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Culicoides

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Description

Culicoides is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus, which is divided into many subgenera. Several species are known to be vectors of various diseases and parasites which can affect animals. Like Leptoconops, the genus has a long fossil record, with earliest known fossils being from the Burmese amber, around 99 million years old.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	9951338	https://www.gbif.org/species/9951338
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	138351	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=138351

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Ceratopogonidae : Culicoides

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

doubtful

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ecdysozoa
-	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
subphylum	Mandibulata
-	Pancrustacea
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825
-	Cercofilata	Kukalová-Peck 1987
class	Insecta	Linnaeus 1758
-	Dicondylia
-	Paranotalia	Sroka et al. 2014
subclass	Pterygota	Brauer 1885
-	Neopterygota	Crampton 1924
infraclass	Neoptera	Martynov 1923
-	Holometabola
-	Aparaglossata
-	Mecopterida
superorder	Antliophora
order	Diptera	Linnaeus 1758
infraorder	Culicomorpha
superfamily	Chironomoidea	Macquart 1838
family	Ceratopogonidae	Newman 1834
subfamily	Ceratopogoninae	Newman 1834
tribe	Culicoidini	Kieffer 1911
genus	Culicoides	Borkent 2014

Scientific Name

Culicoides Borkent, 2014

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Ceratopogoninae	stated with evidence	Kieffer, 1906
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Culicoidinae	stated with evidence	Statz, 1944
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Ceratopogonini	stated with evidence	Remm, 1976
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Ceratopogonidae	stated without evidence	Grogan and Szadziewski, 1988
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Culicoidini	stated with evidence	Szadziewski, 1988
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Ceratopogonidae	stated with evidence	Borkent, 1995
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Culicoidini	stated with evidence	Szadziewski, 1996
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Culicidae	stated without evidence	Park and Downing, 2001
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Ceratopogonidae	stated with evidence	Solórzano Kraemer, 2007
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Culicoidini	stated with evidence	Sontag and Szadziewski, 2011
Culicoides	genus	belongs to Ceratopogoninae	stated without evidence	Pielowska et al., 2018

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

2 (3.6%)

First Recorded Appearance

99.6 - 93.5 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Insecta)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Arthropoda)

Taphonomy

chitin (based on Insecta)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

F. M. Carpenter. 1992. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4:1-655

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Culicoides (Groganomyia) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		4	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Culicoides (Oecacta) dasyheleiformis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides (Oecacta) succivarius ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides abbreviatipennis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides agamus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides ambericus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides annosus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides antilleanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides atratus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides austerus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides balticus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides bicolor ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides bifidus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides brisaci ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides brodzinskyi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides bullus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides canadensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		5	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides carri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides casei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Biting Midge	2	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides ceranowiczi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides dasyheleiformis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Culicoides doyeni ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides elongatulus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides eoselficus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides filipalpis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides fossilis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides gedanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides gracilior ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides grandibocus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides hispanicolus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides jucundus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides kaluginae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides laurae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides liliputanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides mammalicolus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides megacanthus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides mioceneus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		6	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Culicoides obesus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides obscuratus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides obuncus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides prussicus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides speciosus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		8	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides sphenostylus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides subgedanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Culicoides succineus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides succivarius ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Culicoides tenuipennis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides truncatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides tyrrelli ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		6	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Culicoides ventralis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Culicoides yoosti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.9 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1809	Culicoides Latreille p. 251
1853	Oecacta Poey
1905	Oecacta Aldrich p. 119
1906	Culicoides Kieffer p. 53
1906	Oecacta Kieffer p. 55
1944	Culicoides Statz p. 142
1976	Culicoides Remm p. 347
1988	Culicoides Grogan and Szadziewski
1988	Culicoides Szadziewski p. 29
1988	Culicoides (Oecacta) Szadziewski p. 31
1994	Culicoides (Oecacta) Evenhuis

Year	Name and Author
1995	Culicoides Borkent
1996	Culicoides Szadziewski p. 58
1997	Culicoides Borkent and Wirth p. 59
1998	Culicoides (Oecacta) Szadziewski and Grogan
2001	Culicoides Park and Downing p. 179
2007	Culicoides Solórzano Kraemer p. 57
2011	Culicoides Sontag and Szadziewski p. 783
2013	Culicoides Borkent p. 72
2013	Devalquia Choufani and Nel p. 75
2014	Culicoides Choufani et al. p. 38
2018	Culicoides Pielowska et al. p. 240

References

Carpenter F. M. (1992) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4, 1-655

Aldrich J. M. (1905) A catalogue of North American Diptera (or two-winged flies), Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 46 2, 1-680

Kieffer J. J. (1906) Diptera, Fam. Chironomidae, Genera Insectorum 42, 1-78

Statz G. (1944) Neue Dipteren (Nematocera) aus dem Oberoligocan von Rott. 1. Teil 6. Familie: Tendipedidae (Zuck- oder Schwarmmucken). 2. Teil 7. Familie: Heleidae (Gnitzen) 3. Teil 8. Familie: Lycoriidae (Trauermucken), Palaeontographica Abteilung A 95, 122-187

Remm K. Y. (1976) Late Cretaceous biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from fossil resins of the Khatanga Depression, Paleontological Journal 10 3, 344-351

Grogan W. L., Szadziewski R. (1988) A new biting midge from Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) amber of New Jersey (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Journal of Paleontology 62 5, 808-812

Szadziewski R. (1988) Biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Baltic amber, Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 57, 3-283

Evenhuis N. L. (1994) , Catalogue of the Fossil Flies of the World (Insecta: Diptera), 1-600

Borkent A. (1995) , Biting Midges in the Cretaceous Amber of North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), 1-237

Szadziewski R. (1996) Biting midges from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and Upper Cretaceous Siberian amber of Taimyr (Dipera, Ceratopogonidae), Studia Dipterologica 3, 23-86

Szadziewski R., Grogan W. L. (1998) Biting midges from Dominican amber. III. Species of the tribes Culicoidini and Ceratopogonini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Insecta Mundi 12, 39-52

Park L. E., Downing K. F. (2001) Paleoecology of an exceptionally preserved arthropod fauna from lake deposits of the Miocene Barstow Formation, Southern California, U.S.A., Palaios 16 2, 175-184

Solórzano Kraemer M. M. (2007) Systematic, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the insect fauna from Mexican amber, Palaeontographica Abteilung A 282, 1-133

Sontag E., Szadziewski R. (2011) Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Eocene Baltic amber from the Rovno region (Ukraine), Polish Journal of Entomology 80, 779-800

Borkent A. (2013) , World species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Choufani J., Nel A. (2013) Taxonomic names, in Two new biting midges of the modern type from Santonian amber of France (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Insect Evolution in an Amberiferous and Stone Alphabet, 73-95

Choufani J., Perrichot V., et al (2014) New biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Late Cretaceous Vendean amber, Paleontological Contributions 10, 34-40

Pielowska A., Sontag E., et al (2018) Haematophagous arthropods in Baltic amber, Annales Zoologici 68, 237-249

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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