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Spisula

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Description

Spisula is a genus of medium-sized to large marine bivalve mollusks or clams in the family Mactridae, commonly known as surf clams or trough shells.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisula, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	7235144	https://www.gbif.org/species/7235144
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	18275	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=18275

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Venerida : Mactridae : Spisula

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Veneroidei : Mactridae : Spisula

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

doubtful

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
-	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Cardiiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Cardiida	Ferussac 1822
suborder	Cardiidina	Ferussac 1822
-	Veneroidei
-	Veneroitei	Gray 1854
superfamily	Mactroidea
family	Mactridae	Lamarck 1809
genus	Spisula	Adams 1856

Scientific Name

Spisula Adams, 1856

Name Published In

Gen. Rec. Moll., 2

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactrinae	stated without evidence	Glenn, 1904
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactrinae	stated with evidence	Packard, 1916
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactridae	stated without evidence	Clark and Arnold, 1923
Spisula	subgenus	belongs to Mactra	stated with evidence	Grant and Gale, 1931
Spisula	subgenus	belongs to Mactra	stated without evidence	Durham, 1944
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactridae	stated without evidence	Uozumi, 1955
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactrinae	stated with evidence	Vokes, 1980
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactridae	stated with evidence	Ward and Blackwelder, 1987
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactrinae	stated without evidence	Squires, 1987
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactridae	implied	Lamprell and Whitehead, 1992
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactrinae	stated with evidence	Ward, 1992
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactridae	stated without evidence	Wienrich, 1999
Spisula	genus	belongs to Veneroida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Spisula	genus	belongs to Mactridae	stated with evidence	Schneider et al., 2005

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

6 (10%)

First Recorded Appearance

66.0 - 59.2 Ma
Paleocene

Motility

facultatively mobile

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder

Ecospace Comments

LIFE HISTORY: IS, MA, UN, SU according to Todd (2001).

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Bivalvia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisula

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Spisula (Austromactra) subgenus	listed (PBDB)	3	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula (Cymbophora) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Spisula (Eomactra) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Spisula (Notospisula) subgenus	listed (PBDB)
Spisula (Pseudocardium) subgenus	listed (PBDB)	99	56.0 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Spisula (Ruellia) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)	1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula (Spisula) subgenus	listed (PBDB)	8	47.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Mactra (Spisula) markleyensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Mactra (Spisula) sammamishensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula aequilateralis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	5.33 Ma Miocene
Spisula arcuata species	listed (PBDB)	22	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Spisula brombachensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Spisula callistaeformis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Spisula capayana ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Spisula coalingensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula compressa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	6	47.8 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Spisula craspedota ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	18	20.4 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Spisula decisa species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula dernburgi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula elliptica species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	23	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Spisula hannibali ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	47.8 Ma Eocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Spisula jacksonesis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	35	47.8 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula lenticularis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Spisula obtruncata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	10	20.4 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Spisula paralis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spisula parilis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	31	56.0 Ma Paleocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Spisula praetenuis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	22	56.0 Ma Paleocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Spisula rappahannockensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Mactra olorina ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	8	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Spisula sisquocensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Spisula sookensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	28.1 Ma Oligocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Spisula sorachiensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)	9	47.8 Ma Eocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Spisula subcuneata species	listed (PBDB)	5	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Spisula subtruncata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	53	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Spisula weaveri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1837	Spisula Gray p. 372
1904	Spisula Glenn p. 286
1916	Spisula Packard p. 283
1923	Spisula Clark and Arnold p. 153
1926	Spisula Bohm p. 61
1928	Spisula Nagao p. 86
1931	Mactra (Spisula) Grant and Gale
1931	Spisula Olsson p. 67
1944	Mactra (Spisula) Durham p. 151
1955	Spisula Uozumi p. 78
1967	Spisula Olsson p. 11

Year	Name and Author
1976	Spisula Moore p. 49
1980	Spisula Vokes p. 137
1987	Spisula Squires p. 67
1987	Spisula Ward and Blackwelder p. 130
1992	Spisula Lamprell and Whitehead p. 82
1992	Spisula Ward p. 95
1999	Spisula Wienrich p. 244
2002	Spisula Sepkoski, Jr.
2005	Spisula Schneider et al. p. 114
2010	Spisula Moths et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Glenn L. C. (1904) Pelecypoda, Maryland Geological Survey Miocene Text, 274-401

Packard E. L. (1916) Mesozoic and Cenozoic Mactrinae of the Pacific Coast of North America, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology 9 16, 261-360

Clark B. L., Arnold R. (1923) Fauna of the Sooke Formation Vancouver Island, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 14 5, 123-234

Bohm J. (1926) Über Tertiäre versteinerungen von den Bogenfelser diamantfeldern, Beiträge zur geologischen Erforschung der deutschen Schutzgebiete 2, 55-87

Nagao T. (1928) Palaeogene fossils of the Island of Kyushu, Japan Part II, Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University 12 1, 11-140

Grant U. S., Gale H. R. (1931) Catalogue of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California, Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History 1, 1-1036

Olsson A. A. (1931) Contributions to the Tertiary Paleontology of Northern Peru: Part 4, The Peruvian Oligocene, Bulletins of American Paleontology 17 63

Durham J. W. (1944) Megafaunal zones of the Oligocene of northwestern Washington, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 27, 101 -212

Uozumi S. (1955) On some molluscan fossils from the Palaeogene Wakkanabe Formation in Hokkaido, Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan 19, 73-80

Olsson A. A. (1967) , Some Tertiary mollusks from South Florida and the Carribean. Paleontological Research Institute, 1-61

Moore E. J. (1976) Oligocene marine mollusks from the Pittsburg Bluff Formation in Oregon, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 922, 1-66

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Squires R. L. (1987) Eocene molluscan paleontology of the Whitaker Peak area, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 388, 1-93

Ward L. W., Blackwelder B.W. (1987) Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Mollusca from the James City and Chowan River Formations at Lee Creek Mine, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 61, 113-283

Lamprell K., Whitehead T. (1992) , Bivalves of Australia 1

Ward L. W. (1992) Molluscan biostratigraphy of the Miocene Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America, Virginia Museum of Natural History 2

Wienrich G. (1999) Die Fauna des marinen Miozäns von Kevelaer (Niederrhein). Band 2 Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Bryozoa, Annelida, Brachiopoda, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden 2, 188-384

Schneider S., Witt W., et al (2005) Ostracods and bivalves from an Upper Pleistocene (Tyrrhenian) marine terrace near Altinova (Izmit Province, Turkey), Zitteliana 45, 87-114

Moths H., Albrecht F., et al (2010) Die molluskenfauna (Hermmorium, Untermiozän) aus der Kiesgrube kirnke bei Werder (Nordwest-Niedersachsen), Palaeofocus 3, 1-155

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

original publication/web search (AJR). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Gen. Rec. Moll., 2 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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