent cations.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2512
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2512:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f3c8ea3c-492b-4798-8669-f380f27fcf94
IMA Classification of Mackinawite
Approved
Classification of Mackinawite
2.CC.25
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
Dana 7th ed.:
2.7.2.1
2.7.2.1
2 : SULFIDES
7 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 9:8
2 : SULFIDES
7 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 9:8
3.9.6
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
9 : Sulphides etc. of Fe
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
9 : Sulphides etc. of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mkw | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Mkw | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Mackinawite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Bronzy
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN15=63 - 89 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}.
Perfect on {001}.
Density:
4.17 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Mackinawite
Anisotropism:
extreme
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 17.7% | 25.7% |
| 420nm | 17.0% | 28.0% |
| 440nm | 16.4% | 30.2% |
| 460nm | 16.2% | 32.2% |
| 480nm | 16.1% | 34.4% |
| 500nm | 16.0% | 36.5% |
| 520nm | 16.1% | 38.4% |
| 540nm | 16.1% | 40.0% |
| 560nm | 16.3% | 41.4% |
| 580nm | 16.5% | 42.5% |
| 600nm | 16.7% | 43.3% |
| 620nm | 17.0% | 43.9% |
| 640nm | 17.2% | 44.3% |
| 660nm | 17.4% | 44.5% |
| 680nm | 17.5% | 44.6% |
| 700nm | 17.7% | 44.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 44.6%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Strong
Chemistry of Mackinawite
Mindat Formula:
FeS
Formerly accepted formula: (Fe,Ni)9S8; also given as (Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0 to 0.11).
The current formula (FeS) is from Rickard (2023) and was subsequently approved by the IMA (Newsletter 78).
Formerly accepted formula: (Fe,Ni)9S8; also given as (Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0 to 0.11).
The current formula (FeS) is from Rickard (2023) and was subsequently approved by the IMA (Newsletter 78).
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Co,Cu,Ni
Crystallography of Mackinawite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P4/nmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.67 Å, c = 5.03 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.371
Unit Cell V:
68 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
As well-formed thin tabular crystals, to 1 mm; massive, fine-feathery.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014518 | Mackinawite | Lennie A R, Redfern S A T, Schofield P F, Vaughan D J (1995) Synthesis and Rietveld crystal structure refinement of mackinawite, tetragonal FeS Mineralogical Magazine 59 677-683 |  | 1995 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.03 Å | (100) |
| 2.96 Å | (70) |
| 2.31 Å | (90) |
| 1.838 Å | (50) |
| 1.809 Å | (80) |
| 1.729 Å | (50) |
| 1.055 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals | |
| Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere | <4.0 |
| 44 : Anoxic microbially mediated minerals (see also #44) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47i : [Terrestrial weathering of meteorites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
Geological Setting:
Widespread in low-temperature aqueous systems. It often occurs as one of the principal constituents of acid volatile sulfides in marine sediments. Rarely in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.
Type Occurrence of Mackinawite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
deeply weathered serpentinite
Synonyms of Mackinawite
Iron sulfide (in part)
Other Language Names for Mackinawite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 82 photos of Mackinawite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 51 photos of Mackinawite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 32 photos of Mackinawite associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 29 photos of Mackinawite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 19 photos of Mackinawite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 11 photos of Mackinawite associated with Cubanite | CuFe2S3 |
| 8 photos of Mackinawite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 6 photos of Mackinawite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 4 photos of Mackinawite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
| 4 photos of Mackinawite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.CC. | Tilkerodeite | Pd2HgSe3 |
| 2.CC. | UM2007-26-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh | (Ir,Cu,Ni,Pt,Rh,Fe)9S11 |
| 2.CC. | Crowningshieldite | (Ni0.9Fe0.10)S |
| 2.CC. | Eliopoulosite | V7S8 |
| 2.CC. | Kuvaevite | Ir5Ni10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Torryweiserite | Rh5Ni10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Tamuraite | Ir5Fe10S16 |
| 2.CC. | Ferrotorryweiserite | Rh5Fe10S16 |
| 2.CC.05 | Achávalite | FeSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Breithauptite | NiSb |
| 2.CC.05 | Freboldite | CoSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) |
| 2.CC.05 | Langisite | CoAs |
| 2.CC.05 | Nickeline | NiAs |
| 2.CC.05 | Sederholmite | beta-NiSe |
| 2.CC.05 | Sobolevskite | PdBi |
| 2.CC.05 | Stumpflite | PtSb |
| 2.CC.05 | Sudburyite | PdSb |
| 2.CC.05 | Jaipurite | CoS |
| 2.CC.05 | Zlatogorite | NiCuSb2 |
| 2.CC.10 | Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
| 2.CC.10 | Smythite | (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3) |
| 2.CC.10 | Troilite | FeS |
| 2.CC.15 | Cherepanovite | RhAs |
| 2.CC.15 | Modderite | (Co,Fe)As |
| 2.CC.15 | Ruthenarsenite | (Ru,Ni)As |
| 2.CC.15 | Westerveldite | (Fe,Ni,Co)As |
| 2.CC.15 | Minakawaite | RhSb |
| 2.CC.20 | Millerite | NiS |
| 2.CC.20 | Mäkinenite | γ-NiSe |
| 2.CC.20 | UM1990-38-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh | (Ni,Fe,Rh,Cu,Ir,Pt)S |
| 2.CC.30 | Hexatestibiopanickelite | (Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) ? |
| 2.CC.30 | Vavřínite | Ni2SbTe2 |
| 2.CC.35a | Braggite | PdPt3S4 |
| 2.CC.35b | Cooperite | PtS |
| 2.CC.35a | Vysotskite | PdS |
| 2.CC.45 | Jacutingaite | Pt2HgSe3 |
| 2.CC.50 | Imgreite | NiTe (?) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Mackinawite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2512.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Mackinawite
Reference List:
Kouvo, Olavi, Vuorelainen, Yrjo, Long, J. V. P. (1963) A tetragonal iron sulfide. American Mineralogist, 48 (5-6) 511-524
IMA (1967) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 36 (277) 131-136 doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.277.20
Vaughan, David J. (1969) Mineralogical notes: Nickelian mackinawite from Vlakfontein, Transvaal. American Mineralogist, 54 (7-8) 1190-1192
Clark, Alan H. (1970) Nickelian mackinawite from Vlakfontein, Transvaal: a discussion. American Mineralogist, 55 (9-10) 1802-1806
Kerestedjian, Thomas, Bonev, Ivan K. (1991) Complex argentopentlandite-mackinawite inclusions in chalcopyrite: A solid state exolution mechanism. Bulletin of the Geological Institute - Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, 38. 23-33
Schoonen, M. A. A., Barnes, H. L. (1991) Reactions forming pyrite and marcasite from solution: II. Via FeS precursors below 100°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55 (6) 1505-1514 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90123-m
Agrosì, Giovanna, Tempesta, Gioacchino, Mele, Daniela, Allegretta, Ignazio, Terzano, Roberto, Shirey, Steven B., Pearson, Graham D., Nestola, Fabrizio (2017) Non-destructive, multi-method, internal analysis of multiple inclusions in a single diamond: First occurrence of mackinawite (Fe,Ni)1+xS. American Mineralogist, 102 (11) 2235-2243 doi:10.2138/am-2017-6178
Bolney, Robert, Grosch, Mario, Winkler, Mario, van Slageren, Joris, Weigand, Wolfgang, Robl, Christian (2021) Mackinawite formation from elemental iron and sulfur. RSC Advances, 11 (51) 32464-32475 doi:10.1039/d1ra03705f
Localities for Mackinawite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Algeria | |
| Marignac (1988) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Angola | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Argentina | |
| Econ Geol (1992) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| KOSTADINOFF +1 other reference |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
| Urbina Nilda |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877 +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Australia | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets | |
| Gilligan (1975) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ashley (1975) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Hertzberger et al. (1978) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Teale et al. (2006) | |
| Knights |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Bottrill et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Nepean Nickel Deposit +2 other references |
| McQueen (1981) |
| Mock (1987) |
| Mock et al. (1987) |
| Ostwald (1978) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Sulfides and Sulfarsenides from the ... +1 other reference |
| Bridge et al. (1979) |
| Grguric et al. (2013) |
| Ferguson (1999) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| H. Meixner: 32 (3) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Taucher (1998) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| W.Tufar (1972) |
| Heider et al. (2019) |
| W.H. Paar et al. (5) |
| Horner et al. (1997) | |
| C. Auer: Lapis 20 (11) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Heider et al. (2019) |
| Moser & Postl (1990) |
| Vavtar (1995) |
| Vavtar (1986) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Vavtar (1979) |
| Exel (1993) |
Belarus | |
| Bakhtin et al. (2017) |
Belgium | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Brazil | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Marchetto (1990) |
| London +2 other references | |
| Villas et al. (2001) |
| Villas et al. (2001) |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kerestedjian (1997) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| [MinRec 22 p.439] |
Burkina Faso | |
| Sako (2014) |
Canada | |
| Nixon et al. (1998) |
| Manor |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference |
| GOOD et al. (1993) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Huminicki et al. (2008) |
| Lorand (1987) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Chamberlain et al. (1965) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Cabri et al. (1985) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Nelles (2014) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 27 +2 other references | |
| Springer (1989) | |
| Geoffrey Khalil Abdallah (1990) |
| Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21 |
| MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00022 |
| 157-158. +1 other reference |
| Currie (1980) |
| Traill (1983) |
| Watkinson et al. (1992) |
| Smith et al. (2022) |
| MDI Number: MDI52A04SE00026 | |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Galley et al. (2000) |
| Sabina (1974) | |
| Sabina (1974) | |
| Smith et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| Smith (2021) | |
Chile | |
| Schira et al. (1990) |
China | |
| Ruiqi Wang (1977) +5 other references |
| Wei Du et al. (2014) |
| Rubin et al. (1988) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Xiaoqiang Hu et al. (2001) |
| Wenji Bai et al. (2007) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2006) |
| Zhuangzhi Qian et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2007) | |
| Zhou et al. (2001) |
| Chuanjie Pu et al. (2007) |
Colombia | |
| Cifuentes +3 other references |
Costa Rica | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Cyprus | |
| Foose et al. (1985) |
| American Mineralogist (1975) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Knésl et al. (2005, August) |
| Pašava et al. (2003) | |
Egypt | |
| Sharara et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Ethiopia | |
| Cook et al. (2000) |
Finland | |
| tupa.gtk.fi (n.d.) |
| www.gsf.fi (2002) +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008 ... +1 other reference | |
| Kojonen et al. (eds) |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... +1 other reference |
| Mutanen (1997) +1 other reference |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Kojonen et al. (1991) | |
| Stein et al. (1998) | |
| Kojonen | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Pampalo (Ward) +2 other references | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
| en.gtk.fi (2007) |
| Zohka (1972) +1 other reference |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2011. ... | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2006 ... +2 other references |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... | |
| Jupperi Aarre 1997. The magnetite ... |
| Kojonen Kari 1989 (ed) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Papunen |
| Kojonen et al. (2002) | |
| Papunen |
| Peltonen et al. (1995) |
| Häkli +1 other reference | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2009. ... |
| Canadian Mineralogist 38 (2000) |
| Makkonen |
| Virtasalmi-Copper Database. Geological Survey of Finland (2009) |
| Hangala Leake S. 1987 The early ... |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... +1 other reference |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| BRGM |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France-29-Finistère (1973) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) | |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| R. Pierrot |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2001) |
| Briggs (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Pierrot et al. (1974) |
| R. Pierrot |
Germany | |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) |
| Schwarzmeier (2015) +2 other references |
| Joachim Gröbner (2019) |
| |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| BLASS et al. (2019) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Greece | |
| Leleu et al. (1973) |
| P. Voudouris (2005) | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
Guinea | |
| Augé et al. (2018) |
India | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Mishra et al. (1999) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 40:277-309 |
| Augé et al. (2002, July) | |
| Deb et al. (1969) +2 other references |
| Deb et al. (1969) +1 other reference |
| Baidya et al. (2018) | |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
| Deb (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Deb (1980) | |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 63:743-755. |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Indonesia | |
| Marcoux et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Ireland | |
| Ixer et al. (1990) |
Italy | |
| · Seveke (1986/1987) |
| Castello et al. (1980) |
| Antofilli |
| Antofilli +1 other reference |
| Camarda et al. (2013) | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Antofilli |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Zucchetti (1968) +2 other references |
| Prete (1995) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| AA. VV. |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Petrologia e Giacimentologia della serie Diorito-Kinzigitica tra la Val d'Ossola e la Val Grande (Novara) |
| Natale et al. (1976) |
| Natale et al. (1976) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Garuti et al. (1986 a) +2 other references |
| Revello G. (1970) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Marini et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1994) | |
| AA. VV. |
| Venerandi Pirri (2002) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Dini A. et al. (2013) |
| Dini A. et al. (2013) | |
| Bertolin et al. (1995) |
Ivory Coast | |
| Gouedji et al. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Zohka (1972) +1 other reference |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Vol.XXI +3 other references |
| Yoshihide Shiga (1983) |
| Etsuo Uchida (1986) +1 other reference |
| Zohka (1972) +1 other reference |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Takechi et al. (2003) |
| Zohka (1972) |
| Zohka (1972) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Kosovo | |
| Joana Koà Odziejczyk et al. ( 2012) |
Latvia | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Mauritania | |
| Sakellaris et al. (2008) |
| Kolb et al. (2015) | |
Mexico | |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Graham et al. (1988) |
Morocco | |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
New Zealand | |
| Gill et al. (1970) |
Nigeria | |
| www.smenet.org (2001) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| Fintor et al. (2013) | |
| Wang et al. (2016) | |
Norway | |
| Segalstad et al. (2002) |
| Pedersen (1976) |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Cook (1996) |
| Cook (2001) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Pedersen (1975) |
| Bryhni (1993) |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Tufar (1967) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Norges geologiske undersøkelse. Malmdatabasen. Moskodal gruve. Forekomst nr.44 i Nordreisa (1942) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Lindahl et al. (1988) |
| Geological survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Nilsen (1978) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Størseth (2016) |
| Ihlen et al. (2015) |
| Lindahl (1979) |
Oman | |
| Ixer et al. (1984) |
| Ixer et al. (1984) | |
Pakistan | |
| Arif (2003) |
| Arif et al. (2007) |
Peru | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Benites et al. (2022) |
| Harlaux et al. (2023) |
Poland | |
| Mateusz Dulski et al. (2018) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Nejbert K. 2008: Mineralogy of ... |
| Morgan et al. (2000) | |
| Kucha H. 1982: Haycockite and ... +1 other reference | |
| Morgan et al. (2000) | |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Orlando da Cruz Gaspar - O Jazigo de ... |
| Bussink (1984) |
Red Sea | |
| Missack et al. (1989) | |
Romania | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Bailly et al. (1998) |
| Cook et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Russia | |
| Safina +6 other references |
| Rudashevskiy N.S. et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Safina et al. (2015) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Chudnenko +2 other references |
| Kolotilina et al. (2019) |
| Mekhonoshin et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Kolotilina et al. (2019) | |
| Stepanov et al. (2021) |
| Zelenski et al. (2018) |
| Silyanov et al. (2022) |
| Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) | |
| Econ Geol (1986) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Am Min 66:638-639 +3 other references | |
| Groshev +6 other references |
| Groshev +6 other references | |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) |
| Yakovenchuk et al. (2003) | |
| Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| Henderson et al. (1999) +3 other references |
| Orsoev et al. (1985) | |
| ... | |
| Chashchin et al. (2018) |
| Yury L. Voytekhovsky (2008) | |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2003) | |
| Orsoev et al. (1982) +2 other references | |
| Kalinin (2021) |
| Chernyavsky et al. (2012) | |
| Abzalov et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Boctor et al. (2002) |
| Zaikov et al. (2006) |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) |
| Safonov et al. (2003) |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p26 |
| Sokolova et al. (2011) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Gillen et al. (Eds.) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| C. F. Blain (1978) |
Senegal | |
| |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Radosavljević-Mihajlović et al. (2017) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Pačevski et al. (2018) |
South Africa | |
| W. C. J. van Rensburg and L. Liebenberg (1967) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Manyeruke (2007) |
| W. C. J. van Rensburg and L. Liebenberg (1967) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Klemd +6 other references |
| Gauert et al. (2022) |
| Günther (2013) | |
| Vaughan (1969) |
| genetic implications. Economic Geology: ... +1 other reference |
| Henderson et al. (1999) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Cairncross (2004) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South China Sea | |
| Huang K et al. (2014) | |
South Korea | |
| CHOI et al. (1985) |
Spain | |
| Tornos et al. (1998) |
| Econ Geol (1990) +1 other reference |
| Gooley et al. ( 1976) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Tornos et al. (2006) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Monterrubio et al. (1990) |
| Monterrubio et al. (1990) | |
| Castroviejo (1990) | |
Sweden | |
| |
| GFF (1984) |
| Paul Ramdohr: Die Erzmineralien und ... |
| Zakrzewski et al. (1986) |
| Bjärnborg (2009) +1 other reference |
| Andersen (2009) |
| Burke et al. (1990) |
| NJMAh 166 |
| Dobbe et al. (1998) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| |
| Jonsson (2010) |
| |
| Econ Geol (1984) | |
| Mikael Jansson () |
| Nysten (1990) |
| Juve (1974) |
| Kresten (1990) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Schwanz et al (1994) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Tanzania | |
| Maier et al. (2010) |
Turkey | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
Uganda | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
UK | |
| Horrell Clark (1967) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ixer et al. (1997) |
| Day (1999) |
Ukraine | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Bunch (1969) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Econ Geol (1984) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| www.meteoritestudies.com/piatek.htm +1 other reference |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 66 +3 other references | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Roadcap et al. (2005) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Mines of the Washington D.C Area +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Lee et al. (1995) |
| Good et al. (2010) |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol.36 (1998) +1 other reference | |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... +2 other references | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| USGS Prof Paper 1038 +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 23 (1985) |
| Gobla (2012) | |
| Andersen et al. (2018) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| London +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Christopher P.Indorf et al. (v.76,p.1170) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History ... |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Aleksandrov (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
| Loucks (1976) | |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür et al. (2008) |
| Oberthür et al. (2003) |
| Frei (2005) |
The Moon | |
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